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DC to AC Conversion
(INVERTER)
• General concept
• Single-phase inverter
• Harmonics
• Modulation
• Three-phase inverter
IDC Iac
VDC Vac
−
−
• TYPICAL APPLICATIONS:
– Un-interruptible power supply (UPS), Industrial
(induction motor) drives, Traction, HVDC
S1 S3
S4 S2
S1 S3 VDC
VDC
t
+ vO − t1 t2
S4 S2
S1 S3
VDC t2 t3
+ vO − t
S4 S2
-VDC
π 2π
-Vdc
FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENT
V1
4VDC
π
3RD HARMONIC
V1
3
5RD HARMONIC
V1
5
Fourier Series
1 2π
ao = f (v )dθ (" DC" term)
π 0
2π
1
an = f (v) cos(nθ )dθ (" cos" term)
π 0
2π
1
bn = f (v) sin (nθ )dθ ("sin" term)
π 0
Inverse Fourier
1 ∞
f (v) = ao + (an cos nθ + bn sin nθ )
2 n =1
where θ = ωt
Vdc
θ ω
π 2π
-Vdc
1 π 2π
ao = Vdc dθ + − Vdc dθ = 0
π 0 π
Vdc π 2π
an = cos(nθ )dθ − cos(nθ )dθ = 0
π 0 π
Vdc π 2π
bn = sin (nθ )dθ − sin (nθ )dθ
π 0 π
Solving,
V
[ π
bn = dc − cos(nθ ) 0 + cos(nθ ) π
nπ
2π
]
Vdc
= [(cos 0 − cos nπ ) + (cos 2nπ − cos nπ )]
nπ
Vdc
= [(1 − cos nπ ) + (1 − cos nπ )]
nπ
2V
= dc [(1 − cos nπ )]
nπ
3rd (0.33)
5th (0.2)
7th (0.14)
9th (0.11)
11th (0.09)
1 3 5 7 9 11
n
π 2π
-Vdc
bn = 2
1 π −α
π α
2V
nπ
π −α
Vdc sin (nθ )dθ = dc − cos nθ α [ ]
2Vdc
= [cos(nα ) − cos n(π − α )]
nπ
Expanding :
cos n(π − α ) = cos(nπ − nα )
= cos nπ cos nα + sin nπ sin nα = cos nπ cos nα
2Vdc
bn = [cos(nα ) − cos nπ cos nα ]
nπ
2Vdc
= cos(nα )[1 − cos nπ ]
nπ
Power Electronics and 14
Drives (Version 3-2003):
Dr. Zainal Salam UTM-JB
Harmonics control
If n is even, bn = 0,
4Vdc
If n is odd, bn = cos(nα )
nπ
In particular, amplitude of the fundamental is :
4Vdc
b1 = cos(α )
π
Note :
The fundamental , b1 , is controlled by varying
Harmonics can also be controlled by adjusting α ,
Harmonics Elimination :
For example if α = 30 o , then b3 = 0, or the third
harmonic is eliminated from the waveform. In
general, harmonic n will be eliminated if :
90o
α=
n
Power Electronics and 15
Drives (Version 3-2003):
Dr. Zainal Salam UTM-JB
Example
A full - bridge single phase inverter is fed by square wave
signals. The DC link voltage is 100V. The load is R = 10R
and L = 10mH in series. Calculate :
a) the THDv using the " exact" formula.
b) the THDv by using the first three non - zero harmonics
c) the THDi by using the first three non - zero harmonics
Repeat (b) and (c) for quasi - square wave case with α = 30
degrees
S1 ON
Vdc S2 OFF
+
S1 2
VC1
-
− V +
Vdc o
G 0
t
RL
+
VC2 S2
- Vdc
−
2 S1 OFF
S2 ON
S1
signal
+ S1 (gate)
Ishort
Vdc G
S2
RL
signal
− (gate)
S2
VRG
Vdc
2
LEG R LEG R' π 2π ωt
+
Vdc Vdc
S1 S3 −
2 VR 'G 2
+ - Vdc
+ Vo - 2
Vdc R R'
G π 2π ωt
-
+ −
Vdc
2
Vdc S4 S2 Vo
2
Vdc
-
π 2π ωt
Vo = V RG − VR 'G
G is " virtual groumd"
− Vdc
+Vdc
+
Vdc/2 S1 S3 S5
−
G R Y B
iR iY iB
+
S4 S6 S2
Vdc/2
−
ia ib
ZR ZY ZB
1200
VDC/2
VYG
-VDC/2
2400
VDC/2
VBG
-VDC/2
VDC
lIne-to -ine
Voltage
VRY
-VDC
2VDC/3
Six-step
Waveform VDC/3
VRN
-VDC/3
-2VDC/3
Interval 1 2 3 4 5 6
Positive device(s) on 3 3,5 5 1,5 1 1,3
Negative device(s) on 2,4 4 4,6 6 2,6 2
−1
Vdc
2
0 t 0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5
Vdc
−
2
−1
Vdc
2
0 t0 t1 t 2 t 3 t 4 t5
Vdc
−
2
If 0 < M I < 1,
V1 = M I Vin
where V1 , Vin are fundamental of the output
voltage and input (DC) voltage, respectively.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Modulation ratio determines the incident (location)
of harmonics in the spectra.
2π
t
π
vpwm t
T
+1 M1 sin ω mt
sample
point
t
T 3T 5T π
4 4 4 4
−1
Vdc
2 asymmetric
sampling
t
t0 t1 t2 t3
symmetric
sampling
V
− dc
2
−1
Vdc
2
0 t0 t1 t2 t 3 t 4 t5
Vdc
−
2
A Carrier waveform B
(a)
S1
(b)
S3
(c)
V pwm
(d)
∆ modulating
∆ δ= carrier
4 waveform waveform
π 2π
kth
pulse
π 2π
δ 1k
δ 2k
αk
∆
δ0 δ0 δ0 δ0
+ Vdc
2
δ 2k
δ1k
+ Vdc
2
αk
+ Vdc
2
Ap1 Ap2
V
− dc
2
carrier
2V
waveform
1.5V
π 2π
modulating
waveform
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
α1
waveform is half 2
δ 2k
δ1k
wave symmetry,
harmonic
content of each
(kth) PWM pulse + Vdc
2
can be computed as : αk
1T
bnk = 2 f (v) sin nθdθ
π 0
α k −δ1k
2 V
= − dc sin nθdθ
π α −2δ 2
k o
α k +δ 2 k
2 Vdc
+ sin nθdθ
π α −δ 2
k 1k
α k + 2δ o
2 V
+ − dc sin nθdθ
π α +δ 2
k 2k
M I = 0.2
Amplitude
M I = 0.4
1. 0
0 .8
M I = 0.6
0.6
Modulation
Index
0.4 M I = 0 .8
0.2
0 M I = 1 .0
p 2p 3p 4p
Fundamental
NORMALISED HARMONIC AMPLITUDES FOR
SINUSOIDAL PULSE-WITDH MODULATION
Vdc
−
2
Vdc
2 VYG
Vdc
−
2
Vdc
V RY
− Vdc
p = 8, M = 0.6
Vdc
2 V RG
Vdc
−
2
Vdc
2 VYG
Vdc
−
2
Vdc
V RY
− Vdc
p = 9, M = 0.6
ILLUSTRATION OF BENEFITS OF USING A FREQUENCY RATIO
THAT IS A MULTIPLE OF THREE IN A THREE PHASE INVERTER
Amplitude
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
B
0.4
41 43 61 65 83 85
19 23 37 47 59 67 79 89
0.2
0 A
21 63
83 85
19 23 41 43 61 65 81 87
39 45 59 67 79 89
37 47 57 69 77 91 Harmonic Order
Fundamental
COMPARISON OF INVERTER PHASE VOLTAGE (A) & INVERTER LINE VOLTAGE
(B) HARMONIC (P=21, M=0.8)