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Stat 203 Probability and Statistics
I. Inferential Statistics
Definition:
Techniques that allow us to study samples and then make generalizations about the population.
Inferential statistics are a very crucial part of scientific research in that these techniques are
used to test hypotheses
Uses for Inferential Statistics
Statistics for determining differences between experimental and control groups in experimental
research
Statistics used in descriptive research when comparisons are made between different groups
These statistics enable the researcher to evaluate the effects of an independent variable on a
dependent variable
II. Hypothesis Testing
The purpose of the statistical test is to evaluate the null hypothesis (H0) at a specified level of
significance (e.g., p < .05)
In other words, do the treatment effects differ significantly so that these differences
would be attributable to chance occurrence less than 5 times in 100?
Hypothesis Testing Procedures
In general:
6
Example: there are 5 marbles in a bag: 4 are blue, and 1 is red. What is the probability that a blue marble
gets picked?
Number of ways it can happen: 4 (there are 4 blues)
Total number of outcomes: 5 (there are 5 marbles in total)
So the probability =
4
5
= 0.8
Probability Line
We can show probability on a Probability Line:
"King" is not a sample point. As there are 4 Kings that is 4 different sample points.
Event: a single result of an experiment
Example Events:
Probability Example:
1. An urn contains 6 non defective and 4 defective chips. The probability of drawing a defective
chip is 4/10 and the probability of drawing a non-defective chips is 1 - 4/10 = 6/10.
Addition of Probabilities
Example:
1. The probability of having a 2 in a single toss of a die is 1/6. The probability of having a 6 in a
single toss of a die is also 1/6. The probability of having either 2 or 6 if
The Addition Rule
If events A and B are mutually exclusive, the probability of having A or B is
(
)
( )
( )
If events A and B are non-mutually exclusive, then the probability of having either A or B is
(
)
( )
( )
(
)
Example:
1. In a certain hospital, 5 infants are fed with infant formula A, 4 infants are fed with infant formula
B and 3 infants are fed with infant formula C. If one infant is selected at random, what is the
probability he/she was fed with infant formula A or B?
(
)
( )
( )
Multiplication of Probabilities
Independent Events
The probability that two independent events will both occur is the product of the probabilities
of the separate events. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not influence the
outcome of the other.
Rule
( ) ( ).
Dependent Events
The probabilities of dependent events state that the probabilities of occurrence and non
occurrence of an event affect the probabilities of occurrence and non occurrence of other events.
Rule
( ) ( ).