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networking and trust building, education, experience etc are affecting the
women entrepreneurial activities in rural areas.
2. SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH
3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. What are the various problems faced by women entrepreneurs in rural areas?
5. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
From the above objectives the following hypotheses are created and have to be
tested.
1. There is a significant relationship between finance and its affecting the
women entrepreneurial activities in rural areas.
2. There is a significant relationship between access to technology and its
affecting the women entrepreneurial activities in rural areas.
3. There is a significant relationship between information and its affecting the
women entrepreneurial activities in rural areas.
4. There is a significant relationship between managerial skills and its affecting
the women entrepreneurial activities in rural areas.
5. There is a significant relationship between mobility and its affecting the
women entrepreneurial activities in rural areas.
6. There is a significant relationship between networking and trust building and
its affecting the women entrepreneurial activities in rural areas.
7. There is a significant relationship between education and its affecting the
women entrepreneurial activities in rural areas.
8. There is a significant relationship between experience and its affecting the
women entrepreneurial activities in rural areas.
6. DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS
ENTREPRENEUR
An entrepreneur is a person who has possession over a new enterprise or
venture and assumes full accountability for the inherent risks and the outcome.
The term is from French and was first defined by Irsish economist Richard
Cantillon.
WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR
The term women entrepreneur refers to a women who is running her own or
family own business. A female entrepreneur is sometimes known as
entrepreneurs.
WOMEN
Women are either single or married, Single or unmarried women have all the
civil rights of men; they may therefore enter into contracts or engagements; sue
and be sued; be trustees or guardians, they may be witnesses, and may for that
purpose attest all papers.
RURAL AREA
Rural areas are also known as 'countryside' or a 'village' in India. It has a very
low density of population. In rural areas, agriculture is the chief source of
livelihood along with fishing, cottage industries, pottery etc. The quest to
discover the real rural India still continues in great earnest. Almost every
economic agency today has a definition of rural India. Here are a few
definitions: According to the Planning Commission, a town with a maximum
population of 15,000 is considered rural in nature. In these areas the panchayat
takes all the decisions. There are five people in the panchayat. The National
Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) defines rural as follows:
7. LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature review explains about the various problems and challenges
faced by women entrepreneurs in rural areas
FAMILY TIES
Women in India are very emotionally attached to their families. They are
supposed to attend to all the domestic work, to look after the children and other
members of the family. They are over burden with family responsibilities like
extra attention to husband, children and in laws which take away a lots of their
time and energy. In such situation, it will be very difficult to concentrate and run
the enterprise successfully.
MALE DOMINATED SOCIETY
Even though our constitution speaks of equality between sexes, male
chauvinism is still the order of the day. Women are not treated equal to men.
Their entry to business requires the approval of the head of the family.
Entrepreneurship has traditionally been seen as a male preserve. All these put a
break in the growth of women entrepreneurs.
LACK OF EDUCATION
Women in India are lagging far behind in the field of education. Most of
the women (around sixty per cent of total women) are illiterate. Those who are
educated are provided either less or inadequate education than their male
counterpart partly due to early marriage, partly due to son's higher education
and partly due to poverty. Due to lack of proper education, women
entrepreneurs remain in dark about the development of new technology, new
SOCIAL BARRIERS
The traditions and customs prevailed in Indian societies towards women
sometimes stand as an obstacle before them to grow and prosper. Castes and
religions dominate with one another and hinder women entrepreneurs too. In
rural areas, they face more social barriers. They are always seen with suspicious
eyes.
SHORTAGE OF RAW MATERIALS
The scarcity of raw materials, sometimes nor, availability of proper and
adequate raw materials sounds the death-knell of the enterprises run by women
entrepreneurs. Women entrepreneurs really face a tough task in getting the
required raw material and other necessary inputs for the enterprises when the
prices are very high.
PROBLEM OF FINANCE
Women entrepreneurs stiffer a lot in raising and meeting the financial
needs of the business. Bankers, creditors and financial institutes are not coming
forward to provide financial assistance to women borrowers on the ground of
their less credit worthiness and more chances of business failure. They also face
financial problem due to blockage of funds in raw materials, work-in-progress
finished goods and non-receipt of payment from customers in time.
TOUGH COMPETITION
men tend to exploit them in the guise of helping. They add their own profit
margin which result in less sales and lesser profit.
LACK OF SELF CONFIDENCE
Women entrepreneurs because of their inherent nature, lack of selfconfidence which is essentially a motivating factor in running an enterprise
successfully. They have to strive hard to strike a balance between managing a
family and managing an enterprise. Sometimes she has to sacrifice her
entrepreneurial urge in order to strike a balance between the two.
Some of the basic problems a highlighted by various research studies
undertaken by women entrepreneurs are:
Lack of information
Lack of Micro Financing Schemes
Lack of Skill Development
Lack of Entrepreneurship / Business Skills
Lack of Marketing Facilities
Lack of Product Designs
Lack of Networking and building
Expensive Raw Materials
Low Quality Control
Non-Conducive Working Environment
Women may have particular problems with raising finance and may have had
less chance than most men to accumulate the confidence, skills and contacts
necessary to start and run a successful business.
In addition, gender discrimination by finance and support providers, customers
or employees may be an issue. Some previous research has suggested that it is
more difficult for women to raise start up and recurrent business finance than
men and those women are likely to encounter Credibility Problems when
dealing with bankers.
There are four areas of financing that can pose particular problems for
women. Firstly, women may be disadvantaged in their ability to raise start-up
finance. Second, guarantees required for external finance may be beyond the
scope of most womens personal assets and credit track record. Third, once a
business is established, finance may be more difficult for female entrepreneurs
to raise than for their male counterparts, because of the greater difficulties that
women face in penetrating informal financial networks. Finally the relationship
between female entrepreneurs and bankers may suffer from discrimination.
Certainly, recent evidence suggests that female entrepreneurs use substantially
less capital at start-up than male owners, although intra-sectoral similarities
demonstrate that gender was only one of a number of variables affecting the
business financing process.
The lack of Access to information especial information relating to
Business and Technology poses a major hindrance in the progress of women
owned enterprises in Tamilnadu. Women, in Tamilnadu, have limited access to
technology and information, which leads to many problems. Their access to
information is mainly limited because of the restraint on their mobility and
communication due to socio-cultural factors. Lack of Access to information
hinders women entrepreneurs in many ways. A new start-up is never an easy job
and it is made more difficult when access to information regarding laws and
regulations is limited. Also women entrepreneurs, due to their limited resources
and limited accessibility usually do not have information about supplies;
middles men and lack know how about working out the feasibility of their startups. The lack of access to information and technology also leads to certain
marketing problems, such as packing and designing. With better access to
business and technical information women entrepreneurs could also avail the
opportunity of marketing and selling through the World Wide Web.
Lack of management skills or training was felt to be a problem for
women entrepreneurs because of their lower propensity to have had previous
business experience. Although difficulties in accessing business advice or
support appears to be a minor rather than major problem for women
entrepreneurs, while difficulties with language caused problems for their clients
or members.
Difficulties with access to markets and/or lack of marketing skills are
rated highly as problems. So lack of sales and marketing skills was the most
commonly reported problem faced by female entrepreneurs, after finance.
Other issues include:
Lack of availability of child care;
Societys attitude towards women entrepreneurs;
Unequal opportunities between men and women;
Lack of confidence on the part of women;
This literature review section gives an overview of different researches
conducted by different authors on the problems faced by the women
entrepreneur in rural areas. The previous researches and literatures are very
useful to understand about the research topic and it is useful to frame the
questionnaire. The research would cover the rural areas of Trichy District,
Tamilnadu and this study identifies the problems or barriers and their relevant
impact on women entrepreneurial activities.
8. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
SAMPLING PLAN
The rural Women entrepreneurs are the main source for collecting the
TOOLS
Personal interview is the major tool of data collection. Interview
technique is to be made at women entrepreneurs. The secondary data are also
proposed to collect from various departments. All these data are to be arranged
in various form of tables and proposed to critically analyse with the help of a
number of statistical tools. The statistical tools like Percentage Analysis and
Chi-Square will be applied to analyse and interpret the primary data.
9. LIMITATIONS
To purpose of this part is just to find out the specific weakness that may affect
the findings of the study. During this research we face a no of problems due to
which the internal as well as external validity of our research findings are
affected.
These are as follows
1. Most of the women are not educated so they are not able to understand
some questions.
2. Some of the women tailoring units were not cooperative
3. The target market we are focusing is from rural areas so we have to face
some difficulties in tracing their homes.
4. Some family members of illiterate women dont allow them to meet with
us.
5. Due to lack of education of these women we are also facing
communication problem.
6. Due to social pressure many women know what problems they are facing
but they are not allowed to tell that.
7. Lab was not frequently available which a main problem for us.
11. Nayyar P., Sharma A., Kishtwaria J., Rana A., Vyas N. (2007), Causes and
Constraints Faced by Women entrepreneurs in Entrepreneurial Process, Journal
of Social Sciences, Vol.14, No.2, pp. 99-102.
12. Vatharkar (2012), A Study of Constraints and Motivating Factors for Indian
Women Entrepreneurs in Small Scale Industries, The 2012 International
Conference on Business and Management, 6 7 September 2012, Phuket Thailand
13.
United
Nations
Industrial
Development
Organization
(UNIDO).
18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
55 and above
46-55
55 and above
2. Marital Status?
Single
Married
Separated Divorced
Widowed
U.G.
P.G.
PhD
very much
very much
9. Do you face any problem in managing your work and the personal life?
Not at all
A little bit
moderate
yes a lot
10.You compromise on the quality of raw material in case you lack finance?
strongly disagree
disagree
neither agree nor disagree
agree
strongly agree
11.What was the very first problem that you face while starting your
business?
Finance
Mentor
Any other---------
other
16.What are the major source of money you started this enterprise with?
Borrowed / got loan from Financial Institution
Savings over a period of time
Savings from other enterprise / business
No
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