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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. The Nature of Reading
1. Definition of Reading
Nuttal (1982:18) states that reading is the transfer of meaning from
mind to mind. It means that reader should know the meaning of the text in
reading. There are many definition of reading. All the purposes or
definitions attributed to reading cannot be list in this study. The writer tries
to write some of them. According to Ned M. Marksheffel (1981:10)
reading has been defined as a means of solving problems, a way of
learning, a perception process, a means of relaxation, a tool subject,
getting meaning from the printed page, a thinking process, and a
stimulator of ideas.
While another expert, Seyler (2004:3) said reading is the process of
obtaining and constructing meaning from a word or cluster of words.
Harris (1980:2) declares that reading is the meaningful interpretation of
written or printed verbal symbols. In the other hand, Nunan (2005:71)
states that reading is a set of skills that involves making sense and deriving
meaning from the printed word. So, reading ia a skill to carry out the
meaning of the printed words.
2. Definition of Reading Comprehension
Reading comprehension is defined as the level of understanding of a
passage or text. Brown (2001:291) states that reading comprehension is
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to
Kustaryo
(1988:12)
comprehension
involves
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Discriminate
among
the
3.
4.
5.
6.
Recognize
that
particular
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9.
From
events,
ideas,
etc,
describes, infer links and connection between events, deduce causes and
effects, and detect such relations as main idea, supporting idea, new
information, given information, generalization, and exemplification.
12.
Distinguish between literal and
implied meanings.
13. Detect culturally specific references and interpret them in a context of
the appropriate cultural schemata.
14. Develop and use a battery of reading strategies, such as previewing as
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children home bed time stories are really good for them because it will
teach them that reading give enjoyment and entertainment. The teacher
should encourage them to read even if they are reading in the child native
language, the result or reward will carry over into childs English language
development. For example if the students know that he can get pleasure
from reading stories in their own language, they may be able to make
conclusion that reading in general can give pleasure.
One thing in encouraging the students to read is by reading the
funny stories or anecdotes; it can be folktales or other texts in simple form.
The teacher alerts the students to get imagination and guides them when
they are reading by reviewing vocabularies or answering question as
example. Step by step the students will become independent readers. The
teacher should introduce them the reading technique before the reading
activity is done such as to find the context clues (pictures, background
illustration), to alert them with print conversation (mark symbol,
punctuation, interrogative mark, color or semi colon) and also about
graphic organizer (semantic mapping, diagram) which helps the students
organize the information that they have read or will read.
B. Concept of Two Stay Two Stray (TSTS) Technique
Two Stay Two Stray technique is one of cooperative learning
approaches that students are involved in planning both the topics for study
as well as how to proceed with their investigation (Arends, 1989 :409).Two
Stay Two Stray (TSTS) is one of the cooperatively work that stimulates
student becomes active, creative, critic, and responsible. According Kagan,
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1992 Two Stay Two Stray is this cooperative technique is useful for
reviewing or sharing class projects or assignments. In other hand Kagan in
Lie (2002: 62) defines that TSTS is working in groups in order to manage
and assist each other in problem solving, share the knowledge and
information that they have held from the discussion to another group, and
encourage each other to gain the best achievement by staying to share and
discuss and straying to explain information.
Based on the statements above about definition of Two Stay Two Stray
technique can be conclude that Two Stay Two Stray is working in groups in
order to manage and assist each other in problem solving, share the
knowledge and information that they have held from the discussion to
another group, and encourage each other to gain the best achievement by
staying to share and discuss and straying to explain information.Concept
Two Stay Two Stray also helps people to think more effectively as a group
without losing their individuality.
TSTS supposed effective by Lie for lessons where parallel groups of
students work on the same laboratory, place investigation, problem set or
other activity. The use of this strategy enables learners to check their
procedures, answers, results, and conclusions with others. Cohen adding
some accounts, Ive added tools to my teaching that help me challenge
students more. It makes my classroom more enjoyable for me and my
students. Students learn more, remember more, build relationships, and
learn group skills that they can use outside of the classroom (Cohen, 2004:
60).
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b. Once completed, two students from each group will leave the group and
each visit to the other group.
c. Two students who live in the group in charge of the work and share their
information to their guests.
d. Guest excused himself and returned to their own groups and report their
findings from other groups.
e. Matching groups and discuss the results of their work
3. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Two Stay Two Stray (TSTS)
There many advantages of using authentic material in teaching
reading. According to (Anita Lie 2004) using authentic material in the
classroom, even it is not done authentic situation is significant for many
reasons such as:
a. The Advantages
1) Students can exchange ideas and build social skills such as asking
probing questions.
2) It offers students the opportunity to learn by teaching.
3) Placing the report-out responsibility on the students reinforces the
valuable conception that knowledge resides within the learning
community, not just with the authority-figure instructor.
4) To reinforces a sense of belonging among the group members
If everyone is involved in the same activity, then we are all in it
together. Such experience gives us points of common reference to talk
about and can be used as reason to bond with each other. It is much
easier for student to share an emotion such as happiness or amusement
in a whole class setting.
5) To students more active and enthusiastic in learning process.
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Reading
According to Lie (2002:64), TSTS cooperative learning model consists of
several stages as follows:
1. Preparation
In the preparation phase, the things that teachers do is create a
syllabus and assessment, instructional design, the task of preparing
students and divide students into groups with each member of the 4
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Procedures
Teacher preparing tools and media. Divided
the student into some the group.
2.Teacher presentations
3.Group activity
4. Formalization
D. Relevant Studies
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Post Test
Compared
Finding
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F. Hypothesis
1.
There
is
There
is
positive response from the students on the use of Two Stay Two Stray
(TSTS) technique on reading comprehension.