M2 Transformers

M2
Unit 1
Unit1
Dr.Prabodh Bajpai
AssociateProfessor
Department of Electrical Engineering
DepartmentofElectricalEngineering
IndianInstituteofTechnologyKharagpur

M2 Transformer
U1 Idealsinglephasetransformer

Analysisofidealtransformer
l
f d l
f
Noloadphasor diagram
Transformer under loaded condition
Transformerunderloadedcondition
Equivalentcircuitofanidealtransformer

U2
U2 Practicalsinglephasetransformer
Practical single phase transformer
Takingfinitepermeabilityofcoreintoaccount
Takingcorelossintoaccount
g
Takingwindingresistancesandleakagefluxinto
account
Equivalentcircuitofanpracticaltransformer
i l
i i f
i l
f

U1- Ideal single phase transformer

WhatisTransformer?
Anelectromagneticdeviceusedfortransferof
energy between two or more electrical system
energybetweentwoormoreelectricalsystem
withamagneticfieldascouplingdevice.
Transformertypes
Transformer types
Basedonconstruction
Coretype,Shelltype
Core type Shell type

Basedonconnection
Singlephase,threephase,autotransformer
Single phase three phase auto transformer

Basedonapplication
Power,Distribution,Instrument,Isolating,Impedance
Power Distribution Instrument Isolating Impedance
matching

Whydoweneedtransformers?
Increasevoltageofgeneratorsoutput
Transmithighpoweratlowcurrent
g p
Reducecostoftransmissionsystem

Adjustvoltagetoausablelevel
Adjust
voltage to a usable level
Createelectricalisolation
Matchloadimpedance
Filters

Transformers are integral part of any modern power system

Distribution
T
Transformer
f

220kV750kV

15kV 25kV
S i
Service
Transformer

Transmission
Transformer
208V 416V
208V

TransmissionTransformer

DistributionTransformer

Service Transformer
ServiceTransformer

10

ServiceTransformer

11

LowpowerTransformer

12

Principleofoperation
Atransformerinitssimplestformwillconsistofarectangular
laminatedmagneticstructureonwhichtwocoilsofdifferent
number of turns are wound
numberofturnsarewound.
ThewindingtowhichA.C.voltageisimpressediscalledthe
primary of the transformer and the winding across which the
primaryofthetransformerandthewindingacrosswhichthe
loadisconnectediscalledthesecondaryofthetransformer.

Steel sheet laminations are used as core materials

C
Core
type

Sh ll type
Shell
14

IdealTransformer
Primary and secondary windings has no resistance.
No resistive voltage drop, no resistive heat loss

All the flux produced by the primary links the secondary winding
No leakage flux, i.e. coefficient of coupling unity and
no reactive voltage drop in winding.

Permeability r of the core is infinitely large.

Verysmall(orzero)current(ormmf)requiredto establish flux in the
core.

Core loss comprising of eddy current and hysteresis losses are

neglected.
Power transfer efficiency is 100%

Corefluxgetsfixedbyvoltage&
frequency
if
ifweapplyavoltageVatfrequencyf,how
l
lt
V tf
f h
muchcurrentwillbedrawnbythecoil
1
V
.
Bmax
4.44 AN f
CorrespondingtothisBmax obtainthevalueof
Hmax fromtheBHcharacteristic
H
l
max
therequiredvalueofthecurrent I max
N

Analysisofidealtransformer
Asinusoidalvoltagev1 inprimary
Atnoload,verysmall
windingcausesaccurrentproducing
primarycurrent
an mmf thatsetsupanalternating
anmmf
that sets up an alternating
(magnetizing current) is
(magnetizingcurrent)is
drawnand V1 e1
flux intimephasewithcurrent
This
This,inturn,inducesanemf
in turn induces an emf in
in
AccordingtoLenz
According to Lenzsslaw,
law
primarye1 aswellassecondarycoils
loadcurrenti2 willproduce
e2 proportionaltoN1 andN2
fluxindirectionopposite
respectively
ti l
t
tomutualflux.
t l fl
DemagnetizingATof
secondaryarethusnearly
d
th
l
neutralizedbytheincrease
inprimaryAT
I1N1 F1 I2 N2 F2
17

Flux is common for both the primary and secondary coils, it is

customary to take flux phasor as the reference t max sin wt

d
v1 e1 N1
I t t
Instantaneous
induced
i d d voltage
lt
in
i primary
i
dt
winding balances the applied voltage
wN1max cos wt
Instantaneous induced voltage in
v2 e2 wN 2max cos wt
secondary equals the load voltage
Magnitudes of the rms induced voltages

E1 2fN1max 4.44 fN1max

E2 2ffN 2max 4.44 ffN 2max
No load Phasor Diagram
18

BasicAnalysis:Voltage
d
N1
e1 t
N1
dt

e2 t N d N 2
2
dt

E1 N1

a
E2 N 2

i2

i1

e1

+
_

N1

N2

E1 E2

N1 N 2

Volts/turnisconstant
Voltagesareinphase(nophaseshift)
Voltagemagnitudesvarywithturnsratio.
l
d
h

+
_

e2

Transformer under loaded condition

S1 S 2
EI E I
*
1 1

*
1
*
2

*
2 2

I
E2 N 2

I
E1 N1

Phasor Diagram under load condition

I1 N 2 1

I 2 N1 a

N1 I 1 N 2 I 2

Currentsareinphase.
Currentratioisoppositetothevoltageratio
Current ratio is opposite to the voltage ratio

BasicAnalysis:Reflectedimpedance
Flux

I2

I1

Load

Source

E1

Primary

N1

N2

E2

Zload

Secondary

Z load

E2

I2

BasicAnalysis:Reflectedimpedance
y
p
I1
Source

E1
Primary
'
Z load
Z load
l d
l d

N12
N 22

'
load

'
load

E1

I1

Z
E1 I 2 N1

Z load E2 I1 N 2
'
load

'
load

N1

Z load
N2

22

Equivalentcircuitofanidealtransformer
a

N1
N2

Dotconvention
Inmutuallycoupledcoils,dotsareputattheproper
terminalsoftheprimaryandsecondarymerelyto
i di i
indicativethestatusofpolaritiesofthevoltages.
h
f l ii
f h
l
DotindicatesinstantaneouspositivepolarityofAC
voltageinducedinboththeprimaryandsecondary
windings
Dotterminalswillhaveatanypointoftimeidentical
polarities.
Dotscanbefoundoutbydoingsomesimpletests
suchaspolaritytestor
p
y
d.c kicktest.

SinglePhase,IdealTransformerRatings

I1
ApparentPower
2KVA,120/240V
,
/
PrimaryVoltage
l

+
V1

N1

SecondaryVoltage

I2
N2

+
V2

Rated Values
RatedValues
Ratedvoltage: Thedevicecancontinuously
operateattheratedvoltagewithoutbeing
damagedduetoinsulationfailure
Rated
Ratedcurrent:
current: Thedevicecancontinuously
The device can continuously
operateattheratedcurrentwithoutbeing
damaged due to thermal destruction
damagedduetothermaldestruction

Example
p
Transformerrating:
2kVA,240/120V
Computethecurrents

S V1 I1 V2 I 2 2 kVA

+
V1

I1
N1

I2
N2

2 kVA
I2

16.67 A
V2 120 V
S

2 kVA
I1

8.33 A
V1 240 V
S

27

+
V2