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Solar Energy 98 (2013) 315321
www.elsevier.com/locate/solener

Performance evaluation of concentrating solar photovoltaic

and photovoltaic/thermal systems
Monia Chaabane a,, Wael Char b, Hatem Mhiri a, Philippe Bournot c
a

Unite de thermique et thermodynamique des procedes industriels, Ecole Nationale dIngenieurs de Monastir, route de Ouardanine, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
b
Institut superieur des etudes technologiques de Tozeur, BP 150 Tozeur 2200, Tunisia
c
IUSTI, UMR CNRS 6595, 5 Rue Enrico Fermi, Technopole de Chateau- Gombert, 13013 Marseille, France
Received 4 March 2013; received in revised form 12 September 2013; accepted 18 September 2013
Available online 7 November 2013
Communicated by: Associate Editor G.N. Tiwari

Abstract
Hybrid conversion of solar radiation, which allows simultaneous conversion of sunlight into thermal and electrical energy in the
photovoltaic/thermal collector, is one of the most promising techniques of solar energy exploitation. In this study, low concentrating
photovoltaic (PV) and photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) systems were designed and tested for a given spring climatic condition of the Tunisian
Saharan city Tozeur. The system is basically an asymmetric compound parabolic photovoltaic concentrator. As this systems performance deteriorates with rising the solar cells temperature, we proposed to convert it on a hybrid one in order to improve its electrical
eciency and to recuperate simultaneously thermal energy. The comparison of these systems operating conrmed the improvement of
the electrical performance of the combined PVT system and its acceptable thermal energy production. A computational uid dynamics
CFD model which interprets the PVT system was then developed and validated against the experimental results, proving the validity of
the developed model use to identify numerically this system limitations and predict the possible improvements.
2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Concentrating photovoltaic system (CPVS); Concentrating photovoltaic/thermal system (CPVTS); CFD simulation; Performance analysis

1. Introduction
Hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) solar systems are
less expensive devices than the two separate units which
can simultaneously provide electricity and heat with higher
conversion rates of the absorbed solar radiation than standard PV modules. During the last two decades, the utilization of this solar technology was the subject of several
theoretical and experimental studies, helping to sort out
suitable products and systems with the best performance.
Ibrahim et al. (2011) presented the performance of water,
Corresponding author. Tel.: +216 97 22 44 72; fax: +216 73 50 05 14.

E-mail addresses: monia.chaabane@yahoo.fr (M. Chaabane), e_char

@yahoo.fr (W. Char), hatem.mhiri@enim.rnu.tn (H. Mhiri),
bournot@univmed.fr (P. Bournot).
0038-092X/$ - see front matter 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2013.09.029

air and combination of water and air systems for a at

PVT collector. This review has considered dierent designs
and indicated that the most important factors that inuence the eciency of the system are the area where the collector is covered, the number of passes and the gap between
the absorber and solar cells. Similarly, Mishra and Tiwari
(2013) studied the eect of the collector area covered by
PV module on the performance of hybrid PVT water collector. They considered two congurations in which the
collector is partially and fully covered by PV module and
compared their results with those of a conventional at
plate collector. Ghani et al. (2012) considered a PVT collector of various design, geometric shape and operating characteristics and discussed the eect of non-uniform ow
distribution on the thermal and electrical performance of
their solar system. Li et al. (2011a) characterized

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M. Chaabane et al. / Solar Energy 98 (2013) 315321

Nomenclature
G
hcv
I
k
m_
P
T
Ta
Te

solar irradiance, W/m2

convective heat transfer coecient, W/m2K
current, A
turbulent kinetic energy, m2 s2
water mass ow rate, l/s
electrical power, W
temperature, C
ambient temperature, C
sky temperature, C

experimentally the thermal and electrical performance of a

2 m2 PVT system. These experiments were done for three
dierent types of solar cells and the optimal design was
evaluated. In other investigation, Li et al. (2011b) evaluated the overall performance of a 10 m2 CPVTS and discussed the eect of the solar cell array on its thermal and
electrical eciency. In order to improve the performance
of this system, a 2 m2 PVT system utilizing a mirror of
higher reectivity was then built and its contribution to
the eective operating of the PVT system was presented
regarding its thermal eciency. Ji et al. (2007) considered
a solar system which consists of a at-box aluminum-alloy
photovoltaic and water-heating system with singlecrystalline silicon cells integrated. Dynamic simulations
were performed and the eect of the PV cell covering factor
and the glazing transmissivity on the overall system performance were discussed. Garg and Agarwal (1995) proposed
a conversion of a conventional water heater into a combined system by pasting solar cells directly over the absorber plate. This study was done for dierent solar cell areas,
mass ow rates and dierent water masses, and indicated
the optimal ow rate for a maximum eciency. Similarly,
the eect of the mass ow rate on the thermal and electrical
eciency of a PVT air system was studied by Bambrook
and Sproul (2012) who showed that their solar system performs better for high values of the air mass ow rate.
Another integrated combined PVT solar water heating system was designed and tested outdoor New Delphi climate
by Dubey and Tiwari (2008) who discussed the eect of
the design and the climatic conditions on the system operation. Bernardo et al. (2011) proposed a complete methodology to simulate a PVT collector and presented a
comparison of their system performance relatively to a
standard PV module and a at plate collector. Cristofari
et al. (2009) developed a simulation model of nite dierences describing the operating of a hybrid PVT collector
and noted the importance of the utilization of a copolymer
for the total design of the solar collector. Tiwari et al.
(2009) were based on the energy balance and discussed analytically the performance of an integrated PVT solar system
regarding the water temperature, the exergy and the
thermal and electrical eciency for dierent hot water

voltage, V

Greek letters
D
Kronecker delta, dimensionless
b
thermal expansion coecient, K1
e
dissipation rate of the turbulent kinetic energy,
m2/s3
gel
electrical eciency, dimensionless
gth
thermal eciency, dimensionless
q
density, kg/m3

withdrawal ow rates. Regarding the strategies proposed

to improve these systems performance and in order to get
more thermal and electrical energy, reectors were
mounted by Kostic et al. (2010) in the PVT collector and
their position was changed to evaluate the optimal one.
Similarly, for additional power production, Kosmadakis
et al. (2011) presented a feasibility study of a CPVTS in
which the heat produced is recovered by an organic Rankine cycle. Results showed the eectiveness of the change
regarding the electrical production increase, the PV cells
cooling and the system electrical eciency improvement.
A novel technology which consists of coupling a linear
Fresnel concentrator with a channel PVT collector in order
to increase the solar conversion eciency was described by
Rosell et al. (2005). Theoretical analyses of this solar
system were presented, conrming the importance of the
thermal conduction between the PV cells and the absorber
plate. Another novel hybrid PVT system was studied by
Rajoria et al. (2013) who were interested to the exergetic
and enviroeconomic analysis. Tripanagnostopoulos
(2007) presented an experimental study of a new type of
PVT collector with dual heat extraction operation, either
with air or water circulation. The most eective design
was studied, and low cost modications were applied to
improve the system thermal and electrical energy output.
Kostic et al. (2010) studied the inuence of reectance from
at plate solar radiation concentrators made of Al sheet
and Al foil on energy eciency of a PVT collector. This
work discussed also the optimal position of solar radiation
concentrators and appropriate thermal and electrical eciency of the PVT collector were determined. Tiwari and
Sodha (2006) developed a thermal model of an integrated
photovoltaic and thermal solar system. The numerical simulations were carried out for dierent climatic and design
parameters, and a daily thermal eciency of 58% was predicted. Corbin and Zhai (2010) proposed an experimentally
validated computational uid dynamics (CFD) model of a
novel building integrated PVT collector. They discussed the
eect of active heat recovery on cell eciency and studied
the eectiveness of the device as a solar water heater. In this
review, a new correlation which allows cell eciency to be
calculated directly was also developed, relating electrical

M. Chaabane et al. / Solar Energy 98 (2013) 315321

eciency to collector inlet water temperature, ambient air

temperature and insulation. Another numerical model
was developed by Ji et al. (2006) to analyze the performance of a hybrid PVT system. In this study, the combined
eects of the solar cell packing factor and the water mass
ow rate on the thermal and electrical eciency were investigated. Kalogirou and Tripanagnostopoulos (2006) used
the TRNSYS software to simulate hybrid PVT solar
systems for domestic hot water applications and showed
the considerable amount of thermal and electrical energy
produced by these systems.
Despite the fact that all these authors are in agreement
that the increasing cells temperature has an adverse eect
on the PV system electrical performance and that the
PVT system presents improved electrical performance in
addition to its thermal energy production, there is limited
experimental data on how much is the electrical and thermal gain reached by the PV system conversion on a PVT
system. In this experimental study, the performance of a
CPVS is rstly studied, this system is then converted on a
CPVTS and the resulting thermal and electrical gain is
evaluated. Similarly, Computational uid dynamics CFD
was not used to model concentrating PVT systems and
the few CFD studies encountered concern non-concentrating systems. In the numerical part of this study, the performance of a CPVTS is studied using the CFD package
Fluent 6.3 and the developed CFD model is validated by
comparing numerical results to the experimental data.
This paper presents so experimental results of concentrating PV and PVT systems constructed and analyzed under a
Tunisian Saharan climate. The rst system, which is the
PV one, consists of the concentrator, the receiver which represents the PV module and the electrical energy output system. As the rising solar cell temperature causes a reduction
of the system electrical eciency in addition to the risks that
the cells exhibit long-term degradation if the temperature
exceeds a certain limit, we propose to convert this PV system
into a combined PVT one. A rectangular conduct dimensioned according to the characteristics of the solar PV panel
is so constructed and this system electrical performance is
analyzed and compared to that of the PV system. The PVT
system thermal performance is also evaluated for two water
mass ow rates. A 3D CFD model describing the CPVTS
operation is then developed and numerical results are validated against the experimental data.

2. Experimental models
2.1. CPVS
The CPVS test device includes the concentrator and the
PV panel. The concentrator is made of stainless steel; it is
3.64 m long and 2 m wide. The PV panel is an STP020S12/cb panel of 18 single crystalline silicon solar cells and
its specications are detailed in Table 1. The experiments
have been conducted for a Tunisian Saharan climate, in

317

the city of Tozeur and the CPVS was south facing and
34 titled above the horizontal.
2.2. CPVTS
The CPVTS consists of a thermal unit for the heat
extraction by the water which circulates through the rectangular pipe and the PV module which are mounted
through the concentrating system. A rectangular conduct
is so constructed and installed in contact with the PV cells,
allowing simultaneously the PV cells cooling and the
thermal energy production. The length of this conduct is
1.825 m, its width is 0.275 m and its depth is 0.05 m.
The PV panel is positioned in the middle of the water conduct so that the ow is fully developed in the contact of
these two surfaces. The black painted steel water
conduct, the PV panel and the whole CPVTS are described
in Fig. 1.
2.3. Analyzed parameters and measuring instruments
For the calculation of the PV system electrical output,
the current I and the voltage V are measured. Some meteorological parameters such as the ambient temperature Ta
and the solar irradiance G are also experimentally determined in order to evaluate the system electrical eciency
which is function of the operating conditions. Regarding
the CPVTS operation, these same parameters are measured, in addition to the water inlet and outlet temperatures which are used for the system thermal eciency
calculation.
The measuring equipments characteristics are listed in
Table 2.
The conversion relation of the solarimeter used in these
experiments is: 100 mV  1000 W/m2
2.4. Experimental results
2.4.1. CPVS performance
The current U and the voltage I delivered by the PV
panel were measured and the CPVS electrical power P
which is dened as their product was then calculated.
The uncertainty in the experimental values is calculated
as proposed by Kratzenberg et al. (2006) and the electrical
eciency is evaluated as demonstrated by Kalogirou and
Tripanagnostopoulos (2006). These experimental investigations were undertaken on the 31st of May 2012 and measurements have been continuously monitored each h,
from 6 am to 6 pm.
The climatic conditions described by the solar irradiance
and the ambient temperature were also monitored. During
these experiments, the highest intensity of incident solar
irradiance was of about 850 Wm2, the maximum average
ambient temperature was of 38 C and they were respectively measured at 12 h and 16 h.
The temporal evolution of the CPVS electrical power as
well as this system electrical eciency is shown in Fig. 2. A

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M. Chaabane et al. / Solar Energy 98 (2013) 315321

Table 1
Photovoltaic module characteristics.
Parameter

Value

Maximum power at STC (P max)

Optimum operating voltage (U mp)
Optimum operating current (I mp)
Short-circuit current (I sc)
Open circuit voltage (U oc)
Short- circuit current temperature
coecient
Open circuit voltage temperature
coecient
Peak power temperature coecient
Convective heat transfer coecient hcv
Electrical eciency at STC gel
Dimensions of cell
Dimensions of module

20 W
17.6 V
1.14 A
1.26 A
21.7 V
(0.055 0.01) (%/K)
(78 10) (mV/k)
(0.48 0.05) (%/K)
13 W/m2 K
10%
125 mm  31.25 mm
656 mm  306 mm  18 mm

maximum power of 13.8 W is measured at about 13 h 30

and the system maximum electrical eciency which is of
0.095 is measured at about 14 h 30.
2.4.2. CPVTS performance
Due to the negative temperature coecient which characterizes the photovoltaic cells, the increase of the PV cells
temperature causes a reduction of the system eciency.
This problem can be limited by the application of a heat
extraction mode which allows the solar cells cooling. The
application of a suitable cooling system is so the next step
of this work and its contribution to the eective system
operation is discussed regarding its electrical performance,
in addition to the thermal eciency evaluated as proposed

by Li et al. (2011a). Measurements have also been performed each h, from 6 h to 18 h and that during two successive days, June 4th and 5th and for two dierent water
mass ow rates, respectively 0.05 and 0.0187 l/s.
Fig. 3 shows the eect of the water mass ow rate on the
daily variation of the electrical power delivered by the
CPVTS and its electrical eciency. From the presented
results of this gure, one can see that with a mass ow rate
of 0.05 l/s, the electrical power is higher than that for a
mass ow rate of 0.0187 l/s. Regarding the eect of the
water ow rate on the CPVTS electrical eciency, the cell
eciency can be seen improved in stages as the mass ow
rate increases. Indeed, the maximum electrical eciency
achieved by the CPVTS is respectively of 9.8% and
10.02% for the corresponding water mass ow rates of
0.087 l/s and 0.05 l/s, whereas that of the CPVS is of 9.4%.
In addition to the climatic conditions described by the
ambient temperature and the solar irradiance, the water
inlet and outlet temperature was also measured in order
to evaluate the system thermal eciency. The thermal eciency of the CPVTS is illustrated for the considered water
mass ow rates in Fig. 4 and this CPVTS thermal eciency
can be written as a function of the temperature rise DT and
the solar irradiance G as follows:
CPVTS with a water mass flow rate of 0:0187 l=s :
gth 0:161  5:719 DT =G:
CPVTS with a water mass flow rate of 0:05 l=s :
gth 0:161  7:048 DT =G:

Fig. 1. photographic picture of the CPVTS.

Table 2
Equipments used for the experimental study measures.
Parameter

Unit

Measuring instrument

Model

uid temperature T
Solar irradiance G
Current I
Voltage V

C
mV
A
V

Fluke
Solarimeter
Compact digital multimeter
Compact digital multimeter

Fluke 63
CR 100
Amprobe AM-240
Amprobe AM-240

www.suntech-power.com, www.suntech-power.com

M. Chaabane et al. / Solar Energy 98 (2013) 315321

319

reached 10.02% for a water mass ow rate of 0.05 l/s.

Experimental results also showed that this solar system is
more ecient for high water mass ow rates. In addition
to the electrical performance considerations, experiments
are considered encouraging for the PVT conversion of this
system regarding the relatively important thermal energy
output. Indeed, a thermal eciency of 16% is obtained
and a combined (thermal and electrical) eciency of 26%
is reached in spite of the simplicity and low cost of the
change.
3. D CFD modeling
Fig. 2. Temporal evolution of the electrical power and eciency of the
CPVS.

This paper describes a rst detailed simulation of a

CPVTS. Based on the experiment tests, the studied solar
system is dened, the mesh is generated, the boundary condition are identied then introduced for the CFD simulation and numerical results are compared to experimental
data.
3.1. Geometry description and meshing
The same dimensions, materials and properties of the
experimentally investigated PVT system are introduced
for the CFD simulation. The mesh generated in the entire
eld of this system consists of tetrahedral cells in the solar
cells and PV panel and of hexahedral cells in the rest of the
eld. A grid independent study was also carried out and the
optimum mesh size which was obtained with 604836 cells
was used.

Fig. 3. Variation of the electrical power and eciency of the CPVTS with
water mass ow rate.

3.2. Assumptions and boundary conditions

The experimental validation of the PVT model has been
focused on the system thermal and electrical eciency. The
performance of the developed model has been tested by
simulating the PVT system over the 12 daily hours of daylight and for the experimentally investigated water mass
ow rates. The same conditions as those of the experimental tests were considered and a tilt of 34 above the horizontal was simulated in CFD by considering a rotation
of the gravitational forces by this angle in the south
direction.
The simplifying assumptions considered in this analysis
are:

Fig. 4. Variation of the CPVTS thermal eciency with ow rate.

It is noted that the lower loss factor corresponds to the

water mass ow m_ = 0.0187 l/s but even for the mass ow
value m_ = 0.05 l/s, the corresponding daily thermal losses
coecient remains acceptable.
Based on these experiments, a detailed analysis of CPVS
and CPVTS is performed; highlighting the advantage of the
CPVTS regarding its electrical and thermal performance.
Indeed, the CPVS conversion on a CPVTS resulted in an
improvement of the systems electrical eciency which

(1) incompressible uid;

(2) climatic conditions corresponding to fair weather
conditions;
(3) in the analysis of natural convection ows, the uid
properties can be assumed constant except for the
density change with temperature which is considered
for the air, described by the Boussinesq approximation, and expressed as follows:
q q0 1  bDT

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M. Chaabane et al. / Solar Energy 98 (2013) 315321

Boundary conditions: the experimental results of the meteorological data collected on the global irradiance and
ambient temperature were used as input for the CFD simulation. The external sky temperature Te required to estimate the radiative exchange was introduced as a user
dened function UDF and its variation according to the
ambient temperature is expressed as follows:
T e 0:0552T 1:5
a

In addition to these parameters, the temporal evolution of

the water inlet temperature was also taken from measurements and introduced as a user dened function UDF in
the CFD model.
3.3. Numerical procedure
The governing equations employed for modeling the
ow and heat transfer in the air and water gaps of the
CPVTS are the Navier Stockes conservation equations
for a tri-dimensional turbulent ow, written under the
Boussinesq assumption. For the closure of these equations,
we considered the standard Ke turbulence model which
presents the advantage of a fast calculation time in addition
to its good prediction for such ows (Corbin and Zhai,
2010). For the radiative energy introduction, we chose
the surface to surface (S2S) model as it is used to account
for radiative exchange in an enclosure of gray and diuse
surfaces, which describes the well the CPVTS experimentally studied. Regarding the accuracy of the result, the continuity, velocity and turbulence terms are solved with
convergence criteria of 104, while a value of 106 is
imposed for the energy. A 2nd order upwind scheme is chosen to discretize the velocity, the turbulent kinetic energy,
the turbulent dissipation rate and the energy, while the Presto scheme is chosen for the pressure discretization.
3.4. Simulation results
The simulation of the PVT system was run under the
same experimental conditions, the water outlet temperature
is evaluated and the corresponding PVT system thermal
eciency is calculated and compared to that experimentally investigated. Results are presented for the uid mass

Fig. 5. Comparison of numerical results of the PVT system thermal

eciency with experimental data.

Fig. 6. Comparison of numerical results of the PVT system electrical

eciency with experimental data.

ow rate of 0.05 l/s in Fig. 5 and this system thermal eciency is written as a linear function of the quotient DT/
G as follows:
Experimental result : gth 0:161  7:048DT =G:
Numerical result : gth 0:161  8:54DT =G:
The analysis of these results shows a good agreement
between numerical and experimental data.
Similarly, the system electrical eciency is calculated
and numerical results are compared in Fig. 6 to experimental data showing a good agreement which proves the credibility of the CFD model.
So a detailed numerical characterization of a PVT system mounted trough a concentrator was undertaken and
a good agreement between numerical results and the experimental data was seen, proving the validity of this numerical model use for the corresponding system performance
improvement.
4. Conclusion
The simultaneous experimental characterizations of
concentrating PV and PVT systems have been undertaken
in this work. The electrical production of these systems has
been monitored over a summer day of the Tunisian Saharan city Tozeur and their electrical eciency was then evaluated. In addition to the electrical considerations, the
thermal performance of the CPVTS is evaluated for two
dierent water mass ow rates. The results showed that
the consideration of a CPVTS allows higher electrical
power output and electrical eciency compared to the
CPVS, in addition to its important thermal output.
Regarding the eect of the water mass ow rate, it is noted
that the best electrical performance corresponds to the
highest value of the water mass ow rate, unlike the thermal performance where the optimal case is obtained for
the lowest value. Computational uid dynamics CFD
was also used to model experimental data corresponding
to the PVT system operating and a satisfactory agreement
was received justifying this numerical model use to perform
parametric studies helping to study the possible improvements and to evaluate this system optimal design.

M. Chaabane et al. / Solar Energy 98 (2013) 315321

Further work on this project would involve the numerical investigation of the eect of mounting geometry
parameters on the performance of the PVT system in order
to maximize its thermal and electrical production.
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