Page 1 of 73

Algebraic Formula:
1. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
2. (a - b)2 = a2 -2ab + b2
3. (a + b) (a - b) = a2 -b2
4. (x + a)(x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
5. (x + a)(x - b) = x2 + (a - b) x -ab
6. (x - a)(x + b) = x2 + (b - a) x -ab
7. (x - a)(x - b) = x2 - (a + b) x + ab
8. (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)
9. (a - b)3 = a3 - b3 - 3ab (a - b)
10. (x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy +2yz + 2xz
11. (x + y - z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy - 2yz - 2xz
12. (x - y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 - 2xy - 2yz + 2xz
13. (x - y - z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 - 2xy + 2yz - 2xz
14. x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz = (x + y + z)(x2 + y2 + z2 - xy - yz -xz)
15. x2 + y2 = 12 [(x + y)2 + (x - y)2]
16. (x + a) (x + b) (x + c) = x3 + (a + b + c)x2 + (ab + bc + ca)x + abc
17. x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 - xy + y2)
18. x3 - y3 = (x - y) (x2 + xy + y2)
19. x2 + y2 + z2 -xy -yz -zx = 12 [(x-y)2+(y-z)2+(z-x)2]

CBSE Class 9 - Maths - Ch6 - Lines and Angles

Understanding Basic Terms.
Fill in the Blanks
1. A point, a line and a plane are' basic concepts of geometry. These terms are
_____ (well defined/undefined).
2. A line with two end points is called a _________ (line-segment/ ray).

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3. A terminated line can be produced ________ (within defined limits/indefinitely).

4. A part of a line with one end point is called a _____ (line-segment/ray).

5. A line contains ______ (definite/infinite) number of points.

6. (One and only one/More than one) _______ line passes through two given points.
7. If three or more points lie on the same line, they are called _________ (collinear /
non-collinear) points.
8. Two distinct lines _______ (cannot have/ can have) more than one point in
common.
9. A plane contains ______ (definite/infinite) points.
10. A plane contains ______ (definite/infinite) lines.
11. Two rays A and B and having the common initial point A is said to form ____ at
A. The point A is called ____ of the angle.
12. The rays making an angle are called the ____ of the angle.
13. If the lines do not lie in the same plane. then they are called ____ (coplaner/ noncoplaner) lines.
14. If three or more lines pass through a point, then these lines are ______
(concurrent/serial/non-concurrent)
15. Straight angle = ____ (0/90/180/360)
16. Obtuse angle (y) = _____ (90 < y < 180 or 0 < y < 90)
17. reflex angle = _____ ( 0 < y < 90 or 90 < t < 180 or 180 < t < 360 )
18. Two angles whose sum is 90 are called _______ (complementary/
supplementary) angles.
19. Two angles whose sum is 180 are called _______ (complementary/
supplementary) angles.
20. (Intersecting/Parallel) _______ lines are always coplanar.
21. The distance between the end points of a line segment is called the ______
(length/breadth) of the segment.
22. If a ray stands on a line, then the sum of two adjacent angles so formed is ____
(0 /90 /180 / 360).

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23. Two congruent line segments are ____ (equal/unequal) in length.

24. If two lines intersect, then the vertically opposite angles are _______
(equal/unequal).
25. If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then any pair of interior angles are
________ (complementary/ supplementary).
26. If seg AB seg AB, i.e. every segment is congruent to itself. This congruent
property is called______ (reflexivity/ symmetry/ transitivity).
27. If seg AB seg CD, then seg CD seg AB. This congruent property is called
______ (reflexivity/ symmetry/ transitivity)
28. Two lines in a plane can be ______ (only intersecting/ only parallel/ both
intersecting or parallel) lines.
Answers:
1. undefined.
2. line-segment
3. indefinitely
4. ray
5. infinite
6. One and only one
7. collinear points
8. cannot have
9. infinite
10. infinite
11. angle, vertex
12. arms
13. non-coplaner
14. concurrent
15. 180
16. 90 < y < 180
17. 180 < t < 360
18. complementary
19. supplementary
20. Parallel
21. length
22. 180
23. equal
24. equal
25. supplementary
26. reflexivity
27. symmetry
28. both intersecting or parallel

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Lines and Angles: Q & A

Q1: Prove that two lines which are both parallel to the same line,
are parallel to each other.

Answer:
Given: Three lines l, m, n in a plane such that l || m and m || n.
To prove: l || n
Proof: Suppose line l is not parallel to line n. Then l, n will intersect at
some unique point, say at P.
P lies on l but does not lie on m, since l || m.
Through point P outside m, there are two lines ( l and n ) and both are
parallel to line m. This is not possible (violates Parallel Axiom).
our assumption is wrong.
Hence l || n.
Q2: Prove that, if P is a point which divides the line segment AB in
the ratio m:n internally, then P is unique.
Answer:

Suppose point P divides segment AB in the ratio m:n internally. Let us

assume P is not unique.
There is another point P1 which also divides the segment in ratio m:n
internally.
AP/PB = m:n
and
AP1/P1B = m/n
nAP = mPB
and
nAP1 =mP1B
nAP = m(AB - AP)
and
nAP1 = m( AB - AP1)
nAP = mAB - mAP
and
nAP1 = mAB - mAP1
(m+n) AP = mAB
and
(m + n)AP1 = mAB
AP = mAB/(m+n)
and
AP1 = mAB/(m+n)
AP = AP1

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P and P1 are the same point, which contradicts our assumption.

Hence P is unique.
Q3: How many least number of distinct points determine a unique
line?
Answer: Two.
Q4: In how many point two distinct lines can intersect?
Answer: One
Q5: In how many points two distinct planes can intersect?
Answer: Infinite number of points.
Q6: If B lies between A and C and AC = 8, BC = 3. What is AB and
AB2 ?

Answer: Since B lies between A and C,

AB + BC = AC
BC = 3 and AC = 8
AB = AC - BC = 8 - 3 = 5
AB2 = 5 5 = 25
Q7: An angle is 14 more than its complement. Find the angle?
Answer: Let the angle be p.
Its complementary angle = 90 - p
As per the given information,
p = (90 - p) + 14
p + p = 90 + 14
2p = 104
p = 52
Q8: What angle is equal to its supplement?
Answer: 90
Let the angle be y.
The other angle is = 180 - y
Since two angle are equal,
y = 180 - y
2y = 180

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y = 90

Triangles (MCQs)
Triangles
Congruency In Triangles
1. Two figures are congruent, if they are of the same shape and of the same size.
2. Two circles of the same radii are congruent.
3. Two squares of the same sides are congruent.
4. If two triangles ABC and PQR are congruent under the correspondence A P, BQ and C-R, then symbolically, it is expressed as ABC PQR.
5. SAS Congruence Rule: If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are
equal to two sides and the included angle of the other triangle, then the two triangles
are congruent. (Axiom: This result cannot be proved with the help of previously
known results.)
6. ASA Congruence Rule: If two angles and the included side of one triangle are
equal to two angles and the included side of the other triangle, then the two triangles
are congruent (ASA Congruence Rule).

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7. AAS Congruence Rule: If two angles and one side of one triangle are equal to
two angles and the corresponding side of the other triangle, then the two triangles
are congruent.
This theorem can be proved in similar way as the previous one.
8. Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are equal.
9. Sides opposite to equal angles of a triangle are equal.
10. Each angle of an equilateral triangle is of 60.
11. SSS Congruence Rule:- If three sides of one triangle are equal to three sides of
the other triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
12. RHS Congruence Rule:- If in two right triangles, hypotenuse and one side of a
triangle are equal to the hypotenuse and one side of other triangle, then the two
triangles are congruent (RHS Congruence Rule).
13. In a triangle, angle opposite to the longer side is larger (greater).
14. In a triangle, side opposite to the larger (greater) angle is longer.
15. Sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.
Theorem: Angles opposite to equal sides of an isosceles triangle are equal.
Theorem: The sides opposite to equal angles of a triangle are equal.
Theorem: If two sides of a triangle are unequal, the angle opposite to the longer side
is larger (or greater).
Theorem: In any triangle, the side opposite to the larger (greater) angle is longer.
Theorem: The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.

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(MCQs asked in CBSE Papers)

Q1: In ABC, AB = AC and B = 50. Then C is equal to
(a) 40
(b) 50
(c) 80
(d) 130
Q2(CBSE 2010): In ABC, C = A and BC = 6 cm and AC = 5 cm. Then the
length of AB is:
(a) 6 cm
(b) 5 cm
(c) 3 cm
(d) 2.5 cm

Q3: If one angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of other two angles, then the
triangle is
(a) an isosceles triangle
(b) an obtuse triangle
(c) an equilateral triangle
(d) a right triangle
Q4(CBSE 2011): If ABC, is right angled at B, then :
(a) AB = AC
(b) AC < AB
(c) AB = BC
(d) AC > AB
Q5(CBSE 2011): In ABC if AB = BC, then :
(a) B > C
(b) A = C
(c) A = B
(d) A < B
Q6(CBSE 2010): In PQR, P = 60, Q = 50. Which side of the triangle is the
longest ?
(a) PQ
(b) QR
(c) PR
(d) none
Q7(CBSE 2011): P is a point on side BC of ABC, such that AP bisects BAC,

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then :
(a) BP = CP
(b) BA > BP
(c) BP > BA
(d) CP < CA

Q8(CBSE 2011): In the give figure q-8, AD is the median, then BAD is:
(a) 55
(b) 50
(c) 100
(d) 40
Q9(CBSE 2010): If ABC DEF by SSS congruence rule then :
(a) AB = EF, BC = FD, CA = DE
(b) AB = FD, BC = DE, CA = EF
(c) AB = DE, BC = EF, CA = FD
(d) AB = DE, BC = EF, C = F
Q10(CBSE 2011): If ABC is a right angled at B, then
(a) AB = AC
(b) AC < AB
(c) AB = AC
(d) AC > AB
Q11: In a ABC, A = C. If BC = 3 and AC = 4 then the perimeter of the
triangle is:
(a) 7
(b) 10
(c) 12
(d) 14
Q12: From the following which condition is not possible for the congruence of
two triangles ?

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(a) ASA
(b) AAS
(c) AAA
(d) SSS
Q13: In a right angled triangle, if one acute angle is half the other, then the
smallest angle is:
(a) 15
(b) 25
(c) 30
(d) 35

Answers:
1: (b) 50 [Hint: ABC, AB = AC is an isosceles triangle, B =C ]
2: (a) 6 cm [ Hint: ABC, C = A, an isosceles triangle, BC = AB]
3: (d) a right triangle
[Hint: ABC, A = B + C, A + B + C = 180 2A = 180 A = 90 ]
4: (d) AC > AB [ Hint: ABC, B = 90, AC is hypotenuse]
5: (b) A = C [Hint: ABC, AB = BC is an isosceles triangle, A =C ]
6: (a) PQ [Hint: R = 70 is the largest, the side opposite to the largest angle is the
longest.]
7: (b) BA > BP

[Hint: Consider the triangle as show in fig-q7,

Given, BAP = CAP = z (say)
APC is an exterior angle for BAP
APC = ABP + BAP
APC > BAP (greater angle has greater side opposite to it.)
BA > BP]
8: (b) 50
[Hint:AB = AC ABD = ACD = 40. BAC = 100

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ABD ACD by SSS congruence

BAD = CAD = 100/2 = 50]
9: (c) AB = DE, BC = EF, CA = FD
[Hint: Remember CPCT for corresponding parts of congruent triangles.]
10: (d) AC > AB
[Hint: B = 90, AC is hypotenuse the longest side. ]
11: (b) 10 [Hint: A = C, AB = BC = 3.]
12: (c) AAA
13: (c) 30 [Hint: x + 2x + 90 = 180 3x = 90 x = 30 ]
.
Lines and Angles
(NCERT Ex. 6.3 + Q & A from CBSE papers)
Points to remember
1. The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180.
2. If a side of a triangle is produced, then the exterior angle so formed is equal to the
sum of the two interior opposite angles.
3. An exterior angle of a triangle is greater than either of its interior opposite angles.
4. If one angle of a triangle is a right angle, then the other two angles are acute
angles. (Thus no triangle can have two right angles.)
5. The two acute angles in every right triangle are complementary.
6. The sum of all interior angles of an n-sided polygon is (n -2) 180
7. The sum of all exterior angles of an n-sided polygon is 360.(one exterior angle at
each vertex)
Exercise 6.3
Q1: In Fig. below, sides QP and RQ of PQR are produced to points S and T
respectively.
If SPR = 135 and PQT = 110, find PRQ.
Answer:

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Given, SPR = 135 and PQT = 110

SPR and QPR are linear pair.
SPR + QPR = 180
QPR = 180 - SPR = 180 - 135 = 45
PQT is an exterior angle of PQR and is equal to sum of its interior angles.
PQT = QPR + PRQ
110 = 45 + PRQ
PRQ = 110 - 45 = 65
Q2: In Fig. below, X = 62, XYZ = 54. If YO and ZO are the bisectors of XYZ
and XZY respectively of XYZ, find OZY and YOZ.

Answer: Given X = 62, XYZ = 54

Since the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180.
X + XYZ + XZY = 180
XZY = 180 - (X + XYZ) = 180 - (62 + 54)
XZY = 180 - 116 = 64
Since YO is bisector of XYZ
OYZ = XYZ/2 = 54/2 = 27
Similarly, ZO is bisector of XZY
OZY = XZY/2 = 64/2 = 32
Using angle sum property of a OYZ,
OYZ + O + OZY = 180
O = 180 - (OYZ + OZY) = 180 - (27 + 32) = 180 - 59 = 121
Q3: In Fig. below, if AB || DE, BAC = 35 and CDE = 53, find DCE.

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Answer: Since AB || DE and AE is transversal.

BAC = CED
(Alternate interior angles)
CED = 35
In CDE, using angle sum property of a triangle.
CDE + DCE + CED = 180
53 + DCE + 35 = 180
DCE = 180 - 88 = 92
Q4: In Figure below, if lines PQ and RS intersect at point T, such that PRT =
40, RPT = 95 and TSQ = 75, find SQT.

Answer: Using angle sum property in PRT,

PRT + RPT + PTR = 180
PTR = 180 - (PRT + RPT)
PTR = 180 - (40 + 95) = 180 - 135
PTR = 45
PTR and STQ are vertically opposite angles and are equal.
STQ = PTR = 45
Using angle sum property in STQ.
STQ + TSQ + SQT = 180
SQT = 180 - (STQ + TSQ) = 180 - (45 + 75) = 180 - 120 = 60
Q5: In Fig. shown below, if PQ PS, PQ || SR, SQR = 28 and QRT = 65,
then find the values of x and y.

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Answer: Since PQ || SR and QR is transversal (Given),

QRT = PQR (alternate interior angle)
PQR = 65
Since PQR = x + 28
x + 28 = 65
x = 65 - 28 = 37
Using angle sum property in PQS,
x + y + SPQ = 180
y = 180 - (SPQ + x) = 180 - (90 + 37)
y = 180 - 127 = 53

( PQ PS)

Q6: In Fig. below, the side QR of PQR is produced to a point S. If the

bisectors of PQR and PRS meet at point T, then prove that QTR = QPR.

Answer: The above figure consists of two overlapped triangles i.e. PQR and
QRT.

In QRT, TRS is an exterior angle.

TRS = QTR + TQR
QTR = TRS - TQR
....(I)

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Similarly, in PQR, PRS is an external angle

PRS = PQR + QPR
2TRS = 2TQR + QPR
( QT and TR are bisectors of PQR and PRS)
2 (TRS - TQR) = QPR
From eqn. (I) we have,
2 ( QTR) = QPR
QTR = QPR.
Q7: Can a triangle have:
(a) two right angles?
(b) two obtuse angles?
(c) two acute angles?
(d) all angles less than 60
(e) all angles more than 60
(f) all angles equal to 60
Answer:
(a) No. Since the sum of three angles of a triangle is 180. Sum of two right angles
is 180, such triangle is not possible.
(b) No. Because the sum of two obtuse angles will become greater than 180. Such
a triangle is not feasible.
(c) Yes a triangle can have two acute angles. Since the sum of two acute angle is
less than 180, the third angle will have the remaining value.
(d) Since sum of all angles less than 60 is still less than 180. Such a triangle is not
possible.
(e) Since sum of angles (each angle is greater than 60) exceed 180, such a
triangle is not possible.
(f) Sum of angles (each = 60) is exactly equal to 180, such a triangle is possible. It
makes an equilateral triangle.
Q8: How many exterior angles does a triangle have?
Answer: Six. At a vertex of a triangle, there are two exterior angles. A triangle has
three vertices, thus it has six exterior angles.
Q9: In a ABC, A = 2B and B= 3C. Find the values of all the angles of the .
Answer: Using angle sum property of the triangle,
A + B + C = 180
2B + B + C = 180
(Given, A = 2B)
3B + C = 180
3(3C) + C = 180
(Given B = 3C)
9C + C = 180

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10C = 180
C = 180/10 = 18
B = 3 18 = 54
and A = 2 54 = 108
Q10: The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 5 : 3 : 7. The triangle is :
(a) an acute angled triangle
(b) an obtuse angled triangle
(c) a right triangle
(d) an isosceles triangle
Answer: (a) an acute angled triangle
Let the angles be 5x, 3x and 7x. Using angle sum property, 5x + 3x + 7x = 180
15x = 180
x = 12
Angles of the are: 60, 36, 84 - an acute angle triangle.

Q11(CBSE 2010):In the figure, if x, y and z are

exterior angles of ABC, then x + y + z is:
(a) 180
(b) 360
(c) 270
(d) 90
Answer: (b) 360
In simple polygons, the sum exterior angles (one exterior angle at each vertex) is
always 360.
Q12(CBSE 2010): In the given figure, the measure of ABC is:

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(a) 80
(b) 20
(c) 100
(d) 60
Answer: (a) 80
Q13: An exterior angle of a triangle is 130 and its two interior opposite angles
are equal. Each of the interior angle is equal to:
(a) 45
(b) 65
(c) 75
(d) 35
Answer: (b) 65
Lines and Angles
(NCERT Ex. 6.2 and Q & A from CBSE papers)
1. Corresponding angles axiom: If a transversal intersects two parallel
lines, then each pair of corresponding angles is equal.
2. If a transversal intersects two lines such that a pair of corresponding
angles is equal, then the two lines are parallel to each other.
3. If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each pair of alternate
interior angles is equal.
4. If a transversal intersects two lines such that a pair of alternate interior
angles is equal, then the two lines are parallel.
5. If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each pair of interior
angles on the same side of the transversal is supplementary.
6. If a transversal intersects two lines such that a pair of interior angles
on the same side of the transversal is supplementary, then the two lines
are parallel.
7. Lines which are parallel to the same line are parallel to each other.
Exercise 6.2
Q1: In Fig. below, find the values of x and y and then show that
AB || CD.

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Answer: 50 + x = 180
x = 180 - 50 = 130

(Linear pair)

Since 130 and y are vertically opposite angles and hence are equal
y = 130
Since x and y angles are equal and form alternate interior angles of line
AB and CD,
AB || CD
Q2: In Figure, if AB || CD, CD || EF and y : z = 3 : 7, find x.

Answer: Lines which are parallel to the same line are parallel to each
other.
Since AB || CD and CD || EF.
AB || EF.
and x = z
(alternate interior angles)
Given, y:z = 3:7
y = 3k and z = 7k where k is a constant.

.... (I)

Since a pair of interior angles on the same side of the transversal is

supplementary.
x + y = 180
z + y = 180
From eq. I,
7k + 3k = 180

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10k = 180
k = 18
y = 3 18 = 54
and x = z = 7 18 = 126
Q3: In Figure below, if AB || CD, EF CD and GED = 126, find
AGE, GEF and FGE.

Answer: Given, GED = 126

also GED = GEF + FED
GEF + FED = 126
GEF + 90 = 126
GEF = 126 - 90 = 36

( EF CD FED = 90)

Since AB || CD, AGE and GED form alternate co-interior angles and
are equal.
i.e. AGE = GED = 126
AGE and FGE form a linear pair.
AGE + FGE = 180
FGE = 180 - AGE = 180 - 126
FGE = 54
Q4: In Figure below, if PQ || ST, PQR = 110 and RST = 130,
find QRS.
[Hint : Draw a line parallel to ST through point R.]

Answer: Draw a line OL parallel to ST passing through point R.

Since PQ || ST and ST || OL PQ || OL
PQR and QRO are interior angles on same side of transversal QR.

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PQR + QRO = 180

QRO = 180 - PQR = 180 - 110 = 70
RST and SRL are interior angles on same side of transversal RS.
RST + SRL = 180
SRL = 180 - RST = 180 - 130 = 50
OL is a straight line and QR and SR are standing on it.
QRO + QRS + RST = 180
QRS = 180 - (QRO + RST) = 180 - ( 70 + 50) = 180 120= 60
Q5: In Fig. below, if AB || CD, APQ = 50 and PRD = 127, find
x and y.

Answer: Since AB || CD
APQ = PQR
(Alternate interior angles of transversal PQ)
50 = x
or x = 50
APR = PRD
(Alternate interior angles of transversal PR)
50 + y = 127
y = 127 - 50 = 77
Q6: In figure below, PQ and RS are two mirrors placed parallel to
each other. An incident ray AB strikes the mirror PQ at B, the
reflected ray moves along the path BC and strikes the mirror RS at
C and again reflects back along CD. Prove that AB || CD.

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Answer: Draw perpendiculars BL and CM such that BL PQ and CM RS

According to laws of reflection, of incidence = of reflection.
1 = 2
(I)
and 3 = 4
(II)
PQ || RS
and BL PQ and CM RS
BL || CM
2 = 3
1 = 2 = 3 = 4

(Given)
(By construction)
(alternate angles)
(from eq. I and II)

1 + 2 = 3 + 4
ABC = BCD
Since ABC and BCD form pair of alternate angles and are equal.
AB || CD
Questions from CBSE Examination Papers
Q7(CBSE 2010): In figure below, AB || CD then find the value of
x.

Answer: Given, AB || CD , BPQ = 5x - 20 and PQD = 2x - 10

Since BPQ and PQD of transversal EF are pair of interior angles on the
same side. They are supplementary i.e.

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BPQ + PQD = 180

5x - 20 + 2x - 10 = 180
7x - 30 = 180
7x = 180 + 30 = 210
x = 210/7 = 30

Q8(CBSE 2010): Two lines are respectively

perpendicular to two perpendicular lines. Then these two lines to
each other are:
(a) parallel
(b) perpendicular
(c) inclined at same acute angle
(d) intersecting at 110
Answer: (b) perpendicular
Note: Question's language is tricky. What it says there are two lines (say
l and m) which are perpendicular to each other. If we draw perpendiculars
to l and m (say x and y). What shall be x and y?
Q9(CBSE 2011): In fig. below, AB || CD and t is transversal, the
value of x is equal to:

(A) 50
(B) 70
(C) 35
(D) 20
Answer: (2x + 40) and (x + 90) are alternate interior angles and
are equal.
(2x + 40) = (x + 90)
2x + 40 = x + 90
2x -x = 90 - 40

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x = 50

...... option (A)

CH2 - Polynomials - Exercise 2.1

Q1: What is a polynomial?

Answer: A polynomial is an algebraic expression, in which no
variables appear in denominators or under radical signs, and
all variables that doappear are powers of positive integers.
Exercise 2.1

Q1: Which of the following expressions are polynomials in one

variable and which are not? State reasons for your answer.
(i) 4x2 3x + 7
(ii) y2 + 2
(iii) 3t + t2
(iv) y +2/y
(v) x10 + y3 + t50
Answer:
(i) 4x2 3x + 7
Because polynomial has one variable 'x', yes, this expression is a
polynomial in one variable x.
(ii) y2 + 2
yes, this expression is a polynomial in one variable y.
(iii) 3t + t2
The exponent of variable t is , which is not a whole number. The
expression is not a polynomial in one variable.
(iv) y +2/y
The variable has power of -ve integer, the expression is not a polynomial
in one variable.
(v) x10 + y3 + t50

Page 24 of 73

This expression is a polynomial in 3 variables x, y, and t. So, it is not a

polynomial in one variable.
Q2. Write the coefficients of x2 in each of the following:
(i) 2 + x2 + x
(ii) 2 x2 + x3
(iii) (/2)x2 + x
(iv) 2.x 1
Answer: The numerical values (including +ve or -ve signs) of the terms in
a polynomial are called the coefficients of the polynomial.
(i) 2 + x2 + x
The coefficient of x2 is 1.
(ii) 2 x2 + x3
The coefficient of x2 is -1.
(iii) (/2)x2 + x
The coefficient of x2 is /2
(iv) 2.x 1 = 0.x2+ 2.x 1
The coefficient of x2 is 0.
Q3. Give one example each of a binomial of degree 35, and of a
monomial of degree 100.
Answer: Binomial of degree 35 = 3x35 + x
Monomial of degree 100 = 37t100
Note: Degree of a polynomial is the highest power of the variable in the
polynomial. Monomial has only one term in it. Binomial has two terms in
it.
Q4. Write the degree of each of the following polynomials:
(i) 5x3 + 4x2 +7x
(ii) 4 y2 (iii) 5t 7 (iv) 3
Answer: Degree of a polynomial is the highest power of variable in the
polynomial.
(i) Degree of polynomial f(x) = 5x3 + 4x2 +7x is 3.
(ii) Degree of polynomial f(y) = 4 y2 is 2
(iii) Degree of polynomial f(t) = 5t 7 is 1
(iv) Degree of polynomial f(x) = 3 is 0 (constant polynomial).

Page 25 of 73

Q5. Classify the following as linear, quadratic and cubic

polynomials:
(i) x2 + x
(ii) x x3
(iii) y + y2 + 4
(iv) 1 + x
(v) 3t
(vi) r2
(vii) 7x3
Answer:
Degree of linear polynomial = 1
Degree of quadratic polynomial = 2
Degree of cubic polynomial = 3
(i) x2 + x is a quadratic polynomial (degree = 2)
(ii) x x3 is a cubic polynomial. (degree = 3).
(iii) y + y2 + 4 is a quadratic polynomial (degree = 2)
(iv) 1 + x is linear polynomial (degree =1 )
(v) 3t is a linear polynomial (degree =1 )
(vi) r2 is a quadratic polynomial (degree = 2)
(vii) 7x3 is a cubic polynomial. (degree = 3).
Q6: What is the degree of a non-zero constant polynomial?
Answer: Zero
Q7: Polynomial having three terms are called as ____.
Answer: Trinomials.
Q8: What is the degree of the zero polynomial?
Answer: The degree of the zero polynomial is not defined.
Q9: The constant polynomial 0 is called _____.
Answer: The zero polynomial.
Q10: What is the standard form of writing a polynomial?
Answer:
1.
While writing a polynomial in standard form, term with higher
terms are written first.
2.
The coefficient of the first term (called leading coefficient)
should be +ve.
Q11: Write the polynomial 7x2 + 8x + 6 + 5x3 in standard form.

Page 26 of 73

Answer: Standard form 5x3 + 7x2 + 8x + 6.

Q12: Write the polynomial 3x2 - 8x + 6 - 5x3 in standard form.
Answer: Write with terms in decreasing degree = -5x3 + 3x2 - 8x + 6.
Since the leading co-efficient be +ve, multiple all the terms with -1, i.e.
= -1 (-5x3 + 3x2 - 8x + 6)
= 5x3 - 3x2 + 8x - 6
CH2 - Polynomials - Exercise 2.2
zEROS (ROOTS) of a POLYNOMIAL
1. A zero of a polynomial p(x) is a number c such that p(c) = 0.
OR x = c (or x -c = 0 ) is called the root of the polynomial equation
p(x).
2. If p(x) = ax + b, a 0, is a linear polynomial, x = -b/a, is the only
zero of p(x), i.e., a linear polynomial has one and only one zero.
3. A zero of a polynomial need not be 0.
4. 0 may be a zero of a polynomial.
5. Every linear polynomial has one and only one zero.
6. A polynomial can have more than one zero.
7. Zeros of the polynomial are also called roots of the polynomial.

EXERCISE 2.2
Q1. Find the value of the polynomial 5x 4x2 + 3 at
(i) x = 0
(ii) x = 1
(iii) x = 2
Answer:
Let p(x) = 5x 4x2 + 3
(i) x = 0
p(0) = 5(0) - 4(0)2 + 3 = 0 + 0 + 3 = 3
(ii) x = -1
p(-1) = 5(-1) - 4(-1)2 + 3 = -5 -4 + 3 = -6

Page 27 of 73

(iii) x = 2
p(2) = 5(2) - 4(2)2 + 3 = 10 - 16 + 3 = -3
Q2. Find p(0), p(1) and p(2) for each of the following polynomials:
(i) p(y) = y2 y + 1
(ii) p(t) = 2 + t + 2t2 t3
(iii) p(x) = x3
(iv) p(x) = (x 1) (x + 1)
Answer:
(i) p(y) = y2 y + 1
p(0) = 02 0 + 1 = 1
p(1) = 12 1 + 1 = 1
p(2) = 22 2 + 1= 4 -2 + 1 = 3
(ii) p(t) = 2 + t + 2t2 t3
p(0) = 2 + 0 + 2(0)2 (0)3 = 2 + 0 + 0 - 0 = 2
p(1) = 2 + 1 + 2(1)2 (1)3 = 2 + 1 + 2 -1 = 4
p(2) = 2 + 2 + 2(2)2 (2)3 = 2 + 2 + 2(4) -8 = 2 + 2 + 8 - 8 = 4
(iii) p(x) = x3
p(0) = 03 = 0
p(1) = 13 = 1
p(2) = 23 = 8
(iv) p(x) = (x 1) (x + 1)
p(0) = (0-1)(0+1) = -1 x 1 = -1
p(1) = (1-1)(1+1) = 0 x 2 = 0
p(2) = (2-1)(2+1) = 1 x 3 = 3

Q3. Verify whether the following are zeroes of the polynomial,

indicated against them.
(i) p(x) = 3x + 1, x = -1/3
(ii) p(x) = 5x , x = 4/5
(iii) p(x) = x2 1, x = 1, 1
(iv) p(x) = (x + 1) (x 2), x = 1, 2
(v) p(x) = x2 , x = 0
(vi) p(x) = lx + m, x = m/l
(vii) p(x) = 3x2 1, x = -1/ 3, 2/ 3
(viii) p(x) = 2x + 1, x = 1/2
Answer:
(i) p(x) = 3x + 1
If x = -1/3 is the zero of the polynomial, p(-1/3) = 0
p(-1/3) = 3(-1/3) + 1 = -1 + 1 = 0

Page 28 of 73

x = -1/3 is the zero of the given polynomial.

(ii) p(x) = 5x , x = 4/5
If x = 4/5 is the zero of the polynomial, p(4/5) must be 0.
p(4/5) = 5(4/5) - = 4 - 0
x = 4/5 is not the zero of the given polynomial.
(iii) p(x) = x2 1, x = 1, 1
if x =1 and x = -1 are the zeros of the given polynomial, then p(1) = 0
and p(-1) = 0.
p(1) = (1)2 1 = 1- 1 = 0
and p(-1) = (-1)2 1 = 1- 1 = 0
x = 1, 1 are the zeros of the given polynomial.
(iv) p(x) = (x + 1) (x 2), x = 1, 2
if x = -1 and x = 2 are the zeros of the polynomial, then p(-1) = 0 and
p(2) = 0.
p(-1) = (-1+1)(-1-2) = (0)(-3) = 0
and p(2) = (2+1)(2-2) = (3)(0) = 0
x = -1, 2 are the zeros of the given polynomial.
(v) p(x) = x2 , x = 0
If x = 0 is the zero of the polynomial, p(0) = 0
p(0) = (0)2= 0
x = 0 is the zero of the given polynomial.
(vi) p(x) = lx + m, x = m/l
if x = -m/l is the zero of the polynomial, then p(-m/l) = 0
p(-m/l) = l(-m/l) + m = -m + m = 0
x = m/l is the zero of the given polynomial.

Page 29 of 73

(viii) p(x) = 2x + 1, x = 1/2

if x = 1/2 is the zero of the given polynomial, p(1/2) = 0
p(1/2) = 2(1/2) + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2 0
x = 1/2is not the zero of the given polynomial.
Q4. Find the zero of the polynomial in each of the following cases:
(i) p(x) = x + 5
(ii) p(x) = x 5
(iii) p(x) = 2x + 5
(iv) p(x) = 3x 2
(v) p(x) = 3x
(vi) p(x) = ax, a 0
(vii) p(x) = cx + d, c 0, c, d are real numbers.
Answer: A zero of a polynomial p(x) is a number c such that p(c) = 0.
To find c, let us equate p(x) = 0.
(i) p(x) = x + 5
Let p(x) = 0
p(x) = x + 5 = 0 x = -5
p(-5) = -5 + 5 = 0
x = -5 is the zero of the given polynomial.
(ii) p(x) = x 5
Let p(x) = 0
p(x)= x - 5 = 0 x = 5
x = 5 is the zero of the given polynomial.
(iii) p(x) = 2x + 5
Let p(x) = 0
2x + 5 = 0
2x = -5
x = -5/2
For x = -5/2 the value of the polynomial is 0, x = -5/2 is the zero of
the given polynomial.
(iv) p(x) = 3x 2
To find zero of the polynomial, p(x) = 0
3x - 2 = 0
3x = 2
x = 2/3 which is the zero of the given polynomial.
(v) p(x) = 3x
p(x) = 0

Page 30 of 73

3x = 0
x = 0 is the zero of the given polynomial.
(vi) p(x) = ax, a 0
Let p(x) = 0
ax = 0
x=0
For x = 0, p(x) becomes zero.
polynomial.

x = 0 is the zero of the given

(vii) p(x) = cx + d, c 0, c, d are real numbers.

Let p(x) = 0
cx + d = 0
cx = -d
x = -d/c, which is the zero of the given polynomial.

Q5: 'A zero of a polynomial need not be 0.' What do you mean by
this statement?
Answer: It means a zero of the polynomial can be that non-zero value at
which the value of the polynomial becomes zero.
Q6: Can a linear polynomial have more than one zeros of the
polynomial.
Answer: No. The degree of the polynomial is 1. At the maximum it can
have one zero of the polynomial.
Q7: What is the Fundamental theorem of algebra? Who proposed
it?
Answer: It states "Number of zeros of a polynomial the degree of the
polynomial.".
Carl Friedrich Gauss proposed this theorem.
Q8: How many zeros can exist for the polynomial x2 - 9?
Answer: The polynomial x2- 9 has degree = 2. It means it can have 2
number of zeros.
Let p(x) = 0
x2- 9 = 0
x2= 9 x = 9 = 3
x = +3, -3 are the zeros of the polynomial x2 - 9.

Page 31 of 73

Q9: Can zeros of the polynomial be identified on graph?

Answer: On X-Y graph, x values represent on x-axis and p(x) on y-axis.
The line or curve when cuts the x-axis, those points are the zeros of the
polynomial.
As shown below, for polynomial p(x) = 2x + 5. x = -5/2 is the zero of the
polynomial.

The following graph also shows two zeros for the polynomial x2- 4

Polynomials - Exercise 2.3

Remainder Theorem
1. According to Remainder Theorem: Let p(x) be any polynomial
and a be any real number. If p(x) is divided by the linear polynomial x a, then the remainder is p(a).
2. If p(x) is divided by (x + a), then remainder is p(-a).
3. If p(x) is divided by (ax -b) then remainder is p(b/a).

Page 32 of 73

4. If p(x) is divided by (ax + b), then remainder is p(-b/a).

5. In above cases, -a, b/a and -b/a are the zeros of the divisors x +
a, ax-b and ax+b respectively.

Exercise 2.3

Q1: Find the remainder when x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1 is divided by

(i) x + 1
(ii) x - 1/2
(iii) x
(iv) x +
(v) 5 + 2x
Answer: The remainder of the polynomial can be found by following
methods:

long division method

applying remainder theorem.

synthetic division (not covered here)

(i) x + 1
By long division method,
x2 + 2x + 1
____________________________
x+1) x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1
x3 + x2

2x2 + 3x
2x2 + 2x

x + 1
x + 1
-
0
Therefore remainder is 0.
IInd Method: q(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1
If t(x) = x+1 is the divisor of the polynomial, by remainder theorem,
remainder is q(-1)
q(-1) = (-1)3 + 3(-1)2 + 3(-1) + 1 = -1 + 1 -1 +1 = 0.
remainder is 0.

Page 33 of 73

(ii) x - 1/2
p(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1
Zero of x-1/2 = 1/2
By remainder theorem, when p(x) is divided by x-1/2, the remainder is
p(1/2).
p(1/2) = (1/2)3 + 3(1/2)2 + 3(1/2) + 1
= 1/8 + 3/4 + 3/2 + 1 = 27/8
(iii) x
Zero of x is 0
p(0) = (0)3 + 3(0)2 + 3(0) + 1 = 1
So remainder is 1.
(iv) x +
Root of x + is (x + = 0 x = -) = -
By remainder theorem, if - divides p(x)then remainder is p(-) i.e.
p(-) = (-)3 + 3(-)2 + 3(-) + 1 = -3 + 32 - 3 + 1 ... (answer)
(v) 5 + 2x
Root of 5 + 2x is -5/2
If -5/2 divides p(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1, by remainder theorem the
remainder is p(-5/2)
p(-5/2) = (-5/2)3 + 3(-5/2)2 + 3(-5/2 + 1
= -125/8 + 3(25/4) -15/2 + 1
= -125/8 + 75/4 - 15/2 + 1
= -27/8
Q2: Find the remainder when x3 ax2 + 6x a is divided by x a.
Answer: By remainder theorem, if (x = a) divides p(x) = x3 ax2 + 6x
a then remainder of polynomial is p(a).
p(a) = a3 a(a)2 + 6a a = a3 a3 + 6a a = 5a ...(answer)
As an alternate method you may find remainder by long division method.
Q3: Check whether 7 + 3x is a factor of 3x3 + 7x.
Answer: Zero of 7 + 3x is:
7+ 3x = 0 3x = -7 x = -7/3
If p(x) = 3x3 + 7x. is divisible by (7 + 3x) then its remainder is zero i.e.
p(-7/3) = 0
p(-7/3) = 3(-7/3)3 + 7(-7/3) = 3(-343/27) - 49/3
= -343/9 -49/3 = -490/9 0
7 + 3x is not a factor of 3x3 + 7x

Page 34 of 73

Q4: Prove Remainder theorem.

Answer: Remainder theorem: Let p(x) be any polynomial of degree 1,
and 'a' is any real number. If p(x) is divided by (x-a) then remainder is
p(a).
Proof: Suppose q(x) is the quotient and r(x) is the remainder, when (x-a)
divides p(x).
Since Dividend = Divisor Quotient + Remainder.
Similarly we can have,
p(x) = (x-a) q(x) + r(x)

...(I)

Where r = 0 or degree of r(x) < degree of (x -a).

Since (x-a) is a linear equation. The degree of (x-a) is 1 and degree of
r(x) is less than the degree of x-a, the degree of r(x) = 0.
It means r(x) is a constant, say r. Eqn. I will become:
p(x) = (x-a) q(x) + c
Replacing x by a i.e. x =a , we have
p(a) = (a-a) q(x) + c = 0 + c = c
p(a) = c which proves the remainder theorem.

Q5: 6x2 + ax + 7 when divided by x-2 gives remainder 13. Find the
value of a.
Answer: Let p(x) = 6x2 + ax + 7.
According to remainder theorem, if (x-2) divides p(x) and remainder is 13
then, p(2) = 13
p(2) = 6(2)2 + a(2) + 7 = 13
24 + 2a + 7 = 13
2a = -24-7+13 = -18
a = -9
Q6: The polynomial x4 - 2x3 + 3x2 - ax + b when divided by (x+1)
and (x-1) gives remainders 19 and 5 respectively. Find the
remainder when the polynomial is divided by (x-3).
Answer: Let p(x) = x4 - 2x3 + 3x2 - ax + b
Writing the divisors in (x -a) form i.e. (x-(-1)) and (x-1).
According to remainder theorem, if (x-a) divides the polynomial p(x) and
c is the remainder, then p(a) =c.

Page 35 of 73

p(-1) = 19 and p(1) = 5

p(-1) = (-1)4 - 2(-1)3 + 3(-1)2 - a(-1) + b = 19
1 - 2(-1) + 3 + a + b = 19
1 + 2 + 3 + a + b = 19
a + b = 13
...(I)

and p(1) = (1)4 - 2(1)3 + 3(1)2 - a(1) + b =5

1 - 2 + 3 -a + b = 5
-a + b = 3

...(II)

Adding equation I and II, gives

2b = 16 b = 8
and a = 5

p(x) = x4 - 2x3 + 3x2 - 5x + 8

The divisor is (x-3). Applying remainder theorem, remainder = p(3).

i.e. p(3) = (3)4 - 2(3)3 + 3(3)2 - 5(3) + 8 = 81 - 54 + 27 - 15 + 8
= 47
...(answer)
Polynomials - Exercise 2.4
FACTOR THEORUM
1. Let p(x) be a polynomial and a be any real number. If p(a) = 0, then (xa) is a
factor of p(x).
2. If (xa) is a factor of p(x), then p(a) = 0
Q1: Determine which of the following polynomials has (x + 1) a
factor :
(i) x3 + x2 + x + 1
(ii) x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
(iii) x4 + 3x3 + 3x2 + x + 1
(iv) x3 x2 (2 + 2)x + 2
Answer: If (x+1) is a factor of a polynomial p(x), then p(-1) must be
equal to zero.
(i) Let p(x) = x3 + x2 + x + 1
p(-1) = (-1)3 + (-1)2 + (-1) + 1 = -1 + 1 -1 + 1 = 0
(x-1) is a factor of polynomial x3 + x2 + x + 1
(ii) Let p(x) = x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
p(-1) = (-1)4 + (-1)3 + (-1)2 + (-1) + 1 = 1 - 1 + 1 -1 + 1 = 1 0
(x-1) is not a factor of this polynomial.
(iii) Let p(x) = x4 + 3x3 + 3x2 + x + 1
p(-1) = (-1)4 + 3(-1)3 + 3(-1)2 + (-1) + 1

Page 36 of 73

= 1 + 3(-1) + 3(1) -1 + 1 = 1 - 3 + 3 - 1 = 1 0
(x-1) is not a factor of this polynomial.
(iv) Let p(x) = x3 x2 (2 + 2)x + 2
p(-1) = (-1)3 (-1)2 (2 + 2)(-1) + 2
= -1 - 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 22 0
(x-1) is not a factor of this polynomial.
Q2. Use the Factor Theorem to determine whether g(x) is a factor
of p(x) in each of the following cases:
(i) p(x) = 2x3 + x2 2x 1, g(x) = x + 1
(ii) p(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1, g(x) = x + 2
(iii) p(x) = x3 4x2 + x + 6, g(x) = x 3
Answer:
(i) p(x) = 2x3 + x2 2x 1, g(x) = x + 1
Zero of x+1 is -1. If g(x) is a factor of p(x) then p(-1) = 0
p(-1) = 2(-1)3 + (-1)2 2(-1) 1 = -2 + 1 + 2 - 1 = 0
g(x) is a factor of polynomial p(x).
(ii) p(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1, g(x) = x + 2
Zero of x + 2 is -2. If g(x) is a factor of p(x) then p(-2) = 0
p(-2) = (-2)3 + 3(-2)2 + 3(-2) + 1 = -8 + 12 - 6 + 1 = -1 0
g(x) is not a factor of polynomial p(x).
(iii) p(x) = x3 4x2 + x + 6, g(x) = x 3
Root of x-2 is 3. If g(x) is a factor of p(x) then p(3) = 0
p(3) = (3)3 4(3)2 + 3 + 6 = 27 - 4(9) + 3 + 6 = 27 - 36 + 3 + 6 =
0
g(x) is a factor of polynomial p(x).
Q3: Find the value of k, if x 1 is a factor of p(x) in each of the
following cases:
(i) p(x) = x2 + x + k
(ii) p(x) = 2x2 + kx + 2
(iii) p(x) = kx2 2x + 1
(iv) p(x) = kx2 3x + k

Page 37 of 73

Answer:
According to factor theorem, if x -1 is a factor of p(x), then p(1) = 0.
(i) p(x) = x2 + x + k
p(1) = (1)2 + 1 + k = 0
1+1+k=0
k = -2
(ii) p(x) = 2x2 + kx + 2
p(1) = 0
p(1) = 2(1)2 + k(1) + 2 = 0
2 + k + 2 = 0
k = -2 - 2 = -(2 +2)
(iii) p(x) = kx2 2x + 1
p(1) = 0
p(1) = k(1)2 2(1) + 1 = 0
k - 2 + 1
k = 2 - 1
(iv) p(x) = kx2 3x + k
p(1) = 0
p(1) = k(1)2 3(1) + k = 0
k-3+k=0
2k = 3
k = 3/2
Q4. Factorise:
(i) 12x2 7x + 1
(ii) 2x2 + 7x + 3
(iii) 6x2 + 5x 6
(iv) 3x2 x 4
Answer:
(i) 12x2 7x + 1
Method I: By splitting method, let us find out two number p and q such
that pq = 12 1
and p + q = -7
i.e. p = -4 and q = -3
= 12x2 4x -3x + 1
= 4x(3x - 1) - 1(3x -1)
= (4x -1)(3x -1)
...(answer)
Method II: By factor theorem.

Page 38 of 73

(ii) 2x2 + 7x + 3
Let us find out two number p and q such that pq = 2 3 = 6 and p + q =
7
i.e. p = 6 and q = 1
= 2x2 + 6x + x + 3
= 2x (x + 3) + 1(x + 3)
= (2x + 1)(x + 3)
... answer
(iii) 6x2 + 5x 6
Let us find out two number p and q such that pq = 6 -6 = -36 and p +
q=5
i.e. p = 9 and q = -4
6x2 + 5x 6 = 6x2 + 9x -4x 6
= 3x(2x + 3) - 2(2x + 3)
= (2x + 3)(3x - 2)
... answer

(iv) 3x2 x 4

Page 39 of 73

Let us find out two number p and q such that pq = 3 -4 = -12 and p +
q = -1
i.e. p = 3 and q = -4
3x2 x 4 = 3x2 + 3x 4x 4
= 3x(x + 1) -4(x+1)
= (x+1)(3x - 4)
... answer
Q5. Factorise:
(i) x3 2x2 x + 2
(ii) x3 3x2 9x 5
(iii) x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20
(iv) 2y3 + y2 2y 1
Answer:
(i) Let p(x) = x3 2x2 x + 2
Here constant term is 2. Possible factors of 2 are: 1, 2
By trial method, p(2) = (2)3 2(2)2 2 + 2 = 8 - 8 - 2 + 2 = 0
(x -2 ) is factor of p(x).
P(x) (x -2) =
x2 - 1

x -2 ) x3 2x2 x + 2
x3 - 2x3
+

-x + 2
-x + 2
+
0
Since, Dividend = Divisor Quotient + Remainder
x3 2x2 x + 2 = (x-2)(x2 1) + 0
= (x - 2)( x2 -x + x 1)
= (x -2) [x(x-1) + 1 (x-1)]
= (x - 2) (x-1)(x+1)
(ii) Let f(x) = x3 3x2 9x 5
Here constant is 5, Possible factors of 5 are 1 and 5
By trial method, p(5) = (5)3 3(5)2 9(5) 5 = 125 - 75 - 45 - 5 = 0
(x - 5) is factor of polynomial f(x).
Let us find out quotient = f(x) (x -5)
x2 + 2x + 1

Page 40 of 73

x - 5) x3 3x2 9x 5
x3 - 5x2
+

0 + 2x2 - 9x - 5
2x2 - 10x
+

x - 5
x - 5

0
Since, Dividend = Divisor Quotient + Remainder
x3 3x2 9x 5 = (x - 5)(x2 + 2x + 1)
Applying splitting method,
= (x -5)( x2 + x + x + 1)
= (x -5)[x(x+1) +1(x+1)]
= (x-5)(x+1)(x+1)
= (x-5)(x+1)2
Method II:
x3 3x2 9x 5 = x3 5x2 + 2x2 9x 5
= x2 (x 5) + 2x2 10x + x 5
= x2 (x 5) + 2x(x - 5) + 1 (x -5)
= (x - 5)( x2 + 2x + 1)
= (x -5)[x(x+1) +1(x+1)]
= (x-5)(x+1)(x+1)
= (x-5)(x+1)2
(iii) Let p(x) = x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20
Here constant term is 20. Its factors are: 1, 2, 4, 5 etc.
By trial method, p(-2) = (-2)3 + 13(-2)2 + 32(-2) + 20
= -8 + 52 -64 + 20 = 0
x + 2 is a factor of polynomial p(x).
x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20 = x3 + 2x2 + 11x2+ 22x + 10x + 20
= x2(x + 2) + 11x(x + 2) + 10(x+2)
Taking (x + 2) common, we get
= (x + 2)( x2+ 11x + 10)
(Note: you can use long division method also).
= (x + 2)(x2+ x + 10x + 10)
= (x+2)[x(x+1) + 10(x+1)]
= (x+2)(x+10)(x+1)
(iv) Let p(y) = 2y3 + y2 2y 1

Page 41 of 73

Here the constant term is 1. Possible factors are: 1

By trial method, p(1) = 2(1)3 + (1)2 2(1) 1 = 2 + 1 - 2 - 1 = 0
So (y-1) is a factor of p(y)
Quotient = p(y) (y-1)
2y2 + 3y + 1
_____________________
y -1 ) 2y3 + y2 2y 1
2y3 -2y2
+

3y2 - 2y - 1
3y2 - 3y
-

y - 1
y - 1
+

0
Since, Dividend = Divisor Quotient + Remainder
2y3 + y2 2y 1 = (y -1)(2y2 + 3y + 1)
= (y-1)(2y2 + 2y + y + 1)
= (y-1)(2y(y+1) + 1(y + 1))
= (y-1)(y+1)(2y + 1)
Criterion to check if (x - 1) is a factor of polynomial p(x) = ax3 +
bx2 + cx + d, where a,b,c,d R, a0
Applying remainder theorem, if (x - 1) is factor of p(x) then p(1) = 0.
p(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
p(1) = a(1)3 + b(1)2 + c(1) + d = 0
a+b+c+d=0
We can say that,
(x - 1) is a factor of polynomial p(x), if the sum of all the coefficients of
polynomial p(x) is zero.
( By by applying similar logic, can you find criterion to check if (x + 1)
is a factor?)
Q6:Check if the polynomial 5x4 - 4x3 - 2x + 1 has (x - 1) its factor.
Answer: Adding the co-efficients i.e. 5 + (-4) + (-2) + 1 = 6 - 6 =
0
(x - 1) is a factor of the given polynomial.

Page 42 of 73

Polynomials Exercise 2.5

Algebraic Identities
1. (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2
2. (x y)2 = x2 2xy + y2
3. x2 y2 = (x + y) (x y)
4. (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a+b)x + ab
5. (x - a)(x + b) = x2 + (b-a)x - ab
6. (x + a) (x - b) = x2 + (a-b)x - ab
7. (x - a)(x - b) = x2 - (a+b)x + ab
8. (x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx
9. (x + y)3 = x3 + y3 + 3xy(x + y) = x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3
10. (x - y)3 = x3 - y3 - 3xy(x - y) = x3 - 3x2y + 3xy2 - y3
11. x3 + y3 + z3- 3xyz = (x + y + z)(x2 + y2 + z2- xy - yz -zx)
12.

x2 + y2 = [ (x + y)2 + (x y)2 ]

13. xy = [ (x + y)2 - (x y)2 ]

14. x2 + y2 = (x + y)2- 2xy
15. (x y)2 = (x + y)2- 4xy
16. x2 + y2 = (x y)2 + 2xy
17. (x + y)2 = (x y)2 + 4xy
18. (x + a)(x + b)(x + c) = x3 + (a + b + c)x2 + (ab + bc + ca)x + abc
19. x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2- xy + y2)
20. x3 - y3 = (x - y) (x2+ xy + y2)
21. x2 + y2 + z2 - xy - yz -zx = [ (x - y)2 + (y z)2 + (z x)2]

Page 43 of 73

Exercise 2.5
Q1: Use suitable identities to find the following products:
(i) (x + 4) (x + 10)
(ii) (x + 8) (x 10)
(iii) (3x + 4) (3x 5)
(iv) (y2 + 3/2)(y2 3/2)
(v) (3 2x) (3 + 2x)
Answer:
(i) Using identity, (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a+b)x + ab
(x + 4)(x + 10) = x2 + (4+10)x + (4)(10)
= x2 + 14x + 40
(ii) Using identity, (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a+b)x + ab
(x + 8) (x 10) = x2 + (8+(-10))x + (8)(-10)
= x2 +(8-10)x - 80
= x2 -2x - 80
(Note, you may use identity, (x + a) (x - b) = x2 + (a-b)x - ab directly
here)
(iii) Using identity, (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a+b)x + ab
Here x = 3x, a = 4 and b = -5
(3x + 4) (3x 5) = (3x)2 + (4+(-5))(3x) + (4)(-5)
= 9x2 + (4-5)(3x) + (-20)
= 9x2 -3x -20
(iv) Using identity, x2 y2 = (x + y) (x y)

(v) Using identity, (x + y) (x y) = x2 y2

(3 - 2x)(3 + 2x) = (3)2 (2x)2 = 9 - 4x2
Q2: Evaluate the following products without multiplying directly:

Page 44 of 73

(i) 103 107

(ii) 95 96
(iii) 104 96
Answer:
(i) 103 107 = (100 + 3)(100 + 7)
Using identity, (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a+b)x + ab
= (100)2 + (3 + 7)100 + (3)(7)
= 10000 + (10)(100) + 21
= 10000 + 1000 + 21
= 11021
(ii) 95 96 = (100 - 5)(100 - 4)
Using identity, (x - a)(x - b) = x2 - (a+b)x + ab
= (100)2 - (5 + 4)(100) + (5)(4)
= 10000 - 900 + 20
= 9120
(iii) 104 96 = (100 + 4)(100 - 4)
Using identity, (x + y) (x y) = x2 y2
Here x = 100, y = 4
= (100)2 (4)2 = 10000 - 16 = 9984
Q3: Factorise the following using appropriate identities:
(i) 9x2 + 6xy + y2
(ii) 4y2 4y + 1
(iii) x2 - y2/100
Answer:
(i) 9x2 + 6xy + y2
= (3x)2 + 2(3x)(y) + (y)2
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
= (3x + y)2
= (3x + y)(3x + y)
(ii) 4y2 4y + 1
= (2y)2 2(2y)(1) + 12
(x y)2 = x2 2xy + y2
= (2y 1)2 = (2y - 1)(2y - 1)

Page 45 of 73

Q4: Expand each of the following, using suitable identities:

(i) (x + 2y + 4z)2
(ii) (2x y + z)2
(iii) (2x + 3y + 2z)2
(iv) (3a 7b c)2
(v) (2x + 5y 3z)2
(vi) [a - b + 1]2
Answer: Using identity (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc +
2ca here,
(i) (x + 2y + 4z)2
Here a = x, b = 2y and x = 4z
= x2 + (2y)2 + (4z)2 + 2x(2y) + 2(2y)(4z) + 2(4z)x
= x2 + 4y2 + 16z2 + 4xy + 16yz + 8zx
(ii) (2x y + z)2
Here a = 2x, b = -y and c = z
= (2x)2 + (-y)2 + (z)2 + 2(2x)(-y) + 2(-y)(z) + 2(z)(2x)
= 4x2 + y2 + z2 - 4xy -2yz + 4xz
(iii) (2x + 3y + 2z)2
Here a = -2x, b= 3y and c = 2z
= (-2x)2 + (3y)2 + (2z)2 + 2(-2x)(3y) + 2(3y)(2z) + 2(2z)(-2x)
= 4x2 + 9y2 + 4z2 -12xy +12yz -8zx
(iv) (3a 7b c)2
Here a= 3a, b = -7b and c = -c
= (3a)2 + (-7b)2 + (-c)2 + 2(3a)(-7b) + 2(-7b)(-c) + 2(-c)(3a)
= 9a2 + 49b2 + c2- 42ab + 14bc - 6ac
(v) (2x + 5y 3z)2
Here a = -2x, b = 5y and c = -3z
= (-2x)2 + (5y)2 + (-3z)2 + 2(-2x)(5y) + 2(5y)(-3z) + 2(-3z)(-2x)
= 4x2 + 25y2 + 9z2 - 20xy -30yz + 12zx

Page 46 of 73

(vi)

Q5: Factorise:
(i) 4x2 + 9y2 + 16z2 + 12xy 24yz 16xz
(ii) 2x2 + y2 + 8z2 22 xy + 42 yz 8xz
Answer:
(i) 4x2 + 9y2 + 16z2 + 12xy 24yz 16xz
= (2x)2 + (3y)2 + (4z)2 + 2(2x)(3y) 2(3y)(4z) 2(2x)(4z)
= (2x)2 + (3y)2 + (-4z)2 + 2(2x)(3y) + 2(3y)(-4z) + 2(2x)(-4z)
Using identity, (x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx
= (2x + 3y -4z)2
= (2x + 3y -4z)(2x + 3y -4z)
(ii) 2x2 + y2 + 8z2 22 xy + 42 yz 8xz
= (2x)2 + y2 + (22z)2 2(2 x)(y) + 2(y)(22z) 2(2x)(22z)
= (-2x)2 + y2 + (22z)2 + 2(-2 x)(y) + 2(y)(22z) + 2(2x)(22z)
Using identity, (x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx
= (-2x + y + 22z )2
= (-2x + y + 22z )(-2x + y + 22z )
Q6: Write the following cubes in expanded form:
(i) (2x + 1)3
(ii) (2a 3b)3
(iii) (3x/2 + 1)3
(iv) (x - 2y/3)3
Answer:
(i) (2x + 1)3
Using identity (x + y)3 = x3 + y3 + 3xy(x + y)
= (2x)3 + (1)3 + 3(2x)(1)(2x + 1)
= 8x3 + 1 + 6x(2x + 1)
= 8x3 + 1 + 12x2 + 6x

Page 47 of 73

(ii) (2a 3b)3

Using identity (x - y)3 = x3 - y3 - 3xy(x - y)
= (2a)3 - (3b)3 - 3(2a)(3b)(2a - 3b)
= 8a3 - 27b3 - 18ab(2a - 3b)
= 8a3 - 27b3 -36a2b + 54ab2
(iii) (3x/2 + 1)3
Using identity (x + y)3 = x3 + y3 + 3xy(x + y)
= (3x/2)3 + (1)3 + 3(3x/2)(1)(3x/2 + 1)
= 27x3/8 + 1 + (9x/2)(3x/2 + 1)
= 27x3/8 + 27x2/4 - 9x/2 + 1
(iv) (x - 2y/3)3
Using identity (x - y)3 = x3 - y3 - 3xy(x - y)
= x3 - (2y/3)3 - 3x(2y/3)(x - 2y/3)
= x3 - 8y3/27 - 2xy/3(x - 2y/3)
= x3 - 8y3/27 - 2x2y + 4xy2/3
Q7: Evaluate the following using suitable identities:
(i) (99)3
(ii) (102)3
(iii) (998)3
Answer:
(i) (99)3
= (100-1)3
Using identity (x - y)3 = x3 - y3 - 3xy(x - y)
= (100)3 - (1)3 - 3(100)(1)(100 - 1)
= 1000000 - 1 -300(99)
= 1000000 1 29700
= 970299
(ii) (102)3
= (100 + 2)3
Using identity (x + y)3 = x3 + y3 + 3xy(x + y)
= (100)3 + (2)3 + 3(100)(2)(100+2)
= 1000000 + 8 + 600(102)
= 1000000 + 8 + 61200
= 1061208
(iii) (998)3
= (1000 - 2)3
Using identity (x - y)3 = x3 - y3 - 3xy(x - y)
= (1000)3 + (2)3 + 3(100)(2)(1000-2)
= 1000000000 8 6000(998)
= 1000000000 8 5988000

Page 48 of 73

= 1000000000 5988008
= 994011992
Q8: Factorise each of the following:
(i) 8a3 + b3 + 12a2b + 6ab2
(ii) 8a3 b3 12a2b + 6ab2
(iii) 27 125a3 135a + 225a2
(iv) 64a3 27b3 144a2b + 108ab2

Answer:
(i) 8a3 + b3 + 12a2b + 6ab2
= (2a)3 + b3 + 3(2a)2b + 3(2a)b2
(x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3
= (2a + b)3
(ii) 8a3 b3 12a2b + 6ab2
= (2a)3 - b3 - 3(2a)2b + 3(2a)b2
(x - y)3 = x3 - y3 - 3xy(x - y) = x3 - 3x2y + 3xy2 - y3
= (2a - b)3
(iii) 27 125a3 135a + 225a2
= 33 (5a)3 3(3)2(5a) + 3(3)(5a)2
(x - y)3 = x3 - y3 - 3xy(x - y) = x3 - 3x2y + 3xy2 - y3
= (3 - 5a)3
(iv) 64a3 27b3 144a2b + 108ab2
= (4a)3 - (3b)3 3(4a)2(3b) + 3(4a)(3b)2
= (4a - 3b)3
[ (x - y)3 = x3 - 3x2y + 3xy2 - y3]

Page 49 of 73

Q9. Verify :
(i) x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 xy + y2)
(ii) x3 y3 = (x y) (x2 + xy + y2)
Answer:
(i) x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 xy + y2)
(x + y)3 = x3 + y3 + 3xy(x + y)
x3 + y3 = (x + y)3 - 3xy(x + y)
x3 + y3 = (x+y) [(x + y)2 - 3xy]
x3 + y3 = (x+y) [x2 + y2 + 2xy - 3xy]
x3 + y3 = (x+y) (x2 + y2 -xy)

... (answer)

(ii) (x - y)3 = x3 - y3 - 3xy(x - y)

x3 - y3 = (x - y)3 + 3xy(x - y)
x3 - y3 = (x - y)[(x - y)2 + 3xy]
x3 - y3 = (x - y)(x2 + y2 - 2xy+ 3xy)
x3 - y3 = (x - y)(x2 + y2 + xy)

... (answer)

Q10: Factorise each of the following

(i) 27y3 + 125z3
(ii) 64m3 - 343n3
Answer:
(i) 27y3 + 125z3
= (3y)3 + (5z)3
Using identity x3 + y3 = (x+y) (x2 + y2 -xy)
= (3y + 5z)((3y)2 + (5z)2 -(3y)(5z))
= (3y +5z)(9y2 + 25z2 -15yz)
(ii) 64m3 - 343n3
= (4m)3 - (7n)3
Using identity x3 - y3 = (x - y)(x2 + y2 + xy)
= (4m - 7n)((4m)2 + (7n)2 + (4m)(7n))
= (4m - 7n)(16m2 + 49n2 + 28mn)
Q11: Factorise 27x3 + y3 + z3 - 9xyz
Answer: x3 + y3 + z3- 3xyz = (x + y + z)(x2 + y2 + z2- xy - yz -zx)
= (3x)3 + y3 + z3 - 3(3x)yz
= (3x + y + z)((3x)2 + y2 + z2- 3xy - yz -3zx)
= (3x + y + z)(9x2 + y2 + z2- 3xy - yz -3zx)
Q12: Verify that
x3 + y3 + z3- 3xyz = ((x + y + z)[(x-y)2 + (y-z)2 + (z - x)2]

Page 50 of 73

Answer: x3 + y3 + z3- 3xyz = (x + y + z)(x2 + y2 + z2- xy - yz -zx)

RHS = (x + y + z)(2x2 + 2y2 + 2z2- 2xy -2yz -2zx)
= (x + y + z)(x2 + x2 +y2 + y2 +z2 + z2 - 2xy -2yz -2zx)
= (x + y + z)[x2 + y2 - 2xy + y2 +z2 -2yz + z2 + x2 -2zx]
= (x + y + z)[(x2 + y2 - 2xy) + (y2 +z2 -2yz) + (z2 + x2 -2zx)]
= (x + y + z)[(x - y)2 + (y - z)2 + (z - x)2 ] ... (answer)
Q13: If x + y + z = 0, show that x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz.
Answer: x3 + y3 + z3Also it is given x + y +
x3 + y3 + z3- 3xyz =
x3 + y3 + z3- 3xyz =
x3 + y3 + z3= 3xyz

3xyz = (x + y + z)(x2 + y2 + z2- xy - yz -zx)

z=0
(0)(x2 + y2 + z2- xy - yz -zx)
0

Q14. Without actually calculating the cubes, find the value of each
of the following:
(i) (12)3 + (7)3 + (5)3
(ii) (28) x3 + (15) x3 + (13) x3

Answer:
(i) (12)3 + (7)3 + (5)3
(-12) + (7) + (5) = 0
Using identity, if x + y + z = 0, then x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz.
= 3(-12)(7)(5) = -1260
...(answer)
(ii) (28) x3 + (15) x3 + (13) x3
(28) + (-15) + (-13) = 0
Using identity, if x + y + z = 0, then x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz.
= 3(28)(-15)(-13) = 16380
...(answer)
Q15: Give possible expressions for the length and breadth of each
of the following rectangles, in which their areas are given:
(i) Area : 25a2 35a + 12
(ii) Area : 35y2 + 13y 12
Answer: Since area of rectangle = length breadth. Let us factorize the
following equations into two terms.
(i) Area = 25a2 35a + 12
= 25a2 15a - 20a + 12
(Using splitting method)
= 5a(5a -3) - 4(5a - 3)

Page 51 of 73

= (5a - 3)(5a -4)

Possible length = (5a - 3)
and Possible width = (5a -4)
(ii) Area : 35y2 + 13y 12
= 35y2 + 28y -15y 12
= 7y(5y + 4)-3(5y + 4)
= (5y +4)(7y - 3)
Possible length = (5y +4)
and Possible width = (7y - 3)
Q16: What are the possible expressions for the dimensions of the
cuboids whose volumes are given below?
(i) Volume : 3x2 12x
(ii) Volume : 12ky2 + 8ky 20k
Answer:
Since, volume of cuboid = length breadth height
Let us factorise the equations into three terms.
(i) Volume : 3x2 12x
= 3x(x-4)
Possible length = 3, width = x and height = (x- 4)
or Possible length = 1, width = 3x and height = (x- 4)
(ii) Volume : 12ky2 + 8ky 20k
= 4k(3y2 + 2y 5)
= 4k( 3y2 - 3y + 5y - 5)
= 4k( 3y(y - 1) + 5(y -1))
= 4k(y-1)(3y + 5)
Possible length = 4k, width = (y-1) and height = (3y + 5)
Extra Problems
Q17: If x + x-1 = 5, evaluate x3 x-3
Answer: x + x-1 = 5
Cubing both sides, we get
(x + x-1)3 = 53
Using identity, (x - y)3 = x3 - y3 - 3xy(x - y)
x3 - x-3 -3(x)(x-1)(x - x-1) = 125

x3
x3
x3
x3

x-3
x-3
x-3
x-3

-3(x - x-1) = 125

-3(5) = 125
= 125 + 15
=140
...(answer)

Page 52 of 73

Q18: if x2 + x-2 = 102, evaluate x + x-1

Answer: x2 + x-2 = 102
x2 + x-2 - 2 = 102 - 2
x2 + x-2 - 2(x)(x-1) = 100
(x - x-1)2 = 100
x - x-1 = 10
RD Sharma Exercise 4.1
Q19: Evaluate (a - 0.1)(a + 0.1)
Answer: Using identity, x2 y2 = (x + y) (x y)
(a - 0.1)(a + 0.1) = a2 (0.1)2 = a2 0.01
Q20: Evaluate
(i) (399)2
(ii) (0.98)2
(iii) 991 1009
(iv) 117 83
Answer:
(i) (399)2 = (400 -1)
Using identity, (x y)2 = x2 2xy + y2
= (400)2 - 2(400)(1) + (1)2
= 160000 - 800 + 1
= 159201
(ii) (0.98)2 = (1 - 0.02)2
Using identity, (x y)2 = x2 2xy + y2
= (1)2 2(1)(0.02) + (0.02)2
= 1 -0.04 + 0.0004
= 0.9604
(iii) 991 1009 = (1000 - 9)(1000 + 9)
Using identity, x2 y2 = (x + y) (x y)
= (1000)2 (9)2
= 106 - 81
= 999919
(iv) 117 83 = (100 + 17)(100 - 17)
Using identity, x2 y2 = (x + y) (x y)
= (100)2 (17)2 = 10000 - 289 = 9711
Q21: Simplify 0.76 0.76 + 2 0.76 0.24 + 0.24 0.24
Answer: Using identity (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2

Page 53 of 73

= (0.76 + 0.24)2 = (1)2 = 1

Q22: If x + x-1 = 11, evaluate x2 + x-2
Answer: x + x-1 = 11
(x + x-1)2 = (x)2 +(x-1)2 + 2(x)(x-1) = 112
x2 + x-2+ 2 = 121
x2 + x-2 = 121 - 2 = 119
Q23: Prove that a2 + b2 + c2 ab -bc -ca is always non-negative
for all values of a, b and c.
Answer: To prove a2 + b2 + c2 ab -bc -ca 0.
We know that square of any number (+ve or -ve) is always +ve.
a2 + b2 + c2- ab - bc -ca
= [2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 -2ab -2bc -2ca]
= [a2 + b2 -2ab + b2 + c2 -2bc + a2 + c2 -2ca]
= [(a2 + b2 -2ab) + (b2 + c2 -2bc) + (a2 + c2 -2ca)]
= [(a - b)2 + (b - c)2 + (c - a)2 ]
Here, all the terms are always be positive,
a2 + b2 + c2 ab -bc -ca 0.
Q24: If x + x-1 = 5, evaluate x2 + x-2 and x4 + x-4
Answer: x + x-1 = 5
(x + x-1 )2 = (5)2
x2 + x-2 + 2 = 5
x2 + x-2 = 5 -3 = 3
(x2 + x-2)2 = (3)2
x4 + x-4 + 2 = 9
x4 + x-4 = 9 -2 = 7

Q25: If 9x2+ 25y2 = 181 and xy = -6. Find the value of 3x + 5y

Answer: 9x2+ 25y2 = 181
(3x)2 + (5y)2 = 181
(3x)2 + (5y)2 + 30xy - 30xy = 181
(3x)2 + (5y)2 + 2(5x)(6y) = 181 + 30xy
(3x + y)2 = 181 + 30(-6) = 181 - 180
(3x + y)2 =1
3x + y = 1
Q26: Simplify (x3- 3x2 - x)(x2- 3x + 1)
Answer: (x3- 3x2 - x)(x2- 3x + 1)

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= x3(x2- 3x + 1) - 3x2(x2- 3x + 1) -x(x2- 3x + 1)

= x5 - 3x4 + x3- 3x4+ 9x3- 3x2- x3 + 3x2- x
= x5 - 6x4 + 9x3 - x
miscellaneous problems
Q27: Factorise (x - y)3 + (y - z)3 + (z - x)3
Answer: Let (x - y) = a, (y - z) = b and (z - x) = c
= a3 + b3 + c3
a + b + c = (x - y) + (y -z) + (z -x) = 0
Using identity, p3 + q3 + r3 = 3xyz (if p + q + r = 0)
= 3abc
= 3(x -y)(y - z)(z - x)
Q28: Factorise: abx + aby - bcx - bcy
Answer: abx + aby - bcx - bcy
= ab(x + y) -bc(x + y)
= (x + y)(ab -ac)
= a(b - c)(x + y)
See here the video tutorial by Khanacademy.org on Factorization of sum
of cubes:
Q29(CBSE 2011): Show that (xa-b)a+b + (xb-c)b+c + (xc-a)c+a = 1
Answer: (xa-b)a+b + (xb-c)b+c + (xc-a)c+a
Using identity (x + y) (x y) = x2 y2
= xa2-b2 + xb2-c2 + xc2-a2
Using identity ap.ap = ap+q
= xa2- b2+ b2- c2 + c2-a2
= x0 = 1
Q30: Evaluate 5252- 4752
(a) 100
(b) 10000
(c) 50000
(d) 100000
Answer: (c) 50000
x2 y2 = (x + y) (x y)
(525 + 475)(525 - 475) = (1000)(50) = 50000
Q31: If a+ b + c = 0, then (a3 + b3 + c3 ) = ?

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(a) abc
(b) 2abc
(c) 3abc
(d) 4abc
Answer: (c) 3abc [Hint: See Q 13 above]
Class 9 - Maths - CH1 - Number Systems - Ex 1.2
NCERT Chapter Solutions
Q1: State whether the following statements are true or false. Justify your
answers.
Answer:
(i) Every irrational number is a real number.(TRUE)
Explanation: Real numbers are the collection of rational and irrational
numbers.

(ii) Every point on the number line is of the form m, where m is a

natural number. (FALSE)
Explanation: Since -ve numbers cannot be expressed as square roots.

(iii) Every real number is an irrational number. (FALSE)

Explanation: Real numbers contains both rational and irrational numbers.

Q2. Are the square roots of all positive integers irrational? If not, give an
example of the square root of a number that is a rational number.
Answer: No, the square roots of all positive integers can be rational or
irrational. e.g. 9 = 3 which is a rational number.
Q3: Show how 5 can be represented on the number line.
Answer: We can locate n for any positive integer n, after n 1 has been
located.

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We can write 5 in Pythagoras form:

= (4 + 1) = (22 + 1)
Construction:
1.
Take a line segment AB = 2 units (consider 1 unit = 2 cm) on
x-axis.
2.
Draw a perpendicular on B and construct a line BC = 1 unit
length.
3.
Join AC which will be 5 (Pythagoras theorem). Take A as
center, and AC as radius draw an which cuts the x-axis at point E.
4.
The line segment AC represents 5 units.
Q4. Construct the square root spiral (Class room activity.)
Following video shows the square root spiral.
Q5: Who discovered 2 or disclosed its secret?
Answer: Hippacus of Croton.
It is assumed Pythagoreans, followers of the famous Greek
mathematician Pythagoras, were the first to discover the numbers which
cannot be written in the form of a fraction. These numbers are called
irrational numbers.
Q6: Who showed that showed that "Corresponding to every real number, there is a
point on the real number line, and corresponding to every point on the number line,
there exists a unique real number"?
Answer: Two German mathematicians, Deddkind and Cantor.

Page 57 of 73

Q6: Is (pi) rational or irrational?

Answer: is an irrational number. 22/7 is just an approximation.

Q7: How many rational numbers exist between any two rational numbers?
Answer: Infinite
Q8: Are irrational numbers finite?
Answer: No. There are infinite set of irrational numbers.
Q9: The product of any two irrational numbers is :
(A) always an irrational number.
(B) always a rational number.
(C) always an integer.
(D) sometimes rational, sometimes irrational number.
Answer: (D) sometimes rational, sometimes irrational number
e.g. 2 and 3 are two irrational numbers, 23 = 6 an
irrational number.
2 and 8 are two irrational numbers, 28 = (16) = 4 a
rational number.

CH1 - Number Systems (Ex 1.5)

Important Points about Rational and Irrational Numbers

1. The sum or difference of a rational number and an irrational number is

always an irrational number.
If a is a rational number and b is an irrational number then,

(i) a + b is irrational
(ii) a - b is irrational
(iii) ab is irrational

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(iv) a b is irrational
(v) b a is irrational

2. The product or quotient of non-zero rational number and an irrational

number is also an irrational number.
3. Sum, difference, product or quotient of two irrational numbers need
not be irrational. The result may be rational or irrational.
e.g. m and n are irrational. m x n = (mxn) may be rational or
irrational.

4. If a is positive rational number then surd

a is irrational.

5.

Exercise 1.5
Q1: Classify the following numbers as rational or irrational:
(i) 2 5
(ii) (3 + (23)) (23)
(iii) 27/77
(iv) 1/2
(v) 2

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Answer:

(V) 2 = 2 x 3.141528... = 6.283056...

Since it is non-terminating, non-recurring, it is an irrational number.

Q2: Simplify each of the following expressions:

(i) (3 + 3) (2 + 2)
(ii) (3 + 3) (3 3)
(iii) (5 + 2)2
(iv) (5 - 2)(5 + 2)

Answer:
(See the formula listed above in point 5)

(i) (3 + 3) (2 + 2) = 3x2 + 32 + 23 + 3x2 = 6 + 32 + 23 +

6

(ii) (3 + 3) (3 3) = (3)2 - (3)2= 9 - 3 = 6

(iii) (5 + 2)2 = (5)2 + (2)2 + 2(5)(2) = 5 + 2 + 210 = 7 +
210

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(iv) (5 - 2)(5 + 2) = (5)2 - (2)2= 5 - 2 = 3

Q3. Recall, is defined as the ratio of the circumference (say c) of

a circle to its diameter (say d). That is, p = c/d. This seems to
contradict the fact that p is irrational. How will you resolve this
contradiction?
Answer: It does not contradict. When we measure some value with a scale
or device, we often approximate the values. i.e. is almost equal to
22/7 (i.e. 22/7).
In fact = 3.141528 while 22/7 = 3.142857
Q4. Represent (9.3) on the number line.

Answer:

1.
Draw a line AB = 9.3 units on number line.
2.
Extend B to C such that BC = 1 unit.
3.
Find the mid-point AC say point D and draw a circle on OC.
4.
Draw a perpendicular to line AC passing through point B. Let
it intersect the circle at F.

Page 61 of 73

5.
Taking B as centre and BF as radius, draw an arc intersecting
number line at G. BF is (9.3)
Q5: Rationalise the denominators of the following

Q6: Solve 8 x 18

Answer: 8 x 18 = (8 x 18) = (144) = (12)2 = 12

.CH1 - Number Systems (Exercise 1.6)

Page 62 of 73

Al-Khwarizmi invented
Algebra and Surds
(src: wikipedia)
Important points
1. If a > 0, n and m are rational numbers, then
(i) am . an = am + n
(ii) (am)n = amn
(iii) am / an = am + n , m >n
(iv) ambm = (ab)m
(v) a0 = 1

2. If a is a positive rational number and n is a positive integer such

that, na is rational number then
(i) na is called surd or radical
(ii) is called radical or radical sign
(iii) n is called order of radical
(iv) a is called radicand.
(v) na = a (1/n)

Page 63 of 73

Exercise 1.6
Q1: Find
(i) 641/2
(ii) 321/5
(iii) 1251/3

Answer:

(i) 641/2 = (26)1/2 = 23 = 8

(ii) 321/5 = (25)1/5 = 2
(iii) 1251/3 = (53)1/5 = 5

Q2: Find
(i) 93/2
(ii) 322/5
(iii) 163/4

(iv) 125-1/3

Answer:
(i) 93/2 = (32)3/2 = 33 = 27
(ii) 322/5 = (25)2/5 = 22 =4

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(iii) 163/4 = (24)3/4 = 23 = 8

(iv) 125-1/3 = (53)-1/3 = 5-1 = 1/5 = 0.20

additional questions

Q4: In the following equations determine whether a, b, c

represent rational or irrational numbers.
(i)

a3 = 27

(ii) b2 = 5
(iii) c2 = 0.09

Answer:
(i)

a3 = 27 a3 = 33 a = 3

(ii) b2 = 5

b = 5

... (rational number)

... (irrational number)

(iii) c2 = 0.09 = 9/100 c2 = (32/102) = 3/10 = 0.3

number)

... (rational

Q 5: What is successive magnification in number line

representation?

Page 65 of 73

Answer: The process of visualization of representation of numbers on the

number line, through a magnifying glass is known as the process of
successive magnification. The position of a real number with a terminating
decimal expansion can be shown on the number line, by sufficient
successive magnifications.

Q6: Give two irrational numbers so that their

(i) sum is not an irrational number.
(ii) difference is an irrational number.
(iii) product is an irrational number.
(iv) product is not an irrational number.

Answer:
(i) sum is not an irrational number.
e.g. sum of 5 and (-5) is 0 which is not irrational.

(ii) difference is an irrational number.

e.g. 5 - 3, the difference is irrational.

(iii) product is an irrational number.

e.g. 3 x 5 = (15) which is an irrational number.

(iv) product is not an irrational number.

e.g. (12) x 3 = (36) = 6 which is a rational number.

Q7: Which one is greater 2 or 35 ?

Answer: 21/2and 51/3

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LCM of 2 and 3 is 6. Above surds can be written as:

23/6and 52/6
81/6and 251/6
(Now powers are same, we can compare radicands)
1/6
1/6
25
>8
1/3
or 5
> 21/2

Q8: If ax = b, by = c and cz = a then prove xyz = 1.

Answer: Given, ax = b, by = c and cz = a
(cz)x = b
(Substitute value of a)
zx
c =b
(by)zx = b
(Substituting value of c)
xyz
1
b =b
xyz = 1
Q9: If 2x-1 + 2x+1 = 320, find the value of x.
Answer: Given, 2x-1 + 2x+1 = 320
2-1.2x + 21.2x= 320
2x( 2-1 + 21) = 320
2x(5/2) = 320
2x = 320 x 2/5 = 128 = 27
x=7
Q10: If ax-1 = bc, by-1 = ca and cz-1 = ab then prove that xy + yz + zx =
xyz.
Answer: Given, ax-1 = bc, by-1 = ca and cz-1 = ab
ax-1 = bc
ax/a = bc
ax = abc
Similarly, by = abc and cxz= abc
Or we can write these terms as,
ax = abc a = (abc)1/x
by = abc b = (abc)1/y
cz = abc c = (abc)1/z
Multiplying above three equations give,

Page 67 of 73

abc = (abc)1/x. (abc)1/y. (abc)1/z

abc = (abc)1/x + 1/y + 1/z
1 = 1/x + 1/y + 1/z
1 = (yz + xz + xy)/xyz
xyz = xy + yz + zx
Q11: If x, y are real numbers such that 3(x/y +1) - 3(x/y -1) = 24, the find the
value of (x+y)/(x-y).
Answer: 3(x/y +1) - 3(x/y -1) = 24
31.3x/y - 3-1.3x/y = 24
3x/y(31 - 3-1) = 24
3x/y(9-1)/3 = 24
3x/y(8)/3 = 24
3x/y = (24).(3/8)
3x/y = 32
x/y = 2 = 2/1
Applying componendo and dividendo,
(x+y)/(x-y) = (2+1)/(2-1)
Thus (x+y)/(x-y) = 2
Q12: What are like surds and unlike surds?
Answer: Two surds ma and nb are like surds if m = n.
In case m n, the surds are unequal.

CH1 - Number Systems (Ex 1.3)

Page 68 of 73

Exercise 1.3
Q1. Write the following in decimal form and say what kind of decimal
expansion each has:

Answer:

Page 69 of 73

Q3: Express the following in the form p/q, where p and q are
integers and q 0.
Answer:
(i)

(ii)

(iii)

Q4: Express 0.99999in the form p/q. Are you surprised by your
answer? With your teacher and classmates discuss why the
answer makes sense.
Answer: Let x = 0.9999...

Page 70 of 73

10x = 9.9999...
10x = 9 + 0.9999...

=9+x

10x -9x = 9
9x = 9 x = 1
Consider the case 1 - 0.999999 = 0.000001 (negligible difference). This
means 0.999... approaches 1. Therefore 1 as an answer is justified.
It also shows that any terminating decimal can be represented as a nonterminating and recurring decimal expansion with an endless blocks of 9s.
e.g 6 = 5.9999...

Q5: What can the maximum number of digits be in the repeating

block of digits in the decimal expansion of 1/17 ? Perform the
division to check your answer.

Answer: 1/17 = 0.05882352941176470588235294117647...

i.e. it is 16 repeating digits. Please try the division yourself.

Q6: Look at several examples of rational numbers in the

form p/q(q 0), where p and q are integers with no common
factors other than 1 and having terminating decimal
representations (expansions). Can you guess what property q
must satisfy?

Answer: We observe when denominator q is 2, 4, 5, 8, 10..., the decimal

expansion is terminating. Consider the following examples:

(i) 7/8 = 0.875. Terminating Decimal. Here, denominator q = 8 ie. 23

(ii) 4/5 = 0.8 (Terminating Decimal). Here, denominator q = 5 ie. 51
(iii) 22/25 = 0.88 (Terminating Decimal). Here, denominator q = 25 ie. 52

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(iv) 41/100 = 0.41 (Terminating Decimal). Here, denominator q = 100 =

25 x 4 ie. 52 x 22

By studying similar patterns, we can conclude that for terminating

decimal, denominator q has prime factors of the form 2m x 5n where (m
= 0,1,2,3... and n = 0,1,2,3,4...)
Q7: Write three numbers whose decimal expansions are nonterminating non-recurring.
Answer:
1.
2.
3.

0.303003000300003...
0.515115111511115...
0.92092009200092000920000...

Q8: Find three different irrational numbers between the rational

numbers 5/7 and 9/11.

Answer: 5/7 = 0.714285714285... = 0.(714285)...

and 9/11 = 0.818181...

Three irrational numbers between 5/7 and 9/11 are:

1.
2.
3.

0.76076007600076...
0.781781178111781111...
0.790790079000790000...

Q9: Classify the following numbers as rational or irrational:

(i) (23)

(ii) (225)

(iii) 0.3796

(iv) 7.478478
(v) 1.101001000100001
Answer:
(i) (23) = 4.79583152331... (non-terminating, non-recurring)

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Irrational Number
(ii) (225) = 15 = 15/1 = (p/q form, q 0) Rational Number
(iii) 0.3796 Decimal expansion is terminating Rational Number
(iv) 7.478478 = 7.(478)... (.478 is recurring pattern). Number is nonterminating but recurring.
Rational Number
(v) 1.10100100010000 Decimal expansion is non-terminating, nonrepeating.
Irrational Number

Q11: Express the decimal expansion 0.137454545... as rational

number.
Answer:
Let x = 0.137454545
103x = 137.4545
and 105x = 13745.4545

(I)
(II)

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Subtracting I from II,

105x - 103x = 13608
(105 - 103)x = 13608
99000x = 13608
x = 13608/99000 = 1701/12375

...(answer)