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10. Explain the following lung volumes and capacities, and how they are
related: residual volume (RV), tidal volume (TV), inspiratory reserve (IR),
inspiratory capacity (IC), expiratory reserve (ER), vital capacity (VC), and
total lung capacity (TC).
11. What is the maximum breathing capacity (MBC)? How is it related to lung
compliance? How is lung compliance related to its elasticity?
12. Make a (large!) table that summarizes the changes occurring in the
trachea, bronchi, walls of the lungs/thorax, and alveoli with regard to 1)
protein fiber loss, deposition, or other changes, 2) calcification, and 3)
structural breakdown/loss of function, as well as the consequences of each
as discussed in lecture.
13. Based on the changes listed in the item above, how do the RC, TV, VC,
compliance of the lungs, MBC, and compliance of the alveoli change with
age?
14. Explain why loss of lung elasticity (an increase in compliance!) results in
an overall REDUCTION in O2 saturation of arterial blood.
15. Explain why a loss of alveolar compliance leads to a decline of O2 levels in
arterial blood.
16. Explain why exercise seems to have limited affect in countering biological
aging of the respiratory system.
17. Explain the difference between restrictive ad obstructive pulmonary
diseases, and list examples of each.
18. List the symptoms, causes, and examples of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD). Give several reasons why the elderly are more
susceptible to developing COPD.
19. Contrast chronic bronchitis with regular bronchitis with regard to the
CAUSES and SYMPTOMS of each. What characteristics distinguish the
chronic disease emphysema? Include changes to cilia, alveoli, expiration,
RV, and MBC. How can emphysema bring about death?
20. What are the symptoms of pneumonia? For each of the following types of
pneumonia, give examples of causative agents and explain the effect on the
lungs: bacterial pneumonia, viral pneumonia, fungal pneumonia, pulmonary
fibrosis, aspiration pneumonia. Why are the elderly more susceptible to each
type of pneumonia?
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21. What is an embolus, where does it usually form, and why? Explain what
happens to an embolus in pulmonary embolism, and what symptoms result.