Question 1 has been done for you:

1. a) The speaker believes that if we eliminated two factors we could reduce the
number of car accident casualties by up to 50%. What are these two factors?

Sleepiness
Drivers with immature brains
b) Which of the two does Dr Reid believe is easier to deal with?

Drivers with immature brains

2. Cells in the brain.

1) Complete the table about cells in the brain.

Two general
categories of cells in
the brain

Grey cells or

_______________

_________________

or glia

/2
2) Neurons are the building blocks of cognition and behaviour. What kinds of things do
neurons help the brain with?

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________ /3
3) Complete the following sentence:
White cells, ________________, provide the infrastructure that _______________
__________________________________________________________________ /2
4) What are the disadvantages of bare copper wire?

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________ /2
5) When is the sheathing of axons by white cells, called myelination, fully completed?

__________________________________________________________________ /1

3. The Prefrontal Cortex.

1) What are the three functions of the executive control area in the prefrontal
cortex?

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________ /3
2) Answer true or false to the following points about the characteristics of young people
whose brains are not fully mature:
1. Young people whose brains are not fully mature are impulsive they act without
thinking about the results of their actions.
T/F
2. Young people whose brains are not fully mature can guess the outcome of an event.
T/F
3. Young people whose brains are not fully mature dont want to take the blame for
their mistakes.
T/F
4. Young people whose brains are not fully mature can control their emotions T / F
/4
3) When is brain maturation complete?

__________________________________________________________________ /1

4. Identifying maturity levels of young people.

1) Why does the speaker believe that we need to identify individuals who have
immature brains?

__________________________________________________________________ /1
2) Once these young people who are most likely to behave stupidly are identified, what
does the speaker believe should be done to reduce casualty crashes?

__________________________________________________________________ /1
3) Complete the sentence:
We can use a _________________________________ called diffusion tensor
imaging. That will show ___________________ in the myelination of the connections
between _______________________________ of the brain and the areas that
________________________.

/4

4) What are the problems with diffusion tensor imaging?

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________ /2
5) Give information about a possible restricted license that could be given to drivers
with immature drivers.

Able to drive
vehicles

with a power/weight ratio of

_________________

Reasons
why this
could be
overridden:

_________________________________
_________________________________

Prohibitions

_________________________________
_________________________________
/5

5. Sleepiness.
Complete these multiple choice questions:
1. According to the speaker, which one of these statements about sleepiness is false?
A) Both going to sleep at the wheel and being sleepy whilst trying to drive can
cause problems for the driver.
B) Not only the amount of information but also how quickly the driver can process
it will affect the drivers ability to drive safely.
C) When the driver is sleepy, he/she will have difficulty in responding in a fast and
suitable way.
D) Sometimes, in a crisis situation, the sleepy driver will be overwhelmed with
anxiety.
/1
2. Which of these statements are false regarding driver concentration?
A) A sleepy driver may start to dream whilst he/she is driving.
B) It is very difficult to stop feeling sleepy.
C) It is difficult to focus on the road when the driver is sleepy.
D) Many drivers look at the windscreen instead of through it when they feel very
tired.
/1
6. Sleepy drivers and car accidents.
1. List disasters which have been affected by the sleepiness of the driver.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________ /3
2. Complete the text by adding in the missing figures:
According to a report in The Los Angeles Times of ____________,__________ the
driver of a bullet train in Japan, with _________ passengers aboard, fell asleep at the
helm while the train was travelling at __________________________, and apparently
he stayed asleep for a _________________ time while the train continued on autopilot.
Authorities reckon ___________________ of all road crashes involve sleepy drivers.
/5

3. What kinds of indirect indications can authorities use to help them decide that
sleep was a factor in an accident?

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________
/3

7. Waketime sleepiness.
1) When did the wake-time sleepy people feel the sleepiest?

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________ /2
2) What are two physical signs of sleepiness?

__________________________________________________________________ /1
3) What two things does the speaker believe a device that monitors drivers
brain waves could do to alert the driver that he/she is falling asleep?

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________ /2
4) Is the following True or false?
1. If you can make yourself feel upset, you will not feel so sleepy.

T/F

2. You can feel emotionally aroused as you are falling asleep.

T/F

3. Every road fatality costs about $200,000.

T/F
/3

TOTAL MARKS:

/ 52

End of PART B
You now have two minutes to check your answers.
End of LISTENING TEST