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In physicochemical terms, solutions can be prepared from any combination of a solid, liquid and/or gas, the
three states of matter. For example, a solid solute is may be dissolved in another solid, a liquid or a gas and
the same being true for a liquid solute and a gas. There are a total of 9 types of homogeneous mixtures possible.
4. Criteria of a Solvent
There are 3 important criteria a solvent must fulfil:
1) Completely dissolve the drug and its other ingredients at the desired concentration
2) Safe, Non- Toxic
3) Aesthetically Acceptable to patients : Imagine being a patient and ask yourself what is considered aesthetically acceptable to you appearance, taste, smell.
7. Syrups
Syrup is a concentrated, or nearly saturated solution of sucrose or sucrose substitute in water
- Simple Syrup : Sucrose + Water
- Non- Medicated Syrup (Flavouring Syrup): Pleasant vehicle for therapeutic agents
- Medicinal Syrup: w therapeutic compounds
Other excipients include;
- Sugar (sucrose subt, for viscosity to mask the taste and drug irritation
- Antimicrobial preservatives is a must as sugar tend to have high microbial growth
- Flavourants
- Colourants
- Stabilizers. Etc.
* Compatibility is important
Preparation of Syrups: (4 methods)
1) Solution with heat (Problem with the inversion of sugar due to hydrolysis)
2) Solution with agitation w/o heat
3) Addition of sucrose to a medicated liquid or to a flavoured liquid
4) Percolation: Filtration of a liquid for extraction
Sources of Sweeteners:
1) Sugar
2) Non-sugar Polyols Glycerin, sorbitol, propylene glycol, mannitol
(can provide viscosity also)
3) Non- Nutritive Artificial Sweeteners: Aspartame, Saccharin.
(cannot provide viscosity, thus viscosity adjusters such as Methylcellulose are needed)
9. Spirits
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10. Tinctures
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11. Collodions
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12. Liniments
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Alcoholic/ Oleagineous solutions or emulsions of various substances intended for external applications only.
EXTERNAL USE