Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Sustainable Engineering
Chapter 3: Life Cycle Inventory
Hong C. Zhang
Texas Tech University
Advanced Manufacturing Laboratory
September 6, 2012
1
Transportation
Materials
Parts
Components
Finished Parts
Components
Process
Hazardous Material
Outputs
Non-Hazardous Material
Outputs
6
Boundary Clarification
Electricity Water Gas
Materials/Parts
/Components
Transportation
Manufacturing
Process
Finished Parts
/Components
Boundary Clarification
Energy
Conversion
Mfg
Process
Equipment
Boundary Clarification
Energy
Conversion
Energy
Conversion
Energy
Conversion
Aux. Mfg
Process
Equipment
Mfg
Process
Equipment
Mfg
Process
Equipment
10
10
Boundary Clarification
Energy
Conversion
Energy
Conversion
Energy
Conversion
Energy
Conversion
Materials
Production
Aux. Mfg
Process
Equipment
Mfg
Process
Equipment
Mfg
Process
Equipment
11
11
Boundary Clarification
Energy
Conversion
Energy
Conversion
Energy
Conversion
Energy
Conversion
Materials
Production
Aux. Mfg
Process
Equipment
Mfg
Process
Equipment
Mfg
Process
Equipment
Auxiliary
Materials
Production
Energy
Conversion
12
12
Boundary Clarification
Energy
Conversion
Energy
Conversion
Energy
Conversion
Energy
Conversion
Materials
Production
Aux. Mfg
Process
Equipment
Mfg
Process
Equipment
Mfg
Process
Equipment
Auxiliary
Materials
Production
Environmental
Conditioning
Energy
Conversion
13
13
Boundary Clarification
Energy
Conversion
Energy
Conversion
Energy
Conversion
Energy
Conversion
Energy
Conversion
Materials
Purification
Production
Materials
Production
Aux. Mfg
Process
Equipment
Mfg
Process
Equipment
Mfg
Process
Equipment
Auxiliary
Materials
Production
Environmental
Conditioning
Energy
Conversion
14
14
Energy
Conversion
Energy
Conversion
Energy
Conversion
Energy
Conversion
Energy
Conversion
Alt.
Materials
Production
Materials
Production
Aux. Mfg
Process
Equipment
Mfg
Process
Equipment
Mfg
Process
Equipment
Auxiliary
Materials
Production
Environmental
Conditioning
Energy
Conversion
15
15
Materials
Parts
Components
Hazardous Material
Outputs
Transportation
Process
Finished Parts
Components
Co-product
Non-Hazardous Material
Outputs
16
16
When ?
What ?
Where ?
Whom ?
How?
17
17
18
19
20
21
21
Water
Gas
Waterborne Wastes
Process
Solid Wastes
Materials
Co-product
Transportation
22
22
23
23
24
108
Refinery
Process
100
8%
Input=M(1+f)
Input=M(1+f+f^2)
25
26
26
27
27
28
28
Gigawatthours (GWh)
Percent
Coal
1,976,333
50
Nuclear
788,556
19.9
Hydro
261,545
6.6
714,600
18.1
Oil
117,591
Biomass
60,042
1.5
Other*
34,741
0.9
3,953,408
100
Natural Gas
Total
In recognition of this
fact, specific regional
grids or data from onsite facilities are
commonly used for
life-cycle inventories of
the electroprocessing
industries.
29
29
Waterborne Wastes
Waterborne wastes are reported in units of weight and
include all substances generally regarded as pollutants per
unit of product output.
Solid Waste
Solid waste includes all solid material that is disposed from
all sources within the system. Solid wastes typically are
reported by weight.
30
30
31
Product
Allocation for
Product A
Product
Allocation for
Product B
32
32
33
33
34
34
35
36
37
37
38
38
Tool
Vendor
URL
BEES 3.0
http://www.bfrl.nist.gov/oae/software/bees.html
Boustead Model
5.0
Boustead Consulting
CMLCA 4.2
Centre of Environmental
Science
http://www.leidenuniv.nl/cml/ssp/software/cmlca/i
ndex.ht
Dubo-Calc
Netherlands Ministry of
Transport, Public Works
and Water Management
http://www.rws.nl/rws/bwd/home/www/cgibin/index.cgi?site=1&doc=1785
eiolca.net
GaBi 4
3. Data Resources
http://www.bousteadconsulting.co.uk/products.htm
http://www.eiolca.net
http://www.gabi-software.com/software.html
SimaPro 6.0
PR Consultants
Ecoinvent 1.2
http://www.ecoinvent.ch
Environmental
Impact Indicator
ATHENA Sustainable
Materials Institute
http://www.athenaSMI.ca
GREET 1.7
DOEs Office of
Transportation
http://www.pre.nl/simapro.html
http://www.transportation.anl.gov/software/GRE
ET/index.html
39
Less common
Different
Eco-Indicator 99
TRACI
GaBi
(By US EPA)
Acidification
Acidification
Acidification
Eutrophication
Eutrophication
Eutrophication
Climate Change
Global Warming
Global Warming
Ozone Depletion
Ozone Depletion
Ozone Depletion
Ecotoxicity
Ecotoxicity
Toxicity
Summer Smog
Minerals depletion
Photochemical smog
Resources
Carcinogenic substances
Respiratory (organic)
Respiratory(inorganic)
Ionising radiation
Land use
Combination of
three steps:
s CFs 40Es
impact= (Vk
)
Rk
k
40
41
41
C
D
Generic
process
An input-output
table lists materials
flowing in and out
of a process
G
H
42
42
Input
amount
flour
200 grams
Baking powder
2 tsp
sugar
1 Tsp
Salt
tsp
Butter
50 grams
Milk
cup
Electricity
1.5 kWh
Output
biscuits
amount
10
43
43
Input
amount
Output
amount
flour
200 grams
biscuits
10
Baking powder
2 tsp
CO2
12 grams
sugar
1 Tsp
Various
organics
20 grams
Salt
tsp
Butter
50 grams
Milk
cup
Electricity
1.5 kWh
44
44
45
45
46
46
47
47
0.15 kWh
electricity
0.15 kWh electricity
1 biscuits
20 g flour
48
48
61g coal
0.15 kWh
electricity
1 biscuits
20 g flour
49
49
61g coal
0.15 kWh
electricity
1 biscuits
20 g flour
.7 million
tons wheat
Flour
Mill
.36 million
tons flour
50
50
0.15 kWh
electricity
61g coal
1 biscuits
20 g flour
39g wheat
Flour
Mill
51
51
0.15 kWh
electricity
61g coal
.0007 L
diesel
1.1 g Nit.
0.0002
biscuit
1 biscuits
20 g flour
39g wheat
Flour
Mill
52
52
0.15 kWh
electricity
X g coal
.0007 L
diesel
1.1 g Nit.
1 biscuits
20 g flour
Y g wheat
0.0002
biscuit
Circularity effect
Flour
Mill
53
53
54
55