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Vic Stenger
Noethers Theorem
For every continuous symmetry of
the laws of physics there exists a
conservation law and vice versa.
That is, the most important laws
of physics:
Conservation of
Energy
Linear momentum
Angular momentum
Follow from point-of-view
invariance.
Gauge symmetry
generalizes
Noethers theorem
Related claim:
Hawking and Penrose (1979):
Universe began as a singularity.
Craig and other theologians:
Therefore time and space began
with the big bang and there was
no before.
Only a supernatural origin is
possible.
Refutation
Not everything that begins has
a cause. Quantum transitions.
The universe did not begin
with a singularity. Quantum
mechanics. (Hawking 1988)
Therefore the universe need
not have had a beginning or a
cause. No creator needed.
Quantum tunneling
Cosmological
Friedmann equation
Let
da
8G 2
a
=
k
dt
3
3
a =
8G
2
o
Assume empty
universe
=
8G
Let k = 1
3
a =
2
o
t
a(t) = ao cosh
ao
closed
universe
cosmological
constant
Inflation
Quantizing we get
Wheeler-DeWitt
equation
2
d 2 3 2
a
2
2
a
1
=0
ao
da 2G
= c =1
Potential energy
3 2
a2
V (a) =
a 1 2
2G
ao
Potential energy
3
/
2G
Unphysical
region
a( ) = ao cos
ao
t = i
imaginary
Physical
region
a
1/ 2
2
HH (a > ao ) = K(a) cos ao 2 1
2 ao
3 a 2
K(a) =
a 2 1
2G ao
1/ 2
a
1/ 2
2
3/ 2
our time
"nothing"!
time imaginary
space
prior time
b
1/ 2
P exp 2 dx2m V (x) E
a
2m = 1 E = 0 a = 0 b = ao
Tunneling
probability
3
P exp 2
8G
3
P = exp = 0.687
8
Maximum
chaos
Maximum
entropy Room for
order
Entropy of
universe
Time
Water
Ice
Nothing is unstable.
Frank Wilczek
SciAm 1980
Fine-tuning?
Other forms of life?
Multiple universes?
How estimate probabilities?
Not all constants are
constant.
Not all that fine-tuned
--Hugh Ross
NO