1 - ENGLISH: REVIEW EXERCICES

1. You always have to make ________ with prospective employers.

eye contact
eyes
chat
2. What do you do? I work ________.
by advertising
in advertising
advertising
3. "________" is a common way of saying "functions or features".
Functionality
Flavor
Scope
4. A ________ is an outside company with whom your company has a business relationship.
bender
vendor
lender
5. IBM provides a variety of networking ________ for its clients.
salutes
solvents
solutions
6. If you own a lot of stock in a company, you are considered one of its major ________.
share keepers
share takers
shareholders
7. In business, ________ is either a period when some kind of machinery isn't working, or a slow period.
downtime
down period
sleep time
8. One of our corporate objectives is to develop ________ relationships with key customers.
static
strategic
strategy
9. You have to be less competitive and more ________.
cooperating
cooperation
cooperative
10. Our goal is to provide customers with high-quality products at ________ prices.
competitive
complete
competent
ANSWERS:
1 eye contact
2 in advertising
3 Functionality
4 vendor
5 solutions
6 shareholders
7 downtime
8 strategic
9 cooperative
10 competitive

1. Q: How good are you at ________? A: I'm great at it! I can do seven things at the same time.
multiple task making

multitasking
multijobbing
2. If someone asks you about your "time ________ skills", he/she wants to know how well you manage your time (at
work).
restraint
advertising
management
3. Q: Did Robert leave you a message? AA: I don't know, I haven't checked my ______.
voice post
voice mail
vocal mail
4. David, Mr. Suzuki called. He would like you to ________ as soon as you can.
call him back
call back to him
lender
5. I'd like to speak to Mr. Kim. This is ________ (= about) his credit card application.
regarding
regards
guarding
6. We have to develop a ________ to get more clients.
strategies
strategic thinking
strategy
7. Q: Do you work in marketing? A: No, I'm in ________.
sales
selling
salesperson
8. ________ (= building connections) is very important in business.
Networking
Netting
Net
9. A "team ________" likes working with other people and sharing ideas with them. Someone who doesn't like
working with other people is not a team _____.
play
player
person
10. To "reevaluate" something means ________.
to complete one's work
to judge something
to revise one's assessment of something
ANSWERS:
1 multitasking
2 management
3 voice mail
4 call him back
5 regarding
6 strategy
7 sales
8 Networking
9 player
10 to revise ones assessment of something

1. I was one of the three candidates _____________ for the second interview.
invited
excited
evicted

2. We have to _____________ this issue at the next meeting.

rise
raise
raze
3. A _____________ worker is one who is active and wants to do his work well.
motivated
motive
moving
4. While Marco was away, I took over his _____________.
responses
results
responsibilities
5. The success of our company is largely ___ on having strong and capable staff.
adept
defendant
dependent
6. We are hoping that you will remain with us for many years _____________.
to come
of future
ahead
7. Several of the sales _____________ told me that they have received numerous complaints from customers.
persons
personnel
personal
8. I can't help you right now; I'm on my _____________.
break lunch
lunch break
lunchtime
9. This job requires you to work _____________ pressure.
on
with
under
10. I have it under control. = I'm on _____________ of it.
tip
top
type
ANSWERS:
1 invited
2 raise
3 motivated
4 responsibilities
5 dependent
6 - to come
7 personnel
8 lunch break
9 under
10 top

Rewrite each of the following sentences using correct capitalization:

1. we saw the brooklyn bridge.
2. were going to germany in june.
3. we spent our holidays in the dominican republic.

4. im starting my job in may.

5. we often go to the beach in the summer.
6. i love learning french.
7. the jamaican man was cooking dinner.
8. im pretty bad at math.
9. one of the courses that i have to take this year is math 3.
10. i saw senator brown in the lobby.
ANSWERS:
1. We saw the Brooklyn Bridge.
2. We're going to Germany in June.
3. We spent our holidays in the Dominican Republic.
4. I'm starting my job in May.
5. We often go to the beach in the summer.
6. I love learning French.
7. The Jamaican man was cooking dinner.
8. I'm pretty bad at math.
9. One of the courses that I have to take next year is "Math 3".
10. I saw Senator Brown in the lobby.
Rewrite each of the following sentences using correct capitalization:
1. these are my favorite colors: blue, red, and pink.
2. did you speak with mr. richardson?
3. he was reading the bible.
4. both christmas and new year's eve are in december.
5. he was one of the most famous writers of the sixteenth century.
6. he bought me a coke.
7. would you like some french fries?
8. he grew up in the southeastern part of missouri.
9. in basketball news, the lakers beat the celtics again.
10. he received a bachelor's degree from the university of colorado.
ANSWERS:
1. These are my favorite colors: blue, red, and pink.
2. Did you speak with Mr. Richardson?
3. He was reading the Bible.
4. Both Christmas and New Year's Eve are in December.
5. He was one of the most famous writers of the sixteenth century.
6. He bought me a Coke.
7. Would you like some French fries?
8. He grew up in the southeastern part of Missouri.
9. In basketball news, the Lakers beat the Celtics again.
10. He received a bachelor's degree from the University of Colorado.
MIXED VERB TENSES 1
Choose the best, most correct verb tense to complete each sentence:
1. I ________ a shower when you called.
a) was taking b) took c) was taken
2. My brother ________ to Europe until he went
there last year.
a) has never been b) had never been c) was never

3. Diane ________ very sick but she decided to go out anyway.

a) was feeling b) has been feeling c) has felt
4. He ________ her all night.
a) has called b) call c) was calling
5. I ________ to go swimming but the water was too cold.
a) have wanted b) wanted c) have been wanting
6. I ________ able to sleep well for a week now.
a) didn't was b) was not c) haven't been
7. When I first saw her, she ________ on the balcony.
a) was standing b) has stood c) has been standing
8. Really? You moved to a new apartment? How long ________
there?
a) have you been living b) did you live c) did you living
9. Every time I see that movie, it _______ me cry.
a) has made b) made c) makes
10. I ________ smoking three years ago.
a) have stopped b) have been stopping c) stopped
ANSWERS:
1)a
2)b

3)a

4)c

5)b

6)c

7)a

8)a

9)c

10)c

Mixed Verb Tenses 2

For each sentence, choose the correct form of the verb.
1. By the time I got to the hotel, ________ any rooms left. (to be)
a) there weren't b) there hadn't been c) there isn't
2. I was afraid to ask her out because she ________ me before. (to reject)
a) was rejecting b) had rejected c) rejected
3. I ________ to music when she came in. (to listen)
a) was listening b) listened c) have been listening
4. P1: What have you been doing? P2: I ________ a lot. (to work)
a) have worked b) worked c) have been working
5. Last night I ________ that I was living in France. (to dream)
a) have been dreaming b) have dreamed c) dreamt
6. I don't know why you insist on ________ to Cambodia. (to go)
a) going b) to go c) to be going
7. The movie that we ________ last Monday was really awful. (to see)
a) have seen b) saw c) were seeing
8. He ________ his granddaughter daily. (to call)
a) calling b) calls c) is calling
9. I read the book that you gave me. Could you ________ me another one?
(to lend)
a) to lend b) will lend c) lend
10. He ________ her if she hadn't waved to him. (to see)
a) didn't see b) would not have seen c) will not have seen
ANSWERS:
1)a
2)b

3)a

4)c

5)c

6)a

7)b

8)b

9)c

10)b

2 - ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE
What is culture?
Some definitions:
> Culture is the systems of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people.
> Culture is communication, communication is culture.
> A culture is a way of life of a group of people; the behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that
they accept, generally without thinking about them, and that are passed along by communication
and imitation from one generation to the next.
> Culture is the unique dominant pattern of shared beliefs, assumptions, values, and norms that
shape the socialization, symbols, language and practices of a group of people.

Culture, not observable

> Shared assumptions are the thoughts and feelings that members of a culture take for granted
and believe to be true.
> Values are the basic beliefs people hold that specify general preferences and behaviors, and
define what is right and wrong.
> Norms are rules that govern behaviors of groups of people.
Observable elements of culture
> A symbol is any visible object, act, or event that conveys meaning to others (e.g. dress,
slogans, office layout)
> Language is a shared system of vocal sounds, written signs, and/or gestures used to convey
meaning among members of a culture.
> Practices are observable cultural customs such as taboos (culturally forbidden behaviors) and
ceremonies

Organizational Culture
> The general values and beliefs held and shared by members of an organization.
> It is the behavior of humans who are part of an organization and the meanings that the people
attach to their actions.
> It includes the organization values, visions, norms, working language, systems, symbols,
beliefs and habits.
Organizational Culture
> Organizational culture affects the way people and groups interact with each other, with clients,
and with stakeholders.
> Organizational culture refers to culture in any type of organization (school, university, not-forprofit groups, government agencies). In business, terms such as corporate culture and
company culture are sometimes used to refer to a similar concept.
Types of organizational Culture
While there is no single "type" of organizational culture and organizational cultures vary widely
from one organization to the next, commonalities do exist and some researchers have developed
models to describe different indicators of organizational cultures:
The basic types of organizational culture are:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Hierarchy
Clan
Market
Adhocracy

Types of organizational Culture

1 Hierarchy culture: a structured and formalized workplace where leaders act like
coordinators.
2 - Clan culture: a friendly workplace where leaders act like father figures.
3 Market culture: a competitive workplace with leaders like hard drivers. The values and
norms reflect the significance of achieving measurable and demanding goals mainly concerning
those that are financial and market based.
4 Adhocracy culture: A dynamic workplace with leaders that stimulate innovation.
Types of organizational Culture

Text: What is organizational culture?

Video: Its all about culture.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sO2vNyBroco

3 - Corporate Branding
Organizations with the strongest reputations are on average characterized by high levels of:
Visibility (the degree to which corporate themes are visible in all internal and
external communication)
Distinctiveness (the degree to which the corporate identity or positioning of
the company is distinctive)
Authenticity (the degree to which a company communicates values that are
embedded in its culture)
Transparency (the degree to which a company is open and transparent
about its behavior)
Consistency (the degree to which a company communicates consistent
messages through all internal and external communications channels)
Brand: is the name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one seller's product
from those of other sellers.
Branding: the methods employed by a company for positioning the brand in the market in order
to achieve sustained competitive advantage.
Branding is the process by which companies distinguish their product offerings from the
competition.
Brand awareness:
Extent to which a brand is recognized by potential customers, and is correctly associated with a
particular product. Expressed usually as a percentage of target market, brand awareness is the
primary goal of advertising in the early months or years of a product's introduction.
Corporate brand identity
The tangible and intangible features that differentiate the organization, its products and services
based on the functional and symbolic value of a product or service which is established in
consumers minds through planned strategic communication and behavior in order to position the
brand favorably in the marketplace.

Monolithic, endorsed and branded identities

Identity structure Definition

Example

Monolithic

All products carry the same

Disney, Nike, McDonalds

corporate name

Sony, BMW, Virgin, Philips

Individual businesses or product

Procter & Gamble (Ariel) Electrolux

brands each carry their own

(Zanussi), Unilever (Dove)

Branded

name (and are seemingly

unrelated to each other)
Endorsed

Businesses and product brands

General Motors, Kellogg, Nestl,

are endorsed with the parent

Cadbury

company name

Monolithic brand identity is when a company uses only one name and one visual style for all it
products. The strength is the simplicity and the potential for growth. The weakness is one scandal
can cause severe damage even to big strong brands.
Branded identity is when a company uses different brands for their products that function
independent from each other and the companys brand. The strength of this strategy is the
flexibility. The company can build different brands in different marked segments and for different
products. If a brand is involved in a scandal it will only damage that brand, and will not hurt the
other brands of the company.
Endorsed brand identity is when a company has a group of products that it endorses with a
group name and a common identity. The strength of this approach lies in the relationship of the
products/companies, they can benefit from the goodwill given to others with the same common
identity.

Corporate Branding
Corporate branding is the practice of using a company's name as a product brand name
Its a type of family branding or umbrella branding: where a group of products possesses the
same brand name. Different products having different images are put together under one major
brand or parent brand and are marketed by the company.
Umbrella branding does not mean that the whole product portfolio of a firm will fall under one
brand name as the company can go for different approaches of branding for different product
lines (e.g. Johnson & Johnson baby care).
Corporate branding contrasts with individual product branding, called also multi-branding, where
each product has a unique brand name and the corporate name is not promoted to the consumer
(Procter & Gamble, Unilever)

Advantages:
Can result in economies of scope (similar to economies of scale which refers to reductions in
the average cost for a single product), which refers to lowering the average cost of for a company
in producing two or more products.
One advertising can be used for several products.
There is less need to develop individual branding strategies for specific products (e.g. Apple,
forward-thinking and innovative)
New product acceptance because potential buyers are familiar with the name.