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ANALOG MODULATION
PART A
1. What is modulation?
Modulation is the process of changing any one parameter (amplitude, frequency or phase)
of a relatively high frequency carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous value of the
modulating signal or message signal.
2. Define amplitude Modulation.
Amplitude Modulation is the process of changing the amplitude of a relatively high
frequency carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal.
3. Give the expression for AM modulated wave.
Vam =Vc sin c t + m Vc cos (c - m ) t m Vc cos (c + m) t
where, Vam - amplitude of modulated signal
Vc - amplitude of carrier signal
c = 2 fc = carrier frequency
m = 2 fm = modulating signal frequency.
4. Define Modulation index and percent modulation for an AM wave.
Modulation index is a term used to describe the amount of amplitude change present in
an AM waveform .It is also called as coefficient of modulation.
Mathematically modulation index is m = Em/ Ec
Where m = Modulation coefficient
Em = Peak change in the amplitude of the output waveform voltage.
Ec = Peak amplitude of the unmodulated carrier voltage.
Percent modulation gives the percentage change in the amplitude of the output wave
when the carrier is acted on by a modulating signal.
5. Give the bandwidth of AM?
Bandwidth (B) of AM DSBFC is the difference between highest upper frequency and
lowest lower side frequency.
B= 2fm(max)
fm(max) maximum modulating signal frequency.
fc-fm
mVc/2
fc
fc+fm
frequency
7. Give the expression for modulation index in terms of Vmax and Vmin.
m = (Vmax Vmin)/( Vmax + Vmin)
8. Give the formula for AM power distribution.
Ptotal = Pc [1 + m2 / 2]
where, Ptotal total power m- modulation index , Pc carrier power
9. Give the expression for total current.
Itotal = Ic [1 + m2 / 2] 1/2
where, Itotal total Current m- modulation index, Ic carrier current
10. Give the types of AM Modulation.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
11. What are the disadvantages of conventional (or) double side band full carrier system?
In conventional AM, carrier power constitutes two thirds or more of the total transmitted
power. This is a major drawback because the carrier contains no information; the sidebands
contain the information. Second, conventional AM systems utilize twice as much bandwidth as
needed with single sideband systems.
12. Define Single sideband suppressed carrier AM.
AM Single sideband suppressed carrier is a form of amplitude modulation in which the
carrier is totally suppressed and one of the sidebands removed.
3. The depth of modulation has limitation in But in FM the depth of modulation can be
AM.
increased to any value by increasing the
deviation.
4. Simple circuits used in transmitter and Uses more complex circuits in transmitter and
receiver.
receiver.
5. Power varies in AM depending on depth of The amplitude of FM is constant. Hence
modulation.
transmitter power remains constant in FM
33. Give the expression for bandwidth of angle-modulated wave in terms of Bessels table.
B= 2(n*fm)
n=no. of significant sidebands for m found using Bessels table.
34. Define deviation sensitivity for FM and PM and give its units.
FM: Change in output frequency occurs when amplitude changes in input signal.
Unit K1=(rad/s)/V.
PM: Change in output phase occurs when amplitude changes in input signal.
Unit K =(rad)/V.
35. If a modulated wave with an average voltage of 20Vp changes in amplitude 5V,
determine the maximum and minimum envelope amplitudes and the modulation
coefficients.
Vm = 20Vp
Vc = 5 V
m = Vmax Vmin / Vmax + Vmin
Vmax = Vm + Vc = 20+5= 25V
Vmin = Vm - Vc = 20-5= 15V
m= Vmax Vmin / Vmax + Vmin =25-15 /25+15 = 0.25
36. An FM transmitter has a rest frequency fc =96MHz and a deviation sensitivity K1 = 4
KHz/V. Determine the frequency deviation for a modulating signal Vm(t) = 8sin(2 2000t).
Determine the modulation index.
Vm=8V,
fm =2000Hz and
K1 =4 kHz /V
Frequency deviation = = K1Vm = 4 kHz/v * 8V = 32KHz
Modulation index = m = / fm = 32 KHz/2000Hz = 16
37. For an FM receiver with an input frequency deviation f=4 kHz and a
transfer ratio K= 0.01 V/k Hz, determine Vout.
Vout = K * f =0.01* 40 =0.4V
PART B
1. For an AM DSBFC wave with unmodulated carrier voltage of 10Vp and load resistance
of 10 ohms, and m=1determine (i) Power in carrier, (ii)Power in upper and lower
sidebands (iii)Total transmitted power.
Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition,
Page No.151
2. Derive the expression for total power in an AM DSBFC and draw the power spectrum.
Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition,
Page No.150
3.For an AM DSBFC transmitter with an unmodulated carrier power Pc=100w that is
simultaneously modulated by 3 modulating signals with coefficient of modulation m1=0.2,
m2=0.4 and m3=0.5, determine, Total coefficient of modulation, Upper and lower sideband
power, Total sideband power, Total transmitted power and then, Draw the output
spectrum.
Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition,
Page No.154
4. One input to an AM DSBFC modulator is 500 kHz carrier with peak amplitude of 20Vp.
The second input is a 10 kHz modulating signal whose amplitude is sufficient to produce a
7.5Vp change in the amplitude of the envelope. Determine the following (i) Upper and
lower side frequency,
(ii)Modulation co-efficient and percent modulation.,(iii)Maximum and minimum amplitude
of the envelope,(iv)Draw the output envelope,(v)Draw the output frequency spectrum.
Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition,
Page No.146
5. Derive Eusf and Elsf in terms of Vmax and Vmin.
Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition,
Page No.142
6. Derive the output expression for an AM DSBFC and also draw the AM spectrum.
Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition,
Page No.145
7. Explain in detail about the Bandwidth requirements of angle-modulated wave.
Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition,
Page No.286
8. Compare PM and FM.
Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition,
Page No.281
UNIT II
DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
PART A
1. What is digital modulation?
When the information signal is digital and any one of the parameters (amplitude, phase or
frequency) of the analog carrier is varied proportional to the information signal is called ad
digital modulation.
2. What is information capacity?
It is the number of independent symbols that can be carried through a system in a given
unit of time.
3. Give the expression for Shannon limit for information capacity.
I= B log2 [1+ S/N]
Where, I= information capacity (bps)
B= bandwidth
S/N=signal to noise power ratio (unit less)
4. Give the Nyquist formulation for channel capacity.
fb =2B log2 M
Where, fb channel capacity (bps), B-minimum Nyquist bandwidth (Hz)
M- number of discrete level or voltage levels
5. Compare QASK and QPSK.
QPSK
1. Quadrature phase modulation
2.All signal points placed on circumference
of circle
3. Circuit is simple.
4.Noise immunity better then QASK
5. Error probability less than AQSK
QASK
Quadrature phase and amplitude modulation
Signal points are replaced symmetrically about
origin
Relatively complex
Poor than QPSK
Higher than QPSK
QPSK
Two bits form a symbol.
Four possible symbols
Minimum bandwidth is equal to fb.
Symbol duration = 2Tb.
21. Mention any four advantage of digital modulation over analog modulation.
i. Maximum data rate
ii. Minimum probability of symbol error
iii. Minimum transmitted power.
iv. Minimum channel bandwidth.
v. Minimum circuit complexity
vi. Maximum resistance to interfering signals
22. Define carrier recovery.
It is the process of extracting a phase-coherent reference carrier from a receiver signal. It
is also called as phase referencing
23. What is DPSK?
Differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) is an alternative form of digital modulation where
the binary input information is contained in the difference between successive signaling elements
rather than the absolute phase. It is not necessary to recover phase-coherent carrier.
24. What do you mean by ASK?
ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) is a modulation technique which converts digital data to
analog signal. In ASK, the two binary values(0,1) are represented by two different amplitudes of
the carrier signal.
S(t) = {ACos(2ft) binary 1
{0
binary 0
25. What is non-coherent detection?
This type of detection does not need receiver carrier to be phase locked (same phase)
with transmitter carrier. The advantage of such a system is that the system becomes simple, but
the drawback is that error probability increases.
PART-B
1. Explain FSK bit rate, baud, bandwidth and modulation index.
Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition,
Page No.369
2. Explain on-off keying (OOK) or ASK.
Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition,
Page. 368