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Lecture 21
Page 1 of 12
t1
t2
a2
Z0
b1
b2
(Fig. 1)
A signal flow graph is a diagram depicting certain relationships
between signals in a linear network. It can also be used to solve
for ratios of these signals.
Signal flow graphs are used in control systems, power systems,
and other fields besides microwave engineering.
Key elements of a signal flow graph are:
1. Nodes represent the system variables,
2. Branches represent paths for signal flow.
3. A signal S jk traveling along a branch between nodes ak and
b j is multiplied by the gain of that branch:
ak
That is,
S jk
bj
b j S jk ak
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 21
Page 2 of 12
S 21
b2
S11
S 22
b1
S12
a2
(Fig. 2)
The signals a1, a2, b1, and b2 are denoted by nodes whereas
certain interactions between the signals are denoted by the
branches and the transmission factors (S parameters) of those
branches.
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 21
Page 3 of 12
b S a
or
b1 S11
b S
2 21
S12 a1
S 22 a2
(1)
(2)
S11
b1
S12
a2
(Fig. 3)
S 21
b2
S 22
a2
(Fig. 4)
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 21
Page 4 of 12
a1
S11
b1
b2 S 21a1
a1
S 21
b2
(4.75),(5)
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 21
S21
V1
Page 5 of 12
S21S32
S32
V2
V3
V1
V3
(4.76),(6)
V2
Sa + Sb
V1
V2
Sb
(4.77a),(7)
(4.77b),(8)
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 21
V2 1 S22 S 21V1
Page 6 of 12
V2
S21
V1
1 S22
(4.78),(9)
S 21
1 S 22
S32
V2
V3
V1
S32
V2
V3
S32 S 21
1 S 22
V1
V3
(10)
(11)
(12)
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 21
Page 7 of 12
S42
S21
V1
V4
S32
V2
V3
S21
V1
S21
V4
S32
V4'
V3
V4
S32
S21
V2
S42
V1
V2
V3
S in
b1
t1
t2
a2
L
VL
b2
(Fig. 5)
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 21
Page 8 of 12
Z0
Z0 Z S
S21
a1
S11
b1
b2
L
S22
S12
a2
Notice the arrow directions for S and L . These are the correct
orientations since
a
S 1 a1 S b1
b1
a
and
L 2 a2 Lb2
b2
Also notice the branch relating VS and a1 in Fig. 5. As mentioned
near the beginning of this lecture, a single branch relationship
between two nodes can be found by matching the transmitted
port. In this case, we match the TL connected to the source VS
giving only a forward propagating wave with a voltage
amplitude found from voltage division to be
Z0
a1
VS
(13)
Z0 Z S
We will systematically apply the four rules above to reduce this
diagram to a form that will directly allow us to determine both
in and VL .
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 21
Page 9 of 12
Z0
Z0 Z S
S21
a1
S11
b1
b2
S22
L
a2
S12
a2
Z0
Z0 Z S
S21
a1
S11
b2
L S 22
L S12
b1
Z0
Z0 Z S
S 21
1 L S 22
a1
S11
L S12
b1
b2
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 21
VS
Z0
Z0 Z S
Page 10 of 12
a1
S11
L S12 S 21
1 L S 22
b1
Z0
Z0 Z S
a1
S11
L S12 S21
1 L S 22
b1
(14)
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 21
Page 11 of 12
Z0
Z0 Z S
S 21
1 L S 22
a1
S11
b1
b2
L S12
b1
VS
Z0
1
Z 0 Z S 1 S S11
a1
S 21
1 L S 22
b2
S L S12
1 S S11
Z0
1
Z 0 Z S 1 S S11
a1
S 21
1 L S 22
b2
S 21
1 L S 22
S L S12
1 S S11
b2
Step 7 . Apply Rule 3 one last time to remove the self loop:
VS
S L S12
Z0
S 21
1
1
Z 0 Z S 1 S S11 1 S S11 1 L S 22
a1
S 21
1 L S 22
b2
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 21
Page 12 of 12
S 21
1 S S11 1 L S 22 S L S12 S 21
b2
VS
Z 0 Z S 1 S S11
1 S S11 1 L S 22
1 L S 22
1
Z0
or
Z 0 S 21VS 1 S S11 1 L S 22
b2
Z 0 S 21VS
Z 0 Z S 1 S S11 1 L S22 S L S12 S21
Z 0 S 21 1 L
VS
Reference
R. E. Collin, Foundations for Microwave Engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill,
second ed., 1992.