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Documente Cultură
prabhakar.mishra@pes.edu
hnshankar@pes.edu
Abstract In this paper, in motion mapping of the real world as
perceived by a robot using a real time embedded system based on
a custom single purpose fixed point processor is proposed. The
processor is optimized for low power and is used for acquiring
the range reading from a set of ultrasound sensors and calculating
the probability of occupancy of cells in the region under the sonar
scan . The architecture considerably lowers the switching activity
at various stages of acquiring and processing the sensor data to
provide updates of cell occupancy values for rapid in-motion
mapping for robot navigation. Various mapping strategies using
the system are evaluated for their efficacy and computational
complexity.
KeywordsAutonomous robot navigation, Low-power design,
Occupancy grids, Ultrasound sensors.
I. INTRODUCTION
Autonomous robot navigation in unknown and unstructured
environments is central to many industrial and research
applications. It involves creation of a world model of the
environment of the robot using sensory data and orientation of
the robot. Previous works in this area include the use of ultrasound sensors for map generation using occupancy grids. [1]
Many mapping techniques use a probabilistic approach to
detect the presence or absence of obstacles in the environment
as perceived by the robot. The sonar sensors data range is
divided into cells and probability functions are applied on them
to ascertain if the cell is empty or occupied. The map is
incrementally updated based on Bayesian estimation
procedures to improve the map definition.
The sensor array consists of 24 transducers arranged as a
ring, each spaced 15 apart to cover the entire 360 panorama
around the robot. Each sensor has a beam width of 30 and a
maximum range of 20 feet. The sensors in close vicinity are
fired sequentially to avoid interference and each sensor reading
is converted into a probability profile.
The sonar beam is divided into two parts, empty region and
somewhere occupied region [1],[2]. The final sonar map is a
two-dimensional array of cells with values ranging between (0,
1). The values below a certain threshold are considered
probably empty and the values above it are considered
probably occupied. Fig. 1 shows the sonar model and
associated parameters.
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Ea() is the estimation that a cell is unoccupied based on the
difference in angle between it and the central beam of the
sonar, . Cells closer to the central beam of the sonar are more
strongly updated as empty than cells near the extremities of the
beam.
The probability that the cell is occupied is calculated using
the formula,
PO(X, Y) = Or () * Oa ()
Or = 0 otherwise.
Or () is the probability that the cell is occupied based on its
range from the sensor. The closer it is to the range reading
received, the higher the probability that the cell is occupied.
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The architecture of the custom fixed point processor based
system is shown in Fig. 4.
the sensor when looking at the cell. Each cell has a N-size
array associated which stores cell responses in N-directions, as
resp[i] (index i corresponds to ith direction wrt a fixed
reference).
The original response grid method has the following
probability function
, = R
P(occupied) =
0.05, <
0.5, >
where is normalising constant.
The resp[i]s are updated using the Bayesian formula as
resp[i] =
resp[i] P(occupied)
resp[i] P(occupied) + (1 resp[i]) (1 P(occupied)
Modified method:
The main modification is that we have changed the function
P(occupied) to
P(occupied) =
(1 resp[i])
Rmax
Rmax
(halfangle )
halfangle
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Fig. 6 shows the map generated using original response grid
method for N=16. It is evident from the map that the walls are
not distinct and feature extraction is difficult and cannot be
done using simple thresholding.
Fig. 7 shows the map that is generated using modified
response grid method. It might look clumsy but by applying
simple threshold, obstacles can be extracted. Fig. 8 and Fig. 9
illustrate this.
Fig. 8 is the map obtained for modified response grid for
k=2 and thresholding of 0.90. Here the walls are distinct and
can be used for feature extraction.
Fig. 9 the map obtained for modified response grid for k=4
and thresholding of 0.90. Again the walls are distinct.
Fig. 8
Modified response
grid method
N=16
460
2 fixed point values
Fig. 9
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We thank the management of PESIT for providing us with
the support needed for the work.
REFERENCES
[1]
Fig. 6
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
Fig. 7