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Jyoti Sastry
INTRODUCTION
1-4244-0655-2/07/$20.002007 IEEE
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D 2Vs2
R
(1)
(d)
(b)
(e)
(c)
(f)
Figure 4: Simulation results for the R-ILAF. (a) Load Current , (b) Resistive
Compensated Current, (c) Line Current , (d) Modulation Signal, (e) Switch
Current, (f) Capacitor Voltage
Figure 4(a), (b) and (c) illustrate the load current, resistive
compensated current and the line current. The compensation of
the harmonic currents has been achieved by controlling the AC
switch to generate a current with harmonics in anti-phase with
the load current. This results in a line current with THD of 4%.
Figures 4 (d), (e) and (f) show the modulation signal, switch
current and capacitor voltage. The modulation signal has been
chosen to minimize harmonics in the line current. The
limitations on the ability to control the harmonics are set by the
power delivered to the load, which has to be maintained
constant; in this case the power is maintained at 3.6 KW. The
FFT of the Line and Load currents is shown in Figure 5 (a) and
(b). Through the action of the R-ILAF, the harmonics in the
line current with have been controlled to a minimum.
(a)
(b)
Figure 5: FFT (R-ILAF) (a) Load Current with THD = 26.95%, (b) Line
Current with THD 4.06%
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The switches are now controlled with a duty cycle D and (1-D),
where D is given by Eqn 5. This approach filters the switch
voltage, Vsw, applying only the low frequency components to
the resistive load. The power delivered to the load no longer
contains the high frequency components, but is limited to the
fundamental and harmonic frequency components only. This
may also prevent high dv/dt stresses being applied to the
Figure 6: Schematic of inductor inverter-less active filter (L-ILAF)
resistive loads, and will result in lower EMI and noise levels.
The inductor voltage is then obtained by multiplying D ()
As a result, the voltage across the load resistor can be seen to
with
the line voltage. As in the case of the LR-ILAF, the
be:
inductor
current can then be calculated and is seen to contain
K
K
Vm K 0 sin T Vm 2 cosT M 2 Vm 2 cos3T M 2 (4)
fundamental and 3rd harmonic current.
2
2
K oVm
KV
KV
cos Zt 2 m sin Zt M 2 2 m sin 3Zt M 2 (6)
IL
V. L-ILAF AND C-ILAF CIRCUITS
2X L
6XL
XL
While the R-ILAF shows an intriguing possibility of
realizing reactive and harmonic control with a resistor, it is
unlikely that many realistic retrofit applications will exist,
given the need to find an appropriately matched resistive load.
When such loads can be found or in green-field applications,
the R-ILAF would provide the lowest cost implementation. Of
broader appeal is the question of integrating reactive and
harmonic compensation requirements together. Use of
capacitors and reactors for VAR compensation is widespread.
The typical implementation is through the use of switched
capacitors and a thyristor controlled reactor to realize a static
VAR compensator (SVC). Often, the capacitors are paired
with tuning reactors to realize a passive harmonic filter.
Appropriate application of passive filters requires significant
level of analysis of the site and the network, and is rarely used
except for very large rated installations. VAR compensation is
important to cut down utility bills for end-users and to maintain
voltage levels for utilities. However, the indiscriminate
application of shunt VAR capacitors can create problems of
sink-source resonances.
K Vm
IL
XL
cosZt
K2Vm
4XL
KoKV
2 m
2XL
sin Zt M2
cosZt
K2Vm
4XL
KoKV
2 m
6XL
K2Vm
12XL
KoKV
2 m
2XL
sin Zt M2
cosZt
K2Vm
12XL
(7)
If D() is considered to be a constant DC term (D), then the
effective inductance seen by the line is Leff = D2 L. For the
case where D() has even frequency modulation, it is seen that
IL contains a 3rd and a 5th harmonic, as well as the fundamental
component. Similarly, addition of a 4th harmonic component
will generate a 5th, 7th and 9th harmonic.
Overall control of the ILAF involves tuning the levels and
phase angles of the even harmonic modulation components to
realize the desired harmonic current levels in IL, and then
tuning the DC component of the duty cycle to obtain the exact
VARs required. It should be noted that the fundamental VARs
INDUCTOR- INVERTER-LESS ACTIVE FILTERS (L-ILAF)
and the level of harmonics all interact with each other. Figure 5
The concept of the Inverter-Less Active Filters can be shows the simulation results for the L-ILAF, with the nonrd
th
extended to inductive (L-ILAF) and capacitive (C-ILAF) linear load consisting of 25% of 3 and 10% of the 5
elements to be able to realize the benefits of fast and dynamic harmonic currents.
The line current, inductor current and load current are shown
VAR control with the ability to control characteristic harmonic
in
Figure 7 (d), (e) and (f) respectively. The inductor current in
currents, and the avoidance of sink-source resonances. As such,
Fig
7(e) shows the distortion resulting from the even
this capability is reminiscent of a STATCOM, but does not
harmonics
in the duty cycle. The modulation signal used to
require inverters or dc bulk energy storage, and can operate on
achieve
the
compensated harmonics shown in Figure 6(a), has
a single-phase basis. Figure 6 shows the inductor version of the
been
determined
to minimize harmonics in the line current, and
ILAF or L-ILAF.
has
the
second
harmonic
as well as the fourth harmonic along
As in the case of the R-ILAF circuit, the switches are
with
the
dc
component.
For this particular example, the Lmodulated with a duty cycle D() and (1- D()), containing a
ILAF
is
controlled
so
as
to
draw 6 KVAR of reactive VARS at
dc component (K0), representing the fundamental reactive
the
fundamental
frequency,
and compensates for the harmonics,
VARs drawn by the ILAF circuit. For K0 = 1, the maximum
yielding
a
line
current
THD
of ~1% at the plant input. The line
VARs are drawn, while for K0 = 0, zero VARs are drawn. This
current,
with
no
harmonic
content
is illustrated in Figure 7(d).
principle is clearly well known and understood.
The
FFT
of
the
line
and
load
currents
are shown in Figure 8 (a)
Once again, the ac chopper duty cycle is modulated with
and
(b).
These
waveforms
illustrate
the
ability to compensate
even harmonic modulation.
for harmonics at multiple frequencies using the L-ILAF. The
DT K 0 K 2 sin 2T I 2 K 4 sin 4T I 4 ... (5)
FFT of the line current shows decrease in the overall THD
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(d)
(b)
(e)
Figure 9: Schematic of capacitor inverter-less active filter (C-ILAF)
(f)
(c)
Figure 7: Simulation results for the L-ILAF. (a) Modulation Signal, (b)
Capacitor Voltage, (c) Inductor Voltage, (d) Line Current, (e) Inductor Current,
(f) Load Current
(a)
(b)
Figure 8: FFT (L-ILAF) (a) Load Current with THD = 24.89% , (b) Line
Current with THD = 1.08%
4 K o2 K 22
K 24
(10)
16
(d)
(b)
(e)
(c)
(f)
Figure 10: Simulation results for the C-ILAF. (a) Modulation Signal, (b)
Capacitor Voltage, (c) Capacitor Current , (d) Line Current, (e) Switch
Current , (f) Load Current
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(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 13: FFT (a) Switch Current, (b) Non-linear load current, (c) Line
Current, (d) Capacitor voltage, and voltage across R.
CONCLUSIONS
(a)
(b)
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
(c)
Figure 14: FFT (a) Switch Current, (b) Non-linear load current, (c) Line
[6]
Current
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