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Reference
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TANK
REFURBISHMENT

TANZANIA

TANK LOADING CALCULATIONS & BUCKLING ANALYSIS

DOCID

Revision

V1

Date

17/11/2014

Description

Written

Checked

Approved

First Draft Issue

GDL

ARM

RBN

1.

INTRODUCTION

1.1

Calculation Introduction

1.2

Basic Calculation Data

1.3

Calculation of Maximum Allowable Product Design Stress Sd And Maximum Allowable Hydrostatic Test

Stress St According To API 650 Eleventh Edition

1.4

Wind Calculation

1.4.1

Reynolds Number

Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.4.2

Force Coefficient

Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.4.3

Peak Velocity Pressure

Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.5

Buckling Stress Calculations of Unstiffened Tank Shell

11

1.5.1

General

13

1.5.2

Transformation of stepped shell into equivalent shell

13

1.5.3

Circumferential (Hoop) Compression

16

1.5.3.1
1.5.4

Critical Circumferential Buckling Stresses

16

Meridional (Axial) Compression

1.5.4.1

18

Critical Meridional Buckling Stresses

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18

Page 2 of 19

1. INTRODUCTION
In the 50 years of operation the tank shell has been exposed to corrosion and designed shell thickness
has been reduced.
In the operation period the tanks shell has been also distorted, especially distortion is present on tank
shell S6.
The Client has requested from Contractor the solution for reinforcement of tank shell.
The distortion of the tanks has been elaborated by Contractor in documents as follows:
1. DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES STUDY TANK S6.... R02-ENI-QUA-REP-0003-00-E
From 27.02.2014
Ref. Standard API 650, API 653
2. DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES STUDY TANK S5.... R02-ENI-QUA-DSH-0002-00-E
From 13.03.2014
Ref. Standard API 650, API 653
According to the above presented documents the distortion is outside acceptable tolerances.
The distortion is also outside acceptable tolerances according to standards as follows:

EN 14015: 2004 Specification for the design and manufacture of site built, vertical, cylindrical,
flat bottomed, above ground, welded, steel tank for thestorage of liquids at ambient
temperature and above.

EUROCODE 3 design of steel structures Pat1-6: Strength and stability of Shell Structures.

Therefore we propose to Client Stiffening Tank S6 shell with 84 longitudinal stiffeners.

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1.1 Calculation Introduction

The following data we received from the Client:
1. Content of the tank: Diesel
2. Density of the content 8.85/ Density of water for hydro test 1
3. Peak ground acceleration PGA <0.05 g
4. Site Class D
5. Maximum wind speed: 58 km/h
6. Maximum/minimum outdoor temperature: 400C/ 100C
7. Calculation pressure: atmospheric

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1.2 Basic Calculation Data

Inner tank diameter

Di = 54.870m

Shell total height

H = 16.550m

Volume

V = 39.134 m3

Height of stored liquid

Hm = 15m

Stored liquid

Diesel

Spec. Gravity

0.85

Corrosion allowance Shell

Corroded plate thickness as per Rosen report

Design temperature

50 0C

Design pressure

atmospheric

Maximum wind velocity

100 km/h (27.7 m/s)

Shell material

St 35

Tensile Strength

M= 340-480 N/mm2

Yield Strength 20 0C

0.2 = 235 N/mm2

Allowable Stress Hydrostatic Test

St = 145 N/mm2

Allowable Stress 50 0C

Sd = 136 N/mm2

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1.3 Calculation of Maximum Allowable Product Design Stress S d And

Maximum Allowable Hydrostatic Test Stress S t According To API 650
Eleventh Edition
Mechanical properties of St35
0.2 = 235 N/mm2
M= 340 N/mm2
According to API 650 section 5.6.2.1 and 5.6.2.2
Calculation of maximum allowable design stress Sd
2/3 Y = 0.666 x 235 = 156.67N/mm2
2/5T = 0.4 x 340 = 136 N/mm2
We shall use 136 N/mm2 in our calculations for the first 2 courses.
Calculation of maximum allowable hydrostatic test St
3/4 Y = 0.75 x 235 = 176.25N/mm2
3/7 T = 0.429 x 340 = 145.71 N/mm2
We shall use 145.71 N/mm2 in our calculations for the remaining upper courses.

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1.4 Wind Calculation

The wind loading calculation was carried out with accordance to EN1991-1-4 (2004). The maximum
design wind speed was taken as 100 km/h, that is, 27.7 m/s (Reference: X).

1.4.1 Peak Velocity Pressure

The peak velocity pressure, qp (z), was then determined as described in section 4.5 of the EN1991-1-4.

( )

( )]

( )

( )

Equation I

Where;

The density of air

ce(z)

The exposure factor given by:

( )
qb

( )

The basic velocity pressure given by the following:

Where,
Cdir

The directional factor and is equal to 1.0 as described in section 4.2EN1991-1-4;

Cseason The seasonal factor which is also equivalent to 1.0as described in section 4.2EN1991-1-4;
Vb,o

The fundamental value of the basic wind velocity taken as 27.7 m/s

The value obtained for vb is 27.7 m/s.

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Then, the mean wind velocity was determined from:

( )

( )

( )

Where;
( )

The roughness factor; calculated below;

( )

The orography factor, equal to 1.0 as per section 4.3EN1991-1-4.

The value for Kr was determined according to section 4.3.2 by:

(

Where;
Zo

The roughness length;

Zo,II

0.05 m (terrain category II)

The roughness factor, Cr, was obtained using:

( )
NOTE: Values for Zoand Zo,II were obtained from table 4.1-Terrain categories and terrain parameters,
located in section 4.3.2 EN199-1-4.
The turbulence intensity, Iv, was determined from section 4.4:

( )

( )

According from above mentioned section, the value of

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was taken as 1 in the calculation.

Page 8 of 19

The above calculated values was replaced in equation I accordingly:

( )

[
( )

( )]
[

( )

( )

1.4.2 Reynolds Number

From section 7.9.1 of the EN1991-1-4, the external pressure coefficients are given depend upon the
Reynolds Number defined by:
(

The diameter of the tank

The kinematic viscosity of air (v = 15 x 10-6 m2/s)

v (ze)

The peak wind velocity defined below:

Equation II

From Equation I, the resulting Re = 1.7 x 108.

1.4.3 Force Coefficient

The force coefficient is given in section 7.9.2 EN 1991-1-4:
Equation III

Where;
Cfo

The force coefficient of cylinders without free end flow and is equivalent to 1.063 and was

obtained from Figure 7.28 of above mentioned section;

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The end effect factor which is equal to 0.66 and was calculated from Figure 7.36 if above
mentioned section
Upon substituting respective values in equation II, the value obtained for Cfe is equal to 0.702.

1.4.4 Wind Pressure on Shell

The wind pressure on the surface on the tank is determined according to the equation in section 5.3 of
EN1991-1-14:2004 as follow:

( )

Equation IV

Where;
CsCd

is the structural factor and taken as 1 as defined in section 6 of EN1991-1-14:2004.

Cf

is the force coefficient for the structure as defined in section 7.

qp
Aref

is the peak velocity pressure at reference ze as calculated as per section 4.5.

is the reference projected area of the structure.

The wind force acting on the tank was determined as follow:

Therefore the wind pressure was calculated to be equivalent to 1.079 KPa.

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Page 10 of 19

1.4.5 Vertical Suction Force (Wind Uplift)

Fig 1.1: Vertical Suction Force for domes with

circular base (zones)

The values for the external pressure coefficient acting on domes roof with circular base are given in
Figure 7.12 in section 7.2.8 EN 191-1-4:2004

Values of Cpe for the different zones of the dome:

Zone A = -1.1
Zone B = -0.7
Zone C = -0.25

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The wind pressures acting on the surface of the dome was calculated from equation as per section 5.2 of
En 1991-1-4:2004 :

( )

Equation V

Where ;
qp(ze)

is the peak velocity pressure

Cpe

is the pressure coefficient for the external pressure

From Equation V, the vertical suction force at different zones were calculated:
At zone A ;
At zone B;
At zone C;

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1.5 Buckling Stress Calculations of Unstiffened Tank Shell

1.5.1 General
The unstiffened shell buckling evaluation was checked according to EN1993-1-6 (2007). The stress
design approach, in which the buckling resistance is expressed in terms of stresses that are compared
with the shell analysis stresses, was deemed the most appropriate. For a tank with variable shell
thickness, the unstiffened cylindrical shell of stepwise variable wall thickness approach was used.

1.5.2 Transformation of stepped shell into equivalent shell

As per section D.2.3 of EN1993-1-6, the shell consisting of more than three sections with different wall
thicknesses was replaced by an equivalent shell comprising three sections, namely, A, B and C.
The length la of the upper section A of the shell was calculated by adding the heights of the first three
top courses, that is, courses 9, 8 and 7.

The length of the two other sections were calculated based on equation below.
(

If

Where,
L

The overall shell length,

The section B of the equivalent shell
The section C of the equivalent shell

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The fictitious wall thicknesses ta, tb and tc of the three sections were determined as the weighted
average of the wall thickness over each of the three fictitious sections as shown below.

Where;
tj

the constant wall thickness of section j of the shell;

lj

the length of section j of the shell

The following values were obtained:

[(

)]

[(

)]

[(

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)]

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The three-section-shell was then replaced by an equivalent single shell of effective length leff and of
uniform wall thickness t = ta. The effective length of the shell was calculated as follows:

Where
k

a dimensionless factor obtained from graph D.6 and equivalent to 1.0

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1.5.3 Circumferential (Hoop) Compression

1.5.3.1 Critical Circumferential Buckling Stresses
The shell sections not satisfying equation D.64 of EN1993-1-6, were assumed to be moderate to short
length sections. The elastic critical circumferential buckling stress of each shell section j of the original
shell of stepwise wall thickness was determined from:

( )

Equation VI

Where;
The effective elastic critical circumferential buckling stress derived below;
C

The external pressure buckling factor and equivalent to 1.0

The effective elastic critical circumferential buckling stress was determined from:

Equation VII

Where;
E

The Youngs Modulus and equivalent to 210 000 MPa;

The radius of shell middle surface;

A dimensionless length parameter determined from:

CS

Equation VIII

The external buckling pressure factor for short shells and calculated using;
Equation IX

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The shell section was assumed to be short length since the following condition was satisfied.

The effective elastic critical circumferential buckling stress was then calculated to be equal to 8.48 MPa
by substituting the respective values into Equation V.
Then, the elastic critical circumferential buckling stress for each section was obtained by substituting
respective values into Equation IV as shown below.
For section A,

( )
For section B,

( )
For section C,

( )

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1.5.4 Meridional (Axial) Compression

1.5.4.1 Critical Meridional Buckling Stresses
The elastic critical circumferential buckling stress of each shell section j of the original shell of stepwise
wall thickness was determined from:

( )

Equation X

Where;
Cx

A parameter depending on the boundary conditions and depending on the values of ;

The Youngs modulus and equivalent to 210 000 MPa;

tj

The constant wall thickness of section j of the shell;

The radius of the cylinder middle surface

The dimensionless length parameter for each section was calculated as per section D.2.2, using the
following equation:
Equation XI

The values obtained are as follows:

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The shell sections satisfying equation D.3 of EN1993-1-6, were assumed to be medium length sections
and therefore, Cx is taken as 1.0. The condition is as follows:

The critical meridional buckling stress was calculated for each section and the results are as follows:
For section A,

( )
For section B,

( )
For section C,

( )

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Page 19 of 19