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UNIVERSIDAD ESTATAL A DISTANCIA

COLEGIO NACIONAL DE EDUCACIN A


DISTANCIA
COORDINACIN ACADMICA

INGLS DCIMO
CDIGO: 80019

ANTOLOGAS CONED

2011

El CONED agradece a HAZEL

VIVIANA ALFARO SALAS por la eleccin y presentacin

de los temas de la presente antologa, as como el aporte a la educacin secundaria a distancia.


Las denominaciones empleadas en esta publicacin y la forma en que aparecen presentados los
datos, no implican de parte del CONED o la UNED juicio alguno sobre la condicin jurdica de
personas, pases, territorios, ciudades o de autoridades.

MATERIAL SIN FINES COMERCIALES PARA USO EXCLUSIVO DE


ESTUDIANTES DEL COLEGIO NACIONAL DE EDUCACIN A DISTANCIA
CONED

Direccin General: : Clara Vila Santo Domingo


Coordinacin Acadmica: Jssica Ramrez Achoy
Coordinacin Administrativa: Jssica Vega Barrientos
Asistente Coordinacin Acadmica: Jonathan Soto
Coordinacin de Ingls: Olman Alfonso Cantillo Badilla

Telfonos 22-58-22-09 / 22-55-30-42 / 22-21-29-95


Pgina Web: http//www.coned.ac.cr

2011, CONED.

INDEX .
10 LEVEL
1. Achievements of our national athletes

2. Costa Rican Art, music and


crafts.

32

3. Costa Rican typical


food.....

45

4. Holidays and celebrations in Costa Rica with some celebrations in English


Speaking countries.....................................................

74

5. Causes and effects of natural resources


misuse..

110

6. Tourist attractions offered by Costa Rican


Communities.

137

7. Common illnesses and new diseases and


epidemics.....

160

8. Our Democratic
Tradition..

186

9. Careers, jobs and


lifestyles...........

200

10. Answer key..

222

11. Bibliography

225

First unit:

ACHIEVEMENTS OF OUR NATIONAL


ATHLETES.

Objectives

Making use of new vocabulary and structures encountered in their reading to


respond orally and in writing.

Writing coherently and accurately on a range of factual and imaginative topics.

Drawing inferences.

Identifying the purpose of short messages

Understanding short and factual texts.

Understanding ideas and information in the text through making inferences.

Understanding conceptual meaning.

National athletes: lives and achievements.


Information questions: who, when, where, how fast/long, which, etc.
What sports does ____ play?

Are you good at ____?

Whats his/her best ____?


Sports: swimming, diving, archery, canoeing, etc.
National athletes: achievements, biography, etc.

Functions:
Reporting and describing events.
Narrating information.
Asking for and giving information about national athletes, their lives and
achievements.

Sports and Equipment


Instructions. Match each of the following sports with the correct picture
below:
......skiing

.cycling

.badminton
5

.fishing

golf

.darts

.table-tennis

.running

diving

volleyball

.hockey

.boxing

horse-riding

.motor-racing ...soccer

.football

.ice skating

basketball

... baseball

.tennis

1
0

15

11
12

13
14

16
17

19

20

18

Can you find the following sporting items in the pictures above? Write down
the correct numbers!
___boxing glove

___helmet

___snorkel
6

___flippers.

___running track

___baseball bat

___golf club

___skates

___racing car

___hockey stick

___ basketball

___fishing rod

___saddle

___skis

___target

___basket

___net

___shuttlecock

___bicycle

___darts

___basketball

___tennis racket

___table-tennis

___running shoe

___football

___skiing-stick

___horse

___baseball glove

___badminton racket
Match the words on the left with the correct definition on the right.
1. score

___person who takes part in a sport or game

2. team

___someone who watches a sporting event

3. amateur

___a person who controls a sports match

4. match

___number of points or goals each team / player has

5. spectator

___someone who plays a sport as a paid job

6. professional

___a large group of peple who watch a sporting event

7. referee

___a group of sportsmen who play together

8. crowd

___an organized game e.g. of football

9. player

___a person who plays a sport for enjoyment, not for


money

Sports are very important for many people. If you want to express that someone is
nice, fair and a good friend you say,He is a good sport!
Are you sporting / sportive / sporty/ a sportswoman / a sportsman?

What are your favourite kinds of sports? Write a short text about yourself!
How often do you play it? What equipment do you need to play it?

Scuba Diving in Costa Rica


Would you like to try scuba diving? Why or Why not? What animals would you like
to see in the ocean?

What do you know about this activity? Look at some

important equipment needed to practice it.

Taken from: http://louisvillediving.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/scuba-diver2.jpg

Read the following information about diving in Costa Rica.

Diving in Costa Rica


The ideal destination for adventure travelers, Costa Rica is filled with plenty to
see and much to do. A tropical haven for those who enjoy the outdoors, this
small country with its magnificent biodiversity is fast becoming one of the
hottest tourist destinations on the planet. Biologically intense on land as well as
underwater, Costa Rica offers nature lovers the perfect environment to view a
plethora of wildlife species in their natural habitat.
One of the best ways to get a first hand glimpse of Costa Ricas stunning
underwater marine life is through a scuba diving tour. Scuba diving is all the
rage in Costa Rica at the moment, with many tour groups and travel agencies
now offering underwater trips and excursions. A number of dive companies are
also found all across the country, and scuba diving facilities in Costa Rica are
now world class. With professional PADI instruction courses as well as top
quality dive shops with equipment rental services, scuba diving here has
reached new heights.
9

Massive schools of fish, an amazing array of marine life and an ideal water
temperature throughout the year, has meant that scuba diving conditions in
Costa Rica are near perfect. While some of the Pacific Coast of the country
does not have much to offer, as the underwater visibility is quite low; in places
like Playas del Coco, Playa Hermosa and Playa Ocotal, scuba diving is actually
quite good. Here one gets the opportunity to see giant manta rays, swimming
alongside brightly colored tropical fish and sharks.

One of the best scuba diving zones on the Pacific Coast is off Bahia Drake or
Drake Bay. Visit the Isla del Cao and the Isla del Coco off the bay and you will
be treated to some spectacular underwater sights. These two islands have an
abundance of marine life off their coast, where one can encounter sharks,
turtles and many different species fish. The Isla del Cao is said to be the best
place to scuba dive in the country. Home to 18 species of coral, 3 species of
dolphin and 57 different species of crustaceans, this tiny island is the ultimate
scuba diving spot.

On the Caribbean Coast of Costa Rica, scuba diving is a real treat.


Unfortunately, this area has not been properly developed and the facilities for
scuba diving here are not as good as they are on the Pacific Coast. If you do
get the chance, scuba diving here on the Caribbean Coast of Costa Rica is well
worth your time, as the eastern section of Costa Rica is home to the countrys
only coral reef off the coast of the Parque Nacional Cahuita. Though seriously
damaged by an earthquake in 1991, the reef here is home to over 123 species
of fish, 140 species of mollusk, and 35 species of coral.
Taken from: http://www.govisitcostarica.com/category/outdoorRecreation/divingCompanies.asp

10

Now, choose the correct answer to complete each stamement.

1. The word pethora in line 5 is a synonim for the word ___________


a. Poor
b. Over abundance
c. Lack of
d. Needed

2. The

word

stunning

on

line

number

is

synonym

for

the

word________________________
a. Simple
b. Ugly
c. Regular
d. Breath Taking

3. Dive companies can be found ____________________________


a. Everywhere in Costa Rica
b. Only on the Coast
c. Only in the Carebbean
d. Only on Drake Bay

4. To practice diving in Costa Rica you _________________________


a. Must have your own equipment
b. Can rent the necesary equipment
c. Must have an international diploma
d. Should like animals

5. According to some people _______________ is the best place to practice


this sport
a. Isla del Cano
b. Drake Bay
c. Hermosa Beach
d. Ocotal Beach
11

6. The _______________ is better than the _______________ to practice this


sport
a. Pacific Coast Caribbean
b. Caribbean Pacific Coast
c. Parque Nacional Cahuita Ocotal
d. Ocotal Parque Nacional Cahuita

Answer the following questions based on the reading.

1. What are some factors that makes Costa Rica an ideal place to practice
diving.

2. Where is Costa Ricas only Coral Reef?

3. What can you find in Isla del Cano?

4. Why is it that the Caribbean Coast is not as good as the Pacific Coast?

12

GRAMMAR POINT
WH- QUESTIONS

We use question words to ask certain types of questions (question word


questions). We often refer to them as WH words because they include the letters
WH (for example WHy, HoW).
Question Word

What

Function

asking for
something

information

asking
for
confirmation

what...for

Example

about

repetition

or

What is your name?

What? I can't hear you.


You did what?

asking for a reason, asking why

What did you do that


for?

When

asking about time

When did he leave?

Where

asking in or at what place or


position

Where do they live?

Which

asking about choice

Which colour do you


want?

Who

asking what or which person or


people (subject)

Who opened the door?

Whom

asking what or which person or


people (object)

Whom did you see?

Whose

asking about ownership

Whose are these keys?

13

Whose turn is it?

Why

asking
for
what...for

reason,

asking

Why do you say that?

why don't

making a suggestion

Why don't I help you?

How

asking about manner

How does this work?

asking about condition or quality

How was your exam?

asking about extent or degree

see examples below

Distance

How far is Pattaya from


Bangkok?

how long

length (time or space)

How long will it take?

how many

quantity (countable)

How many
there?

how much

quantity (uncountable)

How much money do


you have?

Age

How old are you?

asking for reason, asking why

How come I can't see


her?

how + adj/adv

how far

how old

how come
(informal)

14

cars

are

Wh- Questions: Word Order


Question Word Auxiliary Subject Verb Complement
Where

Do

They

Go

to school?

When

Does

Mary

watch T.V.?

What

Did

You

Do

What time

Do

They

get up every day?

Why

Does

John

come late?

Who(m)

Did

Ann

Go

with?

How often

Do

They

play

soccer?

yesterday?

Lets Practice!
Match the items on the right to the items on the left. Click on the boxes in the right
hand column and drag them to the appropriate boxes in the left hand column.
Where does George usually
eat lunch? (
)

1. Because

she's

very

mean to me.

Who do you usually come to


school with? (
)

2. At 8:30 a.m.

What do you want to do this


weekend? (
)

3. In October

How much does it cost to fly


from San Antonio to Mexico
City?
(
)

.
4. Once a week.

When does Barbara plan to


buy a new car?
(
)

5. Let's go to the beach.

What time does Helen have


to be at work?
(
)

6. About 10 miles.

How far is it from here to your


house?
(
)

7. About $500.

Why do you always complain


about your boss?
(
)

8. With my brother.

9. At the restaurant next

How often do you go to the


mall?
(
)

to the shoe store.


15

Complete the questions by inserting DO, DOES, or DID.


1. What time _______________ James call you last night?

2. Where ______________ Karen want to go on her vacation?

3. How long ____________it usually take to drive from San Antonio to Dallas?

4. Why ____________Ken come to school on the bus today?

5. How often ____________ you go grocery shopping?

6. How far ______________ the boys run last Friday?

7. What ___________ Kathy want to do this weekend?

8. Who _____________ the boys go fishing with the other day?

Fill in the blanks to complete the questions.

1.
A: What time __________________ in the morning? (you)

B: I get up at 7:30 a.m.

2.
A: When__________________? (Tony)

B: He goes jogging every morning


16

3.
A: Where___________________? (Randy)

B: He lives across the street from North Star Mall.

4.
A: Who_________________with? (Anna)

B: She comes to school with her brother.

6.
A: How much___________________to get an oil change? (it)

B: It costs about $30.00.

7.
A: What kind of car____________________? (your brother)

B: He has a Ford Taurus.

8.
A: What_______________________to buy at the mall? (you)

B: I want to buy a pair of black shoes and some blouses

17

Change the statements to questions using the question word in parenthesis.


Check verb tense.
Example: The train arrived at ten oclock.
(what time) What time did the train arrive?

1. They do their homework at night.


(when) ________________________________________________________
2. Mr. Robertson came to the party alone.
(who) __________________________________________________________
3. The car is across the street from the house.
(where) ________________________________________________________
4. I like the red blouse, not the blue one.
(which) ________________________________________________________
5. She felt better after she took a nap.
(how)__________________________________________________________
6. That is an English book.
(what) __________________________________________________________
7. My sister called her boyfriend yesterday
(when) _________________________________________________________
8. She talked to him for an hour.
(how long) ___________________________________________________
9. He studies piano at the university.
(what) _______________________________________________________

18

10. The party lasted all night.


(how long)____________________________________________________
11. The check was for $5.50.
(how much)_____________________________________________________

Reading
Before you read the text think about these questions.
1. Who is Lobito Fonseca?
2. What sport did he practice?
3. What do you know about him and this sport?
Now read Lobito Fonsecas story
Born on September 3, 1981 in San Jos, Costa Rica, Fonseca began riding dirt
bikes at the age of 5. At 12 years old, his natural talent had led him to the
United States for a chance to race in mini-classes where he dominated the
80cc class. At this point, Ernesto decided to move up to the 125cc Pro class,
where the powerhouses of Costa Rican motocross such as Adrian Robert,
Rodolfo Pea, Arnoldo Beeche, and others had a tough battle for the
championship.
At first, there was a little controversy since MotoClub de Costa Rica has a rule,
that the minimum age to ride 125's was 17. In the end M.C.C.R. modified this
rule and Fonseca was perfectly legal in the 125cc class. It was in his first
exhibition race in la Gucima where Fonseca showed his talent by beating
Adrian Robert. From here on, Ernesto and Adrian Robert were the fans
favorites and the all time contenders for the 125cc & 250cc class titles, battling
one each other race after race. Ernesto's dominance also gave him several
125cc Latin American motocross championships. Fonseca kept a busy
schedule competing in winter Olympics and Loretta Lynn's amateur motocross
19

championships where he met his long time friend Ricky Carmichael. In 1999,
Phil Alderton and Erik Kehoe of Yamaha of Troy would hire him to race the
AMA Supercross Series East.
It was just matter of time for Fonseca to step up to AMA motocross. AMA Pro
Racing, and Yamaha of Troy (Y.O.T.), embraced him and made him feel at
home. A confidence boost for Ernesto was also that he was understudy of
names like Jeremy McGrath, Jimmy Button & others.
That season he had certainly proven himself, winning the first five rounds of the
series, and the championship. For this, Fonseca was named the 1999 AMA
Rookie of the Year award and he went on to win the 125 East division
championship (first championship for Yamaha of Troy as a Team) aboard a
Yamaha YZ125R. Ernesto's second season at Y.O.T. was full of struggles as
he adapted from two to four-stroke bikes. In his third season, now accustomed
to his four-stroke bike and the different riding it requires, he went on to win the
west conference championship. He became the first rider to win both East and
West division championships and also the first rider to win Supercross on a
four-stroke.
As AMA rules state a rider must move to the 250cc Supercross class if they've
won two 125cc Supercross championships, Fonseca joined the American
Honda factory racing team in 2002 joining long time friend Ricky Carmichael.
At Honda, Carmichael helped Ernesto immensely, helping him improve in the
outdoor motocross championship. This was reflected by Fonseca usually
finishing in the top five.
Tragically, Fonseca's career came to an end due to a practice crash that broke
cervicals C5, C6 and C7. Ernesto Fonseca, a tough rider, remains a Costa
Rican motocross legend.
Taken from: www.wikipedia.com

20

Now choose the best option to answer each question.


1. When did Lobito Fonseca start riding bikes?
a. When he was a teenager
b. When he was a young adult
c. When he was a child
d. When he was an adult.

2. Where did he have his first competition?


a. In La Guacima
b. In the USA
c. In Mexico
d. In San Jose, Costa Rica
3. For how many seasons did Fonseca participate in motor racing
championships?
a. One
b. Two
c. Three
d. Four
4. Why did Lobitos career in motor cross end?
a. Because he didnt want to participate more
b. Because he finished on the top five
c. Because he got injured in an accident
d. Because he needed to be older

21

Answer these questions based on Lobito Fonsecas bio


What was the rule that the MotoClub de Costa Rica have to change?
_________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
What was Fonseca doing when he got injured?
_________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
What are some categories Fonseca participated in?
_________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
What accomplishments did he get on his carrer?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Read the information and choose the alternative that best completes each
sentence.
Juan Jose MadrigalPacheco us a Costa Rican athlete. He bcame the first
Costa Rican to compete in Atlantas Olympic Games. He debuted the teams
efforts on July 20 in the 100 meter breaststroke. The 22 year old bachelor had
qualified for the Olympics in a test run in Cuba, where he clocked in at 1:05:54.
In Atlanta, Juan Jose finished the competition in 34th place.
Melissa Mata Corella was 16 years old when she competed in the Olympic
Games ran in Atlanta. She was the youngest member of the team and
competed on July 26, 1996 in the 20 meter butterfly. Melissa qualified with time
of 2:20:53.

22

Andres Brenes Mata was the only tico cyclist to go to the Olympic Games in
Atlanta. He had a good shot at a medal after winning the silver Panamerican
Games in Mar de Plata Argentina (1995) and the Tour of Costa Rica and
Guatemala.
1. Juan Jose and Melissa ______________________________________.
a. Competed in the Panamerican Games
b. Held the first place in the race
c. Won an Olympic silver medal
d. Are both swimmers

2. Andres Brenes _______________ in Argentina


a. Was born
b. Won two medals
c. Got the second place
d. Qualified for the Olympics
3. Juan Jose Madrigal _________________________________________
a. Is a teenager
b. Lives in Cuba
c. Got the 22nd place
d. Is an unmarried man
4. Andres Brenes _____________________________________________.
a. Never competed in the Olympics
b. Won a silver medal in Mar de Plata
c. Got two gold medals in Guatemala
d. Finished 34th place in a competition.

23

How much do you know about surfing?


Here are some important facts about it!
The art of surfing, called he'enalu in the Hawaiian language, was first observed
by Europeans in 1767, by the crewmembers of the Dolphin at Tahiti; however,
surfing was a central part of ancient Polynesian culture and predates European
contact.
Equipment needed: Wet suit and a Surfboard, any other equipment is almost
optional.

Surfing Ranking (as April 2007) Costa Rica


Name

Gilbert

Category

Open*

Age

23

Brown

Impressive

Favorite

Fact

Wave

2001-2002

Salsa

National

Brava

Experience

Hometown

14

Puerto Viejo

12

Puerto Viejo

10

Jaco

Champion
Nino

Open*

21

Myrie

2002-2003

Salsa

National

Brava

Champion

and
Pavones

Lisbeth

Womens

Vindas

Bodyboar

Champion

d **

the

24

5-time National Playa


in Escondid

Womens a

Category
Central
American
Womens
Champion

24

Natalie

Womens

Bernold

Category

13

2005-2006

Avellana

Junior

Beach

Tamarindo

Womens
Champion
Century

21

Coastal
Estates
Charity

Surf

Classic
Include all the categories*

** with a smaller board.

1. People in that chart must ____________ to practice their sport

a. Wear spikes
b. use a helmet
c. Wear swimwear
d. practice on a court.
2. Wave refers to _____________ in the chart

a. The place where these people live


b. the place where they eat
c. Their favorite place to surf
d. a movement in the water

25

3. The people in the chart are very young, __, they have lots of experience

a. Nevertheless
b. even
c. however
d. in addition

4. A hometown is the place where is the place where the surfers

a. Practice the sport


b. live
c. Study
d. their favorite wave is

5. Based only on the chart, you can infer that there _______ in Costa Rica

a. Are at least 2 categories


b. are more than 3 categories
c. Is only one surfing category
d. are at least 3 categories
6. Based only (not on your geographic knowledge) that ______ is a beach
a. Jaco
b. Tamarindo
c. Puerto Viejo
d. Salsa Brava
7. ______________ have been surfing more than half his/her life
a. Gilbert and Nino
b. Nino and Lisbeth
c. Nathalie and Gilberth
d. Lisbeth and Nathalie
26

8. ______________ have been surfing more than half his/her life


e. Gilbert and Nino
f. Nino and Lisbeth
g. Nathalie and Gilberth
h. Lisbeth and Nathalie
Read the text below
Young Winners
When talking about successful Costa Rican athletes, we usually think of soccer
players like Paulo Cesar Wanchope or Gilberto Martinez, or we think of the
famous swimmers Claudia Poll or Silvia Poll because their achievements have
been truly outstanding, and at the same time they have become a symbol of
our national pride. However, sometimes we overlook the accomplishments of
other Costa Rican athletes that succeed in other disciplines, and in some
cases these people do not receive the recognition they deserve. For example,
have you heard of Juan Antonio Marin, Ernesto Fonseca or Marco Aurelio
Odio? They are these three men that have put the name of Costa Rica before
the words eyes and a little has been said about them. Therefore, below you
will find in plain words why they deserve credits.
First of all, lets meet Juan Antonio Marin. This expert tennis player obtained
the Coqui Bowl Title in 1989 in Puerto Rico. At this time, he announced he
would do great things. He indeed kept his word when became the first and only
Costa Rican who has won the Copa del Caf. In 1992 and 1993, he was twice
champion in doubles and by 1996, he had become a professional tennis
player. After winning against Marcelo Rios from Chile and Michael Chang from
the USA, Marin got his first title of the ATP in the open of Switzerland in
Bastad.
Secondly, a wolf in champions clothing Ernesto Lobito Fonseca, was
registered in the history as the first motorcycle pilot of the area that won a title
at the age of 17. This prize added to his early successful career: five Latin
27

Americans titles, four Central American titles, four amateur tournaments in


USA, 12 national titles, and several other categories in motocross.
The third man to honor is Marco Aurelio Odio Gallardo, who is considered the
greatest Costa Rican bowler in history. He is the only Costa Rican player with
five perfect games (line of 300 points) four here in Costa Rica and one in
Miami. During his 19 years of career, he won La Raza two times (1989 and
1992). He has won the national tournament twice in 1995 and 96, once the
Central American in 1996, and he has won the isthmuss Champion of
Champions tournament in times. He has also been to 10 World Tournaments.
These great competitors demonstrate that dreams come true when you work
hard for them.
Adapted from: nacion.com<http://www.nacion.com/In_ee/futbol/milenio/cien9/cien20.html

Based on the previous reading choose the option that best completes the
statements or question.
1. The main idea of the first paragraph is __________________________
a.

There are successful soccer players

b.

Claudia and Silvia Poll represent our National pride

c.

Not all Costa Ricans athletes are recognized

d.

Aurelio Odio has represented the country in the world

2. Juan Antonio Marin is a successful ____________________________


a. Bowler
b. Soccer player
c. Pilot
d. Tennis player

28

3. Marin became a professional player in ___________________________


a. 1992
b. 1993
c. 1989
d. 1996
4. Lobito Fonseca made history when he won ______________________
a. a title the same year of his debut
b. the Latin American titles
c. Central American titles
d. An amateur tournament.
5. Marco Aurelio Odios greatest achievement was ___________________
a. Winning La Raza tournament
b. Doing five perfect games
c. Winning the isthmus Champion of Champions Tournament
d. Being in ten world tournaments
6. What these three athletes have in common is that __________________
a. The three of them are pilots
b. The three of them are recognized throughout the world
c. The three of them have succeeded at a very young age
d. None of them have worked hard for their goals.

29

Now complete the chart below with the information about the athletes
mentioned in the article.
Athletes name

Occupation

Sport

Achievements

Solve the following cross-word puzzle with these sentences.


Across

Down

3. You need a racket to play ______

1. ______ is one of the most popular


sport in the USA

4. Claudia Poll is an outstanding __


2. Soccer is played on a ________
5.

An ______ takes part in sport

competitions

3.

Bora and Guimaraes have been

_______
6. An oxygen tank is needed to

to

the

National

Soccer

Team.

practice _______________
7. To ______ is to move on ice with
8. Tennis is played on a _________

skates

9. ________ is a sport that requires


an arrow

8.

______ requires patience and

concentration

10. You can ________ a wave or the

30

11. A _______ is a point scored when

net.

the ball enters the goal.

13. In England soccer is called ____

12. ______ shows the best athletes in


the same category.

14. A _______ is a physical activity


15.
17.

A _____ takes place when a

player

hurts

another

Do you like to __________

soccer?

intentionally

during the game

16. __________ is a form of football


played with an egg-shaped ball.

18. To _______ is to fight with gloves

31

Second Topic

COSTA RICAN ART, MUSIC AND CRATS

32

Objectives

Understanding the communicative value (function) of sentences and utterances.

Linking sentences and paragraphs, structuring ideas.

Expressing a range of responses and attitudes to events, issues or opinions,


giving reasons

Making themselves understood with little or no difficulty.

Formulating propositions and answering propositions.

Selecting written material that is appropriate to their competence to read


independently.

Art crafts and music in Costa Rica:


Wh_ questions: which, when, what, how many, how, why, etc.
Who is a famous painter/writer?
Where does the ___ play?
Yes/no questions
Do you like/prefer ____?
Is he/she a ____?
Types of music: classical, popular.
Places: Gallery, theater, etc.

Different Kinds of Music!!

33

There are many kinds of music. Can you match the different styles of music
with some of its most famous and representative singers?

) Country Music

) Heavy Metal

) Salsa and Tropical Music

) Rap Music

) Pop Music

1. EMINEM

2. Marck Anthony

3. Carrie Underwood

4. Beyonce

5.

34

35

Read the following text


Vegetables Back on the Scene
After two years of silence, Garbanzos is back to give a concert.
Ten years ago a group of teenagers got together and decided to form a music
group that, with time, would become one of the most emblematic Latin Rock
Bands in the Country: Garbanzos. However, two years ago their fans began to
suffer the silence of the band. They stopped listening to the lyrics and sounds
of Garbanzos. The reasons were several: one of its members Gustavo, got
married and left the band. Another had a car accident. Everything came at the
same time, said one of them but now theyre back: Were older, twenty-eight
on average but according to them better than ever.
After finishing their studies, the band is giving a concert, it only costs 1500
colones. Theyre going to release their new recordings. These are fourteen
original songs compiled in a CD titled Algo en la Vida (Something in Life).
However, theyre going to play their old hits, too. It would be two hours of
Garbanzos best rock.
Choose the correct option to complete each sentence based on the text above.
1. The Garbanzos have played ____________________
a. for eight years
b. for the last ten years
c. for the last two years
d. since they were teenagers
2. The Band stopped playing because ______________
a. The members became older
b. They wanted to finish their studies
c. They took time to prepare their new album
36

d. There were changes and difficult situations in some of the bands members
lives
3. The members of the Band Garbanzos are __________ on average
a. Teenagers
b. 10 years old
c. 28 years old
d. 38 years old
4. The Band is going to play ____________ during the concert
a. Only their new material
b. A mixture of their new and old songs
c. The music that made them famous ten years ago
d. Fourteen songs from their album Algo en la Vida
Read the following text
Jacques who? Who is he?
A writer and a musician, Jacques Sagot has become one of the most
prominent personalities in the cultural panorama in Costa Rica. Feeling this
passion for both kinds of art, Sagot studied music and became of the most
celebrated pianist Costa Rica has ever had.
As a writer, he prefers to write short stories and articles for newspapers.
Among his works, we can find Cuentos Magicos y Goticos (Magic and the
Gothic Tales) published in 1998, where the writer bases his tales on fantasy.
Cuentos de Plenilunio (Full Moon Tales) published in 2001, is his second
book. This time the author remains faithful to the narrative style and fantastic
world shown in his previous publication.
Besides these two books, Sagot has published a work titled Ella (She) and
the first volume of Pensamiento en forja (Thoughts under Construction),
37

whose second volume was released last year. In these two volumes, he
compiles the articles he has published on page 15 for La Nacion from 1988 to
the present. So the next time you listen to this uncommon name, you will
know who this prolific artist is.
Choose the correct option that completes each sentence based on the
reading above.
1. The text emphasizes to the work of Sagot as _________
a. A pianist mostly
b. A writer exclusively
c. A journalist in La Nacion
d. Booth a musician and a writer
2. In his second book Sagot ________________
a. Writes magic and gothic stories
b. Tries a new way to write short stories
c. Keeps a similar style and topic as in his first book
d. Continues with the second volume of his first book
3. The two volumes of Pensamiento en Forja have been __________
a. Released in 2006
b. Considered fantastic
c. Published by La Nacion
d. Written from 1988 to the present
Read the information and choose the alternative that best completes each
sentence.
Arts Fest will Go On
Organizers of the beleaguered Festival of the Arts, set to begin this weekend in
Limon, were plowing forward at press time, despite a local strike which
38

threatened to end the festival before it begins.


The Festival of the Arts is set to offer a wide range of local talent and big name
San Jose- acts, including a multi-genre mix of music, dance, theater and
poetry, with events in Limon, Cahuita and Guapiles from September 19-27
The popular festival was temporarily grounded once before, when Minister of
Culture attempted to shut it down, citing a lack of involvement and interest by
the national public and decreased performance quality. The Minister
subsequently reserved his decision and named a committee to ensure quality
and wide range at this years festival.
Festival of the Arts press spokesperson Ana Beatriz Fernandez said organizers
hoped the strike would end promptly, but claimed all events would continue as
scheduled.
The Tico Times, September 19, 2003 (Adapted)

1. The organizers of the Festival of the Arts fear that the ________affects it.
a. Strike in Limon
b. Absence of music
c. Schedule in Cahuita
d. Low quality of music
2. The Festival of Arts lasts ________________
a. Nine days
b. Nineteen days
c. Almost 15 days
d. About two weeks

39

3. According to the text, _____________ tried to close the festival because of


its low quality.
a. Organizers
b. Some strikers
c. The Minister of Culture
d. Ana Beatrice Fernandez
4. The Festival of the Arts ______________
a. Was created by Ms. Fernandez
b. Offers diverse events
c. Was forbidden by the Minister
d. Is an unpopular event.
Read the text. Choose the best alternative to complete each sentence.
Born in San Jose in 1934, Rafa Fernandez attended the Casa del Artista art
school in Guadalupe, a suburb northeast of San Jose, before accepting a
scholarship to the School of Fine Arts in Nicaragua. There he studied with
Rodrigo Penalba, an influence that would later be reflected in Fernandezs use
of tone and color. Also influencing the artists style and expression would be
the time spent in Spain studying at the Circle of Fine Arts in Madrid. His works
have gained international distinction and have been shown in France, Spain,
the United States, Colombia, Honduras, Panama, Nicaragua and Guatemala.
In his exploration of the human figure, Fernandez employs a magical realism
that is central to his feminine characters. With explosions of color, he creates
the archetypal beauty using themes of desire and fascination combined with
soft and hard form.
The Tico Times, February 4, 2005

1. Rafa Fernandez studied in ___________________


a. Panama
40

b. Colombia
c. Nicaragua
d. Guatemala
2. Rodrigo Penalba inspired Rafa Fernandez to ____________________
a. Study at the Casa del Artista
b. Accept a scholarship
c. Use tone and color
d. Go to Spain
3. Rafa Fernandez _____________________ in Spain
a. Studied with Mr. Penalba
b. Got his style and expression
c. Gained international distiction
d. Worked in the Circle of Fine Arts
4. Rafa Fernandez paints ____________________
a. Human figures
b. Antique figures
c. Typical portraits
d. Colored photographs.
Read the text. Choose the best alternative to answer the questions.
The three-time Grammy award winning musical trio Editus realized their vision
with the opening of the Editus Arts Academy. The Academy has 50 students,
and Ednin Solis expects 400 students to be enrolled, working within a broad
range of musical styles. Solis vision for the academy and the types of courses
offered is similar to the trios music: a blend of style from across the musical
spectrum.
Editus, an all-instrumental group, works in parallel with classical and
contemporary music, Solis said. In keeping with that style, the academy has
41

tried to break from the traditional concept of formal musical training and expand
the focus from solely classical to styles such as rock, jazz, Latin and electronic.
Not limited to music or convention, the academy lends its unique perspective to
Costa Rican artist in the field of theater, dance, painting, literature, film and
poetry through workshops.
1. Whats Editus main achievement? They ______________________
a. Launched an academy
b. Play instrumental music
c. Won the Grammy Award
d. Got a national trophy twice
2. Whats Editus expectation? To ________________
a. Have hundreds of students
b. Enroll fifty students
c. Open an academy
d. Found a new trio
3. What kind of music does Editus play?
a. A mix of styles
b. Formal music
c. Choral music
d. autochthon
4. What type of courses does Editus offer in their academy? Courses _____
a. Specialized in formal music
b. On musical instruments
c. On sculpture and design
d. In different art fields.

42

Imagine youre going to interview Jorge Jimenez Deredia. What would


you ask him about his career and achievements? Create a draft youre
your interview with at least 10 questions.

My Interview with Jimenez Deredia


______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

Read the following text carefully.

Sarchi
Costa Rica is full of delightful places, but Sarchi stands out for the precision,
skill, charm and crafts of its arts which are the best in Costa Rica. Sarchi is
alson known for its carpentry. Josefinos come here to buy skillfully crafted
wooden chairs, tables and beds. These things might be a bit impractical for
foreign visitors to take home, but there are leather comfortable and wood
rocking chairs that can be folded to transport. Beautiful and useful bowls,
plates, cutting boards, napkin holders and the like of all made of native
hardwoods, are also available.
43

The pretty town of Sarchi is most famous for the brightly colored, artfully
painted oxcarts, in all sizes, that are made there. Visitors are welcome to enter
the fbricas de carretas and watch the master artist at work on miniature
versions of the carretas which are famous worldwide.

Now choose the best option to complete the sentences.


1. The reading says that Sarchi ________________________
a. Is full of things that can be folded to transport
b. Displays garde ornaments in leather
c. Stands for geometrical designs
d. Is the place of fine arts
2. A Sarchi article which is famous around the world is the _____________
a. Wood and leather rocking chair
b. Miniature version of the cart
c. Handmade napkin holder
d. Wooden table.
Now answer these questions based on the reading about Sarchi
1. Why is Sarchi such a popular tourist site?
__________________________________________________________
2. What size ox-carts are sold?
_____________________________________________________________
3. What items do people buy in Sarchi?
_____________________________________________________________
4. What wooden and leather item is made to for travelers to carry?
_____________________________________________________________
5. What kind of wood do the artisans use to make their crafts?
_____________________________________________________________
44

Third Topic

COSTA RICAN TYPICAL FOOD

45

Objectives

Understanding relations within the sentence (structure, syntax, morphological,


modification of structure and negation) characteristic of spoken language.

Identifying text types.

Identifying the purpose of short messages

Identifying details in familiar material.

Understanding relations between the parts of a text through lexical cohesion


devices.

Producing pieces of writing of various lengths on real and imaginary subjects.

Expressing a range of responses and attitudes to events, issues or opinions,


giving reasons.

Typical food:

What are the most popular dishes in your community?

What do you eat for breakfast, lunch, etc. ____?

Which, when, how, what kind of____?

Do/does ____ like ____?

What's typical from____? etc.

Functions:
Convincing people to do something.

46

Look at these two recipes. One of them is to prepare chili con carne and
the other is to prepare pancakes. Arrange them according to the recipe.
Ingredients:

Directions:
Simmer uncovered for 45 minutes.

chili powder 1 tbsp salad oil

In a very big pot add in oil and saut


1 cup onion 1/2 cup green pepper

garlic, onion, celery, and green pepper

1 lb beans maple syrup

until onion is light brown.


Slowly add the flour into the eggs

1 clove garlic 1-1/2 cups milk

and gradually add milk until everything


1 tbsp butter 1 tbsp sugar

is completely mixed.
Once the vegetables are cooked,

2 cups celery butter for frying

add ground beef. Then cook until

1/2 cup flour 2 cans of tomatoes

brown.
1/2 tsp salt 1 lb ground beef

Cover the bottom of a frying pan with

2 eggs

butter and spoon in a small amount of


pancake mixture.
Stir in kidney beans, tomatoes, salt,
and chili powder.
Melt the butter in a small pot. Then
sift the flour, salt, and sugar into a
large mixing bowl.
Mince garlic and chop onions, green
pepper, and celery.
Dig a hole in the center of the flour
and break in the eggs.
When the pancake bubbles, flip it
over and cook until it is brown
Serve with maple syrup.

47

Now write the ingredients and procedures appropriately for each recipe.
Chili con Carne
Ingredients:

Procedures:

_____________________________

_________________________

_____________________________

_________________________

_____________________________

_________________________

_____________________________

_________________________

_____________________________

_________________________

_____________________________

_________________________

_____________________________

_________________________

_____________________________

_________________________

_____________________________

_________________________

_____________________________

_________________________

Pancakes
Ingredients:___________________ Procedures:_______________
_____________________________

_________________________

_____________________________

_________________________

_____________________________

_________________________

_____________________________

_________________________

_____________________________

_________________________

_____________________________

_________________________

_____________________________

_________________________

_____________________________

_________________________

____________________________

_________________________

48

Fruit Vocabulary

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Grapes
Pineapples
Bananas
Apples
Peaches
Pears
Apricots
Plums

9. Grapefruit
10. Oranges
11. Lemons
12. Limes
13. Tangerines
14. Avocadoes
15. Cantaloupes

16. Cherries
17. Strawberries
18. Raspberries
19. Blueberries
20. Papayas
21. Mangoes
22. Coconuts
23. Nuts

49

24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

Watermelon
Dates
Prunes
Raisins
Not ripe
Ripe
Rotten

Vegetables

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Lettuce
Cabbage
Carrots
Zucchini
Radishes
Beets
Sweet
peppers

8. Chili
peppers
9. Celery
10. Parsley
11. Spinach
12. Cucumbers
13. Squash
14. Turnips
15. Broccoli

16. Cauliflower
17. Scallions
18. Eggplants
19. Peas
20. Artichokes
21. Potatoes
22. Yams

50

23. Tomatoes
24. Asparagus
25. String beans
26. Mushrooms
27. Corn
28. Onions
29. Garlic

Meat and Poultry

Beef
1. Roast Beef
2. Steak
3. Stewing
beef

Beef ribs

Pork

6. Veal
cutlets

9. Ham
10. Pork chops

7. Liver

11. Bacon

8. tripe

12. Sausage

4. Ground
5. Beef

51

Lamb
13. Lamb
Shanks
14. Leg
lamb
15. Lamb
chops

of

Poultry

16. Chicken

19. breasts

22. drumsticks

17. Turkey

20. wings

23. gizzards

18. duck

21. thighs

24. raw
chicken
25. Cooked
chicken

Containers and Packaged Food

52

1. Bottle
2. Jar
3. Can
4. Carton
5. Container
6. Box

13. A bottle of
soda
14. a jar
15. a can
soup

of

16. a carton of
eggs

17. a container
of cottage
cheese
18. a box
cereal

of

19. a bag
flour

of

20. a package
of cookies

7. Bag
8. Package
9. Six-pack
10. Loaf
11. Roll
12. Tube

53

21. a six pack


of soda
22. a loaf
bread

of

23. a roll
paper
towels

of

24. a tube of
toothpaste

Food and drink

11

10

13

12
10

11

12

9
8

54

Across

Down

1. Sweet food made by mixing flour,


eggs, butter, sugar, etc.

2. Two slices of bread with food


between them

3. A sweet brown food made from


cacao seeds

4. An oval object with a hard shell

6. A green or purple berry made for


making wine

5. A red vegetable often eaten in


salads or cooked

8. A vegetable with a stem and cap


which grows rapidly

7. A plant with large green leaves

10. A long thin orange vegetable


that grows under the ground

9. A white liquid

13. A type of a small cake that is


thin, hard and usually sweet

11. A large vegetable with green


leaves and a white round centre
that you cook and eat
12. A vegetable with many layers
and brown skin which has strong
smell and taste

Cooking Vocabulary
Match the words with the according picture.
a

Pour
Stir
Cut
Fry

Grill

Melt
Peel

f
g

Bake
i

Add
Boil

Read the recipe and complete it instead of the pictures.


55

Chop

Brownies
Recipe taken from:
http://www.cacaoweb.net/brownies.html

Ingredients
1+1/3 cup _____________________
1+ cup _______________________
4 tablespoons unsweetened cocoa powder
1 teaspoon baking powder
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
cup (170 g) ______________________
3 fl oz (0.9 dl) boiling _________________
3 ____________________
4 oz (120 g) ___________________
5 oz (150 g) chopped walnuts or pecan nuts

Frosting
1/3 cup (75 g) ___________________
8 oz (220 g) sweet or semisweet _______________________
2 tablespoon light corn syrup
2 tablespoon hot espresso or very strong coffee

56

Method

Preheat

_____________ to 350 deg F (Gas mark 4 or 180 deg C).

Line a 13 x 9 in (33 x 23 cm) cake tin with grease proof or other non-stick paper
and grease the tin. Put it in the ________________________

Put the ________________ in a saucepan.

In a bowl mix _________________


baking powder and vanilla extract.

Add

_________ melted

____________,

, cocoa powder,

and hot ________ and stir until smooth.

add _______________ and nuts.

______________ at 350 degrees F until a wooden pick inserted in

center comes out clean, approximately 20-30 minutes.

Cool the
__________________
______________________frosting.

For the frosting, add


___________
and heat in a double boiler until melted.

Mix until smooth and spread over the cake.

57

Glace

with

the

,___________syrup and coffee

Label the pictures. Use the word bank.


Grilled

roasted

boiled

baked

___________________

______________________

_________________

_______________________

fried

______________________________

Now fill in the blanks based on the pictures above.


a. Burgers are grilled on a barbecue
b. Water is ______________ in a saucepan on the stove
c. Cookies are ____________________ in an oven
d. Chicken is ____________________ in a frying pan.
e. Hot dogs are ______________ over a fire.

Lets Practice the Vocabulary


Unscramble these words, use the clues.
a. To mix with a spoon ( i t r s ) _____________
b. To combine two ingredients or to put them together ( d a d) ___________
c. To cook something in an oven ( k a b e ) _____________________
d. To heat liquid until it reaches 100 o C ( I b i o ) _____________________
e. To serve a liquid like coffee, tea or water ( u r p o ) ________________
58

f. To chop, divide or slice something with a sharp instrument like a knife.


( t u c) __________________
g. To liquefy or dissolve by heating (e m t l ) __________________
h. To stir or whisk vigorously ( a e t b ) ______________________

Read the following recipe by writing the appropriate verb. Use the words on
the box to complete it.
Chocolate Cake

Beat

4 oz of sugar

Pour

4 oz of flour

Cut

4 oz of butter

Add (twice)

1 bar of chocolate

Mix (twice)

2 eggs

Melt

tsp vanilla

Bake

_____________ the sugar and butter together in a mixing


bowl, then ___________ two eggs and __________ the whole
mixture. _____________ flour a little at a time. _________ a
chocolate bar in a pan over low heat and _________ to the
rest. ___________ this mixture into a greased cake pan, and
_________ for 40 minutes at 350o C
Then when its ready _____________ into pieces and offer it
to your friends and family!
Bon Appetite

59

Food Adjectives
Bland
Sweet
Sour
green
Cylindrical
Indian
Round
Spicy
Hot
Cold
Oval
Italian
soft
Crumbly

Creamy
Delicious
Japanese
Crunchy
oily
Crispy
Cream white
Hard
Fluffy
Chinese
Chewy
Disgusting
purple

Put the adjectives above under the correct tables.

Taste
sweet

Shape

Colour

round

green

60

Texture
chewy

origin
Chinese

What does the apple taste like?


Use some adjectives to describe these foods.

Food

Taste

Color

61

Shape

Texture

Read the following excerpt.


Costa Rican Cuisine Dictionary
Arracache: a delicious root that is cooked in a picadillo, usually eaten with
corn tortillas in gallos.
Bocas: Complimentary food served with drinks as an appetizer or between
meals
Ceviche: Diced raw fish mixed with onion, garlic, cilantro and lime juice,
usually served as a snack with crackers, ketchup and mayonnaise.
Chifrijo: Tender Beans, avocado, toasted tortillas, tomato and fried pork, one
of the most popular bocas nowadays.
Empanadas: (Corn turnovers) Tortillas folded in two forming a shell and fried
in oil, filled with beans, mashed potatoes, pork, sausage, beef, cheese or
sweet ones filled with pineapple jelly or others.
Frescos: Fresh fruit drinks made with sugar, fruit, water or milk. Some of the
most popular ones are tamarind, lemon, star fruit, and cas in water; or
blackberry, papaya and guanabana (sour sop) in milk.
Gallos: Corn tortilla with meat, beef, chicken, beans, white cheese, or picadillo
in it.
Rice and Beans: Gallo pinto cooked in coconut milk and served with chicken,
a typical dish from the Caribbean area.
Choose the correct answer to complete each sentence based on the previous
excerpt.
1. Bocas are ________
a. Desserts
b. Snacks
c. Side dishes
d. Main course
2.
a.
b.
c.

A difference between empanadas and gallos is that empanadas _______


Are fried, and gallos arent
Are made with corn, and gallos are not.
Are prepared with tortillas, and gallos arent
62

d. May be filled with cheese and gallos may not.


3. The fact that both ____________ is a similarity between chifrijo and
ceviche.
a. Are made with fish
b. Must be eaten warm
c. Are served as appetizers
d. Have corn in their preparation.

Can you say whats in other meals?

Tamales:

Pati:

Hamburguers:

Hot Dogs:

Whats your favorite typical food?


__________________________________________________________
How often do you eat it?
__________________________________________________________
How do you prepare it?
__________________________________________________________
63

Where do you usually eat it?


__________________________________________________________
How to prepare a delicious Ceviche
Ingredients:
1 lb (450 g) white fish
1 small onion
1 clove garlic
Chopped cilantro
cup of lime juice
teaspoon of salt
Mild pepper
Preparation
Dice fish. Mix onion, garlic and the chopped ingredients. Add the lime juice.
Mix all the ingredients and refrigerate at least two hours.
Serving
You may serve it with mayonnaise, ketchup and boiled green plantains.
Choose the correct option to complete each sentence based on the
previous recipe.
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
3.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Three of the ingredients in the ceviche are ________


Onion, garlic and ketchup
Green plantains, fish and chili
Chopped fish, lime juice and chopped cilantro
Lime juice, mayonnaise and chopped cilantro.
In this recipe the fish is ____________
Raw
Ripe
Fried
Boiled
Ceviche is a ___________ dish
Hot and salted
Cold and sweet
Salted and cold
Sweet and warm

64

Read this e-mail


Hi, Becky
I got your list of questions about Costa Rican typical food. I love cooking and my
mom is a great cook too! First of all, the main ingredients of our food are rice, corn,
beans, coriander, garlic, oregano, a version of Worcestershire sauce, fresh fruit,
meat and vegetables. Our food is usually mild. And every dish is tastier if you
prepare it in a wood burning-stove. We usually have breakfast, lunch, dinner and a
coffee break. For breakfast, we usually have coffee or sugar cane hot drink, bread,
butter, sour cream, cereal or scrambled eggs. The most common dishes are the
gallo pinto (literally it means spotted roaster! Ill send you the recipe) and
casado (married man dish). The casado consists of white rice, black or red beans
served with pork, steak, fish or chicken, a portion of salad, some picadillo (chopped
vegetables, with or without meat) and / or fried ripe plantain. This dish is usually
eaten for lunch or dinner. Other traditional dishes are rice with chicken or with
shrimps (my favorite), tripe soup, olla de carne (beef soup), tortillas (like the burrito
tortillas you eat in the USA, but made of corn flour), tamales (cornmeal, stuffed
with pork or chicken, wrapped in bananas leaves and boiled).
Some traditional drinks are horchata (made with ground rice) and resbaladera
(made with rice and barley). In addition, we make juice of almost any fruit we have.
For example, I love blackberry, mango, and passion fruit juice. Among desserts,
the most common ones are rice pudding and fruit salad. For coffee break, people
usually have coffee and some pastry or bread with sour cream; I like yoghurt and
fresh fruit, though.
Hope this information will help with your assignment! Write soon and tell me about
American Food.

65

Now based on the e-mail read the sentences and write if theyre True or
False. Write (T) or (F) or NG if the information is not given.
Statement
Becky is a good cook

T/F/NG

Carlas mother can cook


Carla has pastry and coffee for coffee break
Casado has some kind of meat in it
The recipe of gallo pinto is described
Mondongo soup is made with beef
Picadillo is made with vegetables
Food is better if prepared in a wood stove

Imagine you invite a Canadian friend for lunch. Write a well-balanced, typical
Costa Rican menu.

66

Read the text and choose the best alternative that best completes each
sentence
Costa Rica Style with a Chorreador de Caf
We are well acquainted with the traditional way of coffee brewing. Our coffee
machines are quite popular throughout the country, many of us are still using the
traditional chorreador de cafe. You will find those at the Central Market or just email

us,

we

usually

have

on

stock

ask

for

information

at

costaricatours@earthlink.net
The Costa Rican method is simple. All you need is a wooden stand with a round
hole at the top. There you place a cloth filter to hold the ground coffee (two
tablespoons of fine ground coffee per cup). Bring water to a boil and pour it down
the filter and into the coffeepot, which has been placed underneath the cloth filter.
It is critically important to bring water to a boil; otherwise coffee will lose its aroma
and flavor properties.
1. The use of chorreador de caf is very ________ in Costa Rica?
a. Ancestral
b. Restricted
c. Uncommon
d. Inexpensive
2. The chorreador de cafe __________
a. Is made by costaricatours@earthlink.net
b. Has a hole on the base
c. Is made of wood
d. Boils water

3. You need _____ to filter the coffee


a. A round hole
b. A fabric bag
c. Cold water
d. A coffeepot
67

4. Using very hot water, makes be _______


a. Acid
b. Flavorless
c. Bitter and insipid
d. Fragrant and savory

Read the information and choose the alternative that best completes each
sentence.

Tico food is neither spicy nor, in many respects unfamiliar. It is built around the
basis of rice, beans, corn, vegetables, meat, chicken or fish and usually served
with corn tortillas. Breakfast typically features a delicious mixture of rice and black
beans known as gallo pinto which may be accompanied by eggs, corn tortillas
and sour cream. Calorie counters may prefer a tropical fruit plate of papaya,
watermelon, pineapple, bananas and, in season, mango or cantaloupe. Casados,
popular at midday, are huge plates of white rice, beans, fried plantains, salad,
cheese, diced vegetables and your choice of meat, chicken or fish. Hearty soups
are a favorite for dinner. Commonly served desserts include caramel or coconut
flan, several type of pudding, and a cake called tres leches. The fresh fruit
drinks, are flavorful and healthy. Any kind of fruit, from strawberries to mango, is
mixed in a blender with crushed ice, either water or milk and a little honey or
sugar.
Adapted from Costa Rica Horizons

1. Costa Rican food is ____________


a. Commonly served with watermelon
b. Mainly based on rice and beans
c. Based on tropical fruits
d. Spicy and unfamiliar

68

2. The favorite dish people enjoy at lunch is __________


a. A soup
b. A casado
c. Diced vegetables
d. Several types of pudding
3. A tres leches is _____________
a. a mixture of water, milk and honey
b. one of the favorites after meals
c. made of caramel and coconut
d. flavorful and healthy

4. Gallo Pinto is typically served at ________________


a. breakfast
b. lunch
c. dinner
d. any time

Creative Cooking
By Christine Dietz The Tico Times Staff
Flat Bread
(Makes 2-3 flat loaves)
5 cups wheat flour
5 tbsp dry yeast
tsp. salt

Disolve Yeast in 1/3 cup of warm wter. Place fluor and


salt in a bowl and form a well. Pour in yeast. Add rest of
water and knead with greased hands (use some olive oil)
until the dough becomes soft and non-sticky. Cover bowl
with a kitchen cloth and let stand in a warm place for 30
minutes until dough has doubled in size.

1 1/3 cup warm water


1 tsp olive oil
1 tbsp water
1 egg yolk
1 tsp. honey
1 tbsp. linseed
2 tbsp. sesame seeds

Form flats by stretching the dough with your hands,


leaving ends thick. Place on a greased baking tray. Press
your fingers slightly on the flat, forming rhombic patterns.
Mix water, yolk, honey and olive oil in a small cup and
spread on the flats. Sprinkle with linseeds and sesame
seeds. Preheat oven and bake under minimum heat for
15 minutes and under highest heat for 30 minutes until
flats become well browned

69

1. To make flat bread, first you ________________


a. Dissolve flour and salt in warm water
b. Spread 1 egg yolk on tray
c. Melt 5 tbsp. yeast in water
d. Add 5 cups wheat flour
2. After pouring the yeast into a bowl with flour and salt, you _________
a. Add 1 tsp. olive oil
b. Grease the bowl with olive oil
c. Add more flour and salt and knead it
d. Annex more water and mix with oiled hands
3. To bake the bread, you need to ________________
a. Sprinkle the tray with linseeds and sesame seeds
b. Preheat the oven for 45 minutes
c. Spread honey in the tray
d. Heat the oven in advance

Read the information. Choose the appropriate alternative to answer each


question.
a. Im going to prepare a special dish today
b. What is it? Paella, shrimps or what?
a. Its a ham, potato and cheese soup
b. Soup? Lets see what it includes to be a special dish?

a. You need 12 peeled and cubed large potatoes, two finely chopped onions,

70

two pounds of processed cheese, one pound of cubed ham, ground black
pepper, 3 tablespoons of all purpose flour; one cup of milk and water.
b. And how do you prepare this special soup?

First, you place the potatoes, onions, and cubed ham in a large pot; a cover
them with water. Then, you cook the potatoes until theyre almost tender.
Remove about one cup of cooked potatoes and mash in a bowl with the back
of the fork. So, you add some of the liquid from the pot along with the flour and
cheese until you have a thick paste. Add this back to the pot. Finally, let the
soup boil and add pepper to taste.

1. How many ingredients does the person use to prepare the recipe?
a. Twenty
b. Eleven
c. Eight
d. Ten

2. What does the person advice to do first? To ____________________


a. Add pepper and cheese
b. Mix water and hot milk
c. Mash potatoes in a bowl
d. Cook the potatoes, onions and ham

71

3. Which ingredients are used to thick the paste?


a. Water and rolls
b. Milk and black pepper
c. Cubed ham and onions
d. Flour, cheese and potatoes

4. Whats the last step on preparing the soup? To __________________


a. Cut onions into cubes
b. Add pepper when boiling
c. Remove the cooked potatoes
d. Place potatoes in a large pot.

72

Fourth Topic

HOLIDAYS AND CELEBRATIONS IN COSTA RICA WITH SOME


CELEBRATIONS IN ENGLISH SPEAKING COUNTRIES

73

Objectives

Understanding ideas and information in the text through making inferences,

Identifying the purpose of short messages.

Criticizing.

Summarizing the gist of new items, messages and narratives.

Identifying details in familiar material.

Understanding relations between the parts of a text through lexical cohesion


devices

Adapting clearly, formal and informal writing styles at a simple level.

Expressing a range of responses and attitudes to events, issues or opinions,


giving reasons

Current events and holiday celebrations:


What's your favorite celebration?
When is it celebrated?
How is it celebrated?
My family is used to going /eating, celebrating, etc. on____?
I prefer ____, etc.
Functions:
Reporting on current events and holidays celebrations.
Requesting and giving information on current events and celebrations.

74

Holidays Vocabulary

1. New Years Day

8. Fireworks

15. Thanksgiving

2. Parade

9. Flag

16. Feast

3. Confetti

10. Halloween

17. Turkey

4. Valentines Day

11. Jack-o-lantern

18. Christmas

5. Card

12. Mask

19. Ornament

6. Heart

13. Costume

20. Christmas Tree

7. Independence Day
or 4th of July

14. Candy

A. Plan a party

E. Hide

B. Invite Guess

F. Answer the door

Birthday

C. Decorate the

G. Shout Surprise!

J. Make a wish

H. Light the candles

K. Blow
out
candles

house

I. Sing Happy

D. Wrap a gift

the

L. Open the presents

75

Holydays and Festivals


Think about these questions and answer them
What is the most important celebration in Costa Rica?
_______________________________________________________________
How do you celebrate it?
_______________________________________________________________
Which country would you like to go to participate in the carnivals?
________________________________________________________________
April Fools Day

Rio de Janeiros Carnival

April Fools Day is celebrated in the USA


on April 1st, Americans play small tricks
on their best friends and relatives by
making them believe facts/things which
are not real or by putting them in
embarrassing situations that make them
feel ridiculous in front of others. One
common trick on this day is making an
appointment with somebody and then not
showing up. These are some other
practical jokes. Putting salt in the sugar
bowl for the next person to use it. College
students set their clocks an hour behind,
so their roommates show up at the wrong
class. Most April Fool Jokes are in good
fun and arent meant to offend anyone.

The anual carnaval in Rio de


Janeiro, Brazil started around
1840, Brazilians celebrate this
famous carnaval at the beggining
of february. They offer prizes for
both costumes and music; the
competition results in a varied
and imaginative entries in both
categories. It is the most famous
carnival in the world.

Barranquillas Carnival
This carnival is celebrated in Barranquilla,
Colombia. It is on the second weekend in
February. Colombians have four famous
events in the carnival: The Battle of the
Flowers, The Great Parade, The
Orchestra Festival and the Vallenato
Festival. They finish the carnival with the
death of Joselitos Carnival

76

The Day of the Death


The Day of the Death is
celebrated
in
Mexico
on
nd
November 2 . It is when
Mexican families spend at the
cemetery visiting the graves of
their relatives, cleaning up and
painting their headstones. They
always arrange flowers for the
dead and light candle lights.
They offer food to their dead and
then they have lunch together
there.

Fill out the Chart based on the previous information


What is the name
of the
celebration?

Where do they
celebrate it?
Rio de
Brazil

When do they
celebrate it?

How do they
celebrate it?

Janeiro
On November 2nd

Barranquillas
Carnival
April Fools Day

Classify the following words or phrases in each group.


Wine

dancing

sending cards

candy

Desserts

chicken

putting on a costume

Halloween

Receiving gifts

day of the Dead

Thanksgiving

Christmas

Activities

New Years Eve

cake

Food

77

Celebration

Jane is talking to her mom, Kate. She couldnt be with her family on
Thanksgiving. Read their conversation

a. Hello,Mom
b. Hi, darling. Did you call me this morning?
a. Yes I did. But you werent at home. Mom, Im really sorry that I couldnt be
with you last Thursday for Thanksgiving.
b. What happened?
a. Well, I didnt book my flight in advance from Washington to Tallahassee.
When I went to the airport all the tickets had been sold. What did you do on
Thanksgiving?
b. Dad, Mary and Sally were at home. We all prayed and had dinner together.
We ate turkey, cranberries, sweet potatoes and pumpkin pie. It was a
wonderful evening.
a. Sounds great! I just stayed at the university dormitories with two friends of
mine. In the morning, there was a mass at the university chapel and I went
with them
b. I hope you come next year
a. I promise. Ill see you in December, Mom.
b. Bye, sweetie.
Check Jane or Kate to specify who did each action
Jane
She

couldnt

fly

to

Washington
She went to a mass
She

prayed

with

her

family
She

ate

thanksgiving

dinner

78

Kate

The Simple Past Tense


Uses
USE 1 Completed Action in the Past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a
specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the
specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
Examples:

I saw a movie yesterday.

I didn't see a play yesterday.

Last year, I traveled to Japan.

Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.

Did you have dinner last night?

She washed her car.

He didn't wash his car.

USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These
actions happened 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.
Examples:

I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.

79

He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and
met the others at 10:00.

Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

USE 3 Duration in Past

The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A
duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years,
for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.
Examples:

I lived in Brazil for two years.

Shauna studied Japanese for five years.

They sat at the beach all day.

They did not stay at the party the entire time.

We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.

A:

How

long

did

you

wait

for

them?

B: We waited for one hour.


USE 4 Habits in the Past

The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It
can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking
about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never,
when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.

80

Examples:

I studied French when I was a child.

He played the violin.

He didn't play the piano.

Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?

She worked at the movie theater after school.

They never went to school, they always skipped class.

USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which
are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar
to the expression "used to."
Examples:

She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.

He didn't like tomatoes before.

Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?

Here you can see examples of the past form and base form for irregular
verbs and regular verbs:
V1

V2

V3

base

past

past participle

regular

work

worked

worked

verb

explode exploded exploded

all regular verbs

like

liked

liked

ends in -ed.

irregular

go

went

gone

The past form for

verb

see

saw

seen

irregular verbs is
81

The past form for

sing

sang

sung

variable.

You

need to learn it by
heart.
You do not need the past
participle form to make the
simple past tense. It is
shown

here

for

completeness only.

The structure for positive sentences in the simple past tense is:

subject + main verb


Past

The structure for negative sentences in the simple past tense is:

subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb


Did

Base

The structure for question sentences in the simple past tense is:

auxiliary verb + subject + main verb


Did

Base

The auxiliary verb did is not conjugated. It is the same for all persons (I did,
you did, he did etc). And the base form and past form do not change. Look
at these examples with the main verbs go and work:
subject auxiliary verb

main verb

+ I
You
-

went

to school.

worked

very hard.

She

Did

not go

with me.

We

Did

not work

yesterday.

? Did

You

go
82

to London?

Did

They

work

at home?

Exception! The verb to be is different. We conjugate the verb to be (I was,


you were, he/she/it was, we were, they were); and we do not use an
auxiliary for negative and question sentences. To make a question, we
exchange the subject and verb. Look at these examples:
Subject
+ I, he/she/it

main verb
Was

here.

You, we, they Were


-

I, he/she/it

Was

not there.

You, we, they Were


? Was
Were

in London.

not happy.

I, he/she/it

right?

you, we, they

late?

Exercises
Change the verbs in the following sentence into past tense.
1. Yesterday, I go to the restaurant with a client.
____________________________________________________________
2. We drive around the parking lot for 20 minutes in order to find a parking
space.
___________________________________________________________
3. When we arrive at the restaurant, the place is full.

4. The waitress asks us if we have reservations.

5. I say, "No, my secretary forgets to make them."


____________________________________________________________
83

6. The waitress tells us to come back in two hours.


____________________________________________________________
7. My client and I slowly walk back to the car.
____________________________________________________________
8. Then we see a small grocery store.
____________________________________________________________
9. We stop in the grocery store and buy some sandwiches.
____________________________________________________________
10. That is better than waiting for two hours.
____________________________________________________________

Correct the mistakes in the following sentences:

1. Last night, Samantha have pizza for supper.

2. My pet lizard was died last month.

3. Yesterday I spend two hours cleaning my living room.

4. This morning before coming to class, Jack eats two bowls of cereal.

5. What was happened to your leg?

84

Read the text carefully and answer the questions.


Well this happened when I was 12.
We had a school medical exam, which
we had to attend.
That day classes were off. It was just
the medical. Boys timings were from 9
to 12 and girls from 12 to 2:30.
When I reached the medical room to
get enlisted it was 10:30. Still I was
asked to wait, as only 3 counters were
working instead of 5. So I had to wait.
When my turn came, it was nearly
11:30 and an attendant who was a
young guy took me in. He took me to
the boys room and asked me to strip
off

my

uniform.

He

said

it

was

customary and it would be only for 3


minutes. As no one had seen me
naked that way before, I was feeling
shy.
The doctor checked me promptly but wanted to get a few x-rays of my appendix
done.

I was asked to go to the x-ray room immediately so as to save time. I had

never imagined the x-ray room would be at the far end of the corridor. Luckily no
one was around. But when I finished my x-ray, it was already 12 and the gates
were thrown open for the girls to come in. They were chatting among themselves
when suddenly they saw me.
I was shocked and having nowhere to go, I ran back to the x-ray room, where
they had already shut the door saying "LUNCH TIME".

85

Practically every girl who had turned up saw me naked. To make things worse my
clothes were all in the dressing room, which was now occupied with girls so I
couldnt go there too. At last 2 matrons came and dragged me by my arms right
through the crowd. I still feel mortified by that incident.

Decide weather the following statements are true or false.


a) The boy had to wait for his turn. ___________________
b) A young attendant asked him to get undressed. ___________________
c) The doctor checked him and sent him home immediately. __________
d) The girls saw him naked. ___________________
e) The dressing room was occupied with boys. ___________________

Find evidence in the text to support the following statements:


a)

That day there were no classes.

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

b)

The boy was asked to take his clothes off.

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

c)

The girls were talking to each other.

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

d)

He was seen naked by every girl on the corridor

.____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

86

e)

He still doesnt like to think about the incident

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Give complete answers to the following questions:


a) How old was the boy when this incident happened?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
b) Why werent there any classes that day?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
c) Why did the boy feel embarrassed?
____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

Make questions to the following answers. Mind the underlined words


or phrases.
a) He was 12 years old when the incident happened.
___________________________________________________________?
b) This incident happened in March.
___________________________________________________________?
c) He met the doctor at 10:30.
___________________________________________________________?
d) The boy went home.
___________________________________________________________?
e) The Doctor told the boy to go away.
___________________________________________________________?
87

Rewrite the following sentences in the negative form:


a) This happened a long time ago.
____________________________________________________________
b) I was shy.
___________________________________________________________
c) Did you have my clothes?
____________________________________________________________

Complete the sentences with the Simple past of the given verbs.
a) The teacher ______________________ (take) him to the boys room.
b) The girls ___________________________ (see) him naked
c) He ________________________________ (ask) questions.
d) He ._____________________________ (finish) the medical exams.
e) He ______________________________ (go) home.
Fill in with the Past Simple of the given verbs:
1. Do
2. Go
3. Big
4. Put
5. Start
6.Begin
7.Tell
8.Buy
9.Think
10.Cry
11.Understand
12.Write
13.Read

88

14.Smile
15.Eat
16.Speak
17.Drink
18.Bring
19.Like
20.Cook
21.Run
22.Hear
23.Cut
24.Walk
25.Catch
26.Wake up
27.Sleep
28.Play
29.Say
30.Fall
31.Study
32.Get
33.Feel
34.Miss
35.Work
36. Wash
37.Travel
38.Fly

89

39.Feed
40.Watch

A very Special Date


What do you know about Saint Valentines Day?
_________________________________________________________________
How do you celebrate it?
_________________________________________________________________
What did you do last February 14th?
_________________________________________________________________

Match the word with its corresponding definition


Definition
1. A

loved

person,

Word
(

boyfriend,

) gift

girlfriend, wife, etc.


2. A present, something given

) to cut out

3. To give or to take one thing in

) exchange

) wallpaper

return for another one


4. Decorative paper for the walls of
a room
(

5. To cook in dry heat, in an oven

) sweetheart
(

6. To wait in a standing position

90

) to stand

7. To

remove

something

from

) to bake

something else by cutting all


around it.

Saint Valentines Day


It is a special day, celebrated on February 14 th, mainly in the USA and Canada.
On this date, people send greetings, mainly in the USA and Canada. On this date
people send greeting cards called Valentines to their sweethearts, friends and
members of their families. Many valentines have romantic verses, and others have
humorous pictures and sayings like: Be my Valentine! On Valentines Day many
people give candy, flowers and different gifts to their friends.
How do people celebrate it?
In the United States and Canada, children exchange valentines with their friends.
In some schools, children have a classroom party and put all valentines into a box
decorated beforehand. At the end of the day, the teacher or one of the students
distributes the cards. Many children make their own valentines from red paper
wallpaper, and pictures cut out from magazines.
In Europe, they celebrate Valentines Day in many ways. British children sing
special Valentines Day songs and received gifts of candy, fruit or money, and in
some areas people bake cakes. In Italy, they hold a Valentines Day Feast. In
Great Britain and Italy, some unmarried women stand by their window, waiting for
a man to pass. They believe that the first man they see, will marry them in the
future.
In Latin America they do different things. In Colombia, for example, people give
and receive cards and presents and they play Secret Friend at School or at
91

Work. To do it, people put their names in a bag and then they take out a different
name to give him/her a present. At the end of the game, they try to identify who
his/her secret friend was.

Scan the text and complete these statements


a. In the USA, people celebrate _____________________________________
b. On this date, they _____________________________________________
c. In Colombia, people ____________________________________________
d. In Europe, children ____________________________________________
Answer the following questions based on your own experience.
1. Do you celebrate Saint Valentines Day in your country?
____________________________________________________________
2. When is it?
____________________________________________________________
3. Does it have the same name? If not what is it called?
____________________________________________________________
4. Do you know how did your parents and grandparents celebrate it?
____________________________________________________________
Complete this postcard that Barbara wrote to a friend in Canada using
the words in the box.
Dear Sandy,
Last
week
we
____________
St.
Valentines Day at school. We _________ a
great party. I __________ a beautiful
________ to my friend Betty. I decorated it
with colorful paper. She liked it very much.
My classmates brought _____________
and our French teacher __________ a
92
delicious ________________. What about
you? What did you __________ on that
day?
Write soon.

Do

celebrated
Had

gift

Gave

cake

Candy

prepared

Write the words below in the appropriate group. You can repeat words.

Cake

turkey

Christmas

Cards

candy

Halloween

Tricks

costume

birthday

Pumpkin pie gifts


Candle

tree

lights

carols

Christmas

Guess the antonyms and fill in the crossword puzzle.


3

5.

2
1

2
1
3

C
O
M

P
5

L
E
T
E

93

DOWN

ACROSS

1. Incomplete

1. Light

2. Happiness

2. Sad

3. Untidy

3. Dirty

4. Old

4. Fast

5. Interesting

5. High

Before reading
Do you know how do people celebrate Christmas in other countries?
Write an example.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

Reading
Scan the text to get specific information and fill in the chart.
Christmas Eve

Native

American

British People

People

Latin American
People

Date of the
Celebration
Typical Food and
Customs

Christmas
Christmas a religious holiday reminds Christians the story of an angel who
94

appeared to shepherds announcing Jesus Christs (The Savior) birth in a manger


in Bethlehem.
In many places in Latin America manger scenes are set up. Families and people
get together and pray and sing Christmas carols around it. People also get
Christmas Trees on which they

hang lights and ornaments.

This tradition began long ago.

On

shortest day of the year people

brought pines into their houses

to symbolize life and light.

Today people put wrapped

December

21st,

the

presents under it.


In

Latin

America,

people

celebrate Christmas Even on

th

December 24 with a special dinner, fireworks and presents. In England and the
U.S.A, they celebrate it on December 25th.The sit by the Christmas Tree and
open presents that day. In England, there is a Christmas lunch with its traditional
turkey and Christmas pudding. In the States, there is a special dinner with turkey
or ham and desserts like pies.
In

Europe,

Saint

Nicholas,

Father

Christmas

or

Sinter

Class (Santa Claus in the

States) comes into houses and

leaves

the

children. In England, there is a

custom of hanging Christmas

stockings near the fireplace for

Santa to fill with candy and

presents. Americans have this

presents

for

custom, too.

Based on the reading complete these sentences


1. Christmas is a Christian celebration of _____________________________
2. People meet around manger scenes and sing _______________________
3. Christmas Trees are decorated with _______________________________
4. The traditional Christmas meal in the USA and England is _____________
5. Traditional symbols of life and light are _____________________________

95

Writing
Choose the holiday or celebration of the year you like the most.
Brainstorm for ideas in the diagram below, if necessary draw more lines.

When

What
(activities)

Where
(place)
HOLIDAY

Who (you

How
(Preparations)

and who
else)
Why
(Reasons)

Read the following information and choose the alternative that best answers
each question.
The annexation is not the only fiesta happening in the northern province of
Guanacaste. Right now, the town of Liberia is celebrating the golden anniversary
of the annual ExpoLiberia fair.
Now in its 50th the fair is sponsored by the Livestock Breeders Group of Liberia,
started on July 18 and will continue until the end of the month.
Featuring bullfights, horse shows and concert, the festival offers an opportunity for
horse breeders to show off and sell their stock. Rodeos, bullfights and horse
shows are the stars of Liberia Festival.
This year, Adolfo Rivas, secretary of the livestock breeders group, said that groups
of breeders from Nicaragua were also coming to show their horses.
96

We have a history of raising horses, Rivas said. Horses were here before
Spaniards arrived
The festival will continue until Saturday, July 27. For more information, contact the
Livestock breeders Group of Liberia at 2666-2469
1.

Whats the main idea of the text?


a. The annexation festival in Liberia
b. Cowboys celebrate fairs 50th
c. Nicaraguan breeders show in ExpoLiberia
d. The bullfights and concerts in ExpoLiberia

2.

Who supports the 50th ExpoLiberia Fair?


a. The Livestock Breeders Group of Liberia
b. The Nicaraguan Livestock Breeders
c. A group of Spaniards
d. Adolfo Rivas

3.

How long does the ExpoLiberia fair last?


a. Eighteen days
b. About a month
c. Almost fifteen days
d. A month and a week

97

4.

What does Adolfo Rivas do? He _______________________


a. Is a Nicaraguan breeder
b. Raises horses in Spain
c. Is the secretary of livestock breeders group
d. Features bullfighta, horse shows and concerts.

Read the Information and choose the alternative that best answers each
question
Days of Importance
Rash Hashanah is traditionally celebrated with snacks and apples and
honey, symbolizing the hope of a sweet new year. It is a day to give
and ask for forgiveness and promise to make changes.
The shofar, a rams horn blown like a trumpet, is sounded 100 times
as a call for repentance, and the Torah scrolls are removed twice
during the services
Tradition says that on Rosh Hashanah, God inscribes all names in the
book of life, and on Yom Kippur the book is sealed with Gods
judgments.
Yom Kippur, or the Day of Atonement, is observed 10 days after the
celebration of Rosh Hashanah. It is a somber way to atone for the sins
of the year by fasting, not working and praying and cleansing the spirit.
It is also a day to forgive each other and begin anew.
Yom Kippur services end with an extended blowing of the shofar and
proclaiming Next Year in Jerusalem.
Amanda Schoenberg- The Tico Times, September 19, 2003

1.

Whats the purpose of Rosh Hashanah? To __________________


a. Follow a tradition rope
b. Give and receive forgiveness
c. Eat snacks of apples and honey
d. Celebrate the promise of a new year.
98

2.

Whats one of the activities during Rosh Hashnah?


a. The trumpet is blown twice
b. People sounds the rams horn
c. People seals the Torah scrolls
d. The shofar is removed 100 times

3.

How is Yom Kippur celebrated? People _________________


a. Fast and pray
b. Work only ten days
c. Promise to visit Jerusalem
d. Promise not to sin in the next year.

99

Read the following text then answer the questions.


Christmas is a holiday held on December 25 to commemorate the birth of Jesus,
the central figure of Christianity. The date is not known to be the actual birth date of
Jesus, and may have initially been chosen to correspond with either the day exactly
nine months after some early Christians believed Jesus had been conceived, the
date of the winter solstice on the ancient Roman calendar, or one of various ancient
winter festivals. Christmas is central to the Christmas and holiday season, and in
Christianity marks the beginning of the larger season of Christmastide, which lasts
twelve days.
Although nominally a Christian holiday, Christmas is also widely celebrated by
many non-Christians, and some of its popular celebratory customs have preChristian or secular themes and origins. Popular modern customs of the holiday
include gift-giving, music, an exchange of greeting cards, church celebrations, a
special meal, and the display of various decorations; including Christmas trees,
lights, garlands, mistletoe, nativity scenes, and holly. In addition, Father Christmas
(known as Santa Claus in some areas, including North America, Australia and
Ireland) is a popular folklore figure in many countries, associated with the bringing
of gifts for children.
Because gift-giving and many other aspects of the Christmas festival involve
heightened economic activity among both Christians and non-Christians, the
holiday has become a significant event and a key sales period for retailers and
businesses. The economic impact of Christmas is a factor that has grown steadily
over the past few centuries in many regions of the world.
Taken from www.wikipedia.com

1. According to the reading, can we be sure Jesus was born on December


25th?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
100

2. What are some possible causes people chose December 25 th to point as


Jesus birth date?

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

3. What are some modern popular celebrations people acquired about


Christmas trough the years?

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

4. Why has Christmas become more an economical activity than a


religious and spiritual time?

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

101

Read the following poster

Youre invited to
the
National
Sports Day on
March 30th, 2007.
In
Metropolitan
Park, La Sabana
Starting at 8 am

For AThletes, sports fans, visitors Yes


Everybody!
Activities: Wall Climbing Costa Rican traditional
indigenous games judo, taekwondo, karate,
cheerleader and gymnastics exhibitions rugby
match swimming.
Big Event: National Beach Volleyball Championship
Final
New Attractions: Canopy tour from 8 a.m., to 5
p.m., under the supervision of Green Mountain
guides and 35 minutes long Kayak exhibition in the
lake Outdoor spinning lessons.
Closing Activity: Concert
Corporation from 1 p.m. on

with

the

group

Sponsored by the Costa Rican Sport and Recreation


Institute with the support of different associations a
and federations dedicating to promoting sports in
Costa Rica, together with elementary schools and
high schools from all over the country

Choose the correct option to complete each sentence based on the


poster above
1. ________________ are invited to take part in the activities
a. All people
b. People from schools and federations exclusively
c. Athletes, sports fan, visitors, and nobody else
d. Only members of associations that promote sports in Costa Rica

102

2. National Sports Day activities last ______________


a. 8 hours
b. 9 hours
c. 35 minutes
d. We dont know how long

3. ________________ is one of the sponsoring organizations


a. Green Mountain
b. Group Corporation
c. Metropolitan Park La Sabana
d. Instituto Costarricense del Deporte y la Recreacin

Read the story

Thanksgiving
September 1620. One hundred and two men, women and children,
known as the Puritans, left the port in Plymouth in England. Their
goal was to reach the Promised Land: a place where they could build
a new community. The Mayflower was the name of the old ship that
took them through a stormy voyage. For two months they sailed until
they landed in America, in Cape Cod (now in the State of
Massachusetts) and settled near that place. They called their colony
Plymouth Plantation.

103

At the very beginning things were really hard. Half of them died
during the first winter because they did not have the right equipment
or facilities to survive. However, the other half survived because of
the local American Indians helped them: the Indians taught them
how to grow corn pumpkins and beans, how to hunt deer and turkeys
and fish.
A year passed. The colonist (now called pilgrims) got their first
harvest. So thankful they were to the Indians and God for their
survival that they invited their native friends to a great feast.
This is the

true story of the first


Thanksgiving
in all of

Day.

Today

people

the

United

States celebrate this day

with a family gathering and a special meal. It is now a national


holiday in that country.

Choose the correct option to complete each sentence based on


the story above.
1. The Puritans sailed for ____________
a. England from America
b. Cape Cod to Plymouth
c. America from Massachusetts
d. Plymouth Plantation from Cape Cod

104

2. The American Indians ____________


a. Gave colonist a hard time
b. Taught the colonist how to survive
c. Shared their food and shelter with the colonist
d. Waited a winter before they decided to help the colonists.

3. Half of the Pilgrims died ___________


a. During a stormy voyage
b. Two months after their arrival
c. Because of American Indians help
d. Because of the lack of appropriate equipment.

Read the text


August 2nd, a Costa Rican Holiday
There is no doubt August 2nd, our Lady of the Angels Day, is an important
holiday for Costa Ricans of different ages and lifestyles
For some people the pilgrimage to our virgen de los Angeles Basilica in
Cartago is really religious, they want to thank, to be healed, that a close
relation be healed, or something else. That is why they pay a visit to the
negrita, a black Madonna who is the patron saint of Costa Rica
For others, is just a pretext for a walk with a group of friends, relatives,
colleagues or by oneself.
Days before August 2nd one can listen to students in their high schools or
to elderly people planning their trip and ideas for that day. And the day
after, these same people recall the pilgrimage, in spite of their aching feet.
105

Pilgrimage: journey to visit a religious place


to ache: to feel pain
To heal: to become healthy again/ to recover your health

Now choose the correct option to complete each sentence based on


the text.
1. To ________________ may be a reason for going to Cartago on
August 2nd
a.Get better
b. Follow a tradition
c. Admire our Lady of the Angels Basilica
d.Connect young students with elderly people.

2. The celebration of our Lady of the Angels Day is a tradition for


_______ exclusively.
a.Elderly Costa Ricans
b.High School Students
c. Really religious people
d.People of different religions and ages

3. The pilgrimage is ____________


a. An easy pain free trip
b. A tiring soaring journey
c. A short relaxed time
d. A time to go for a walk to kill time

106

Complete this chart about Festivals or Holidays in Costa Rica.

Holiday or Festival

When is it?

107

Traditions or things
that happen

FIFTH TOPIC

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF NATURAL RESOURCES


MISUSE

108

Objectives

Discussing alternative possibilities and their consequences.

Understanding a range of imaginative and factual material that includes some


complex sentences and unfamiliar language.

Understanding the communicative value (function) of sentences and utterances.

Redrafting writing tasks already given, with support guidance.

Expressing and justifying ideas, opinions or personal points of view

Natural resources:
We should ____.
A solution could be ____.
I think/believe that ____.
I agree/don't agree ____.
It's better to ____.
What about ____, etc.
____ may be correct ____.
I would ____. etc.

Functions:
Instructing others to do something.
Stating cause and effect.
Expressing opinions

109

Most Common Environmental Problems

Water Pollution and Air


Pollution

Trash Can
Deforestation

Reforestation

Littering

Ozone Layer

110

Recycle
Can you name another?

Match the words


with the
corresponding
picture.

____ Floods
____Fire
____Volcano Eruption
4

____ Litter
____Hurricane
____ Earthquake
____ Smoke
____Sound Pollution
____Sewage

____ Global Warming


____ Deforestation
____ Air Pollution
____ Acid Rain
_____Droughts

10

11

12

Complete the gaps with words about environmental threats mentioned


above.

13

14

15
111

1. The Amazon rainforest has been facing the problem of _____________. Too
many trees have been cut down.
2. Many countries face great __________ because of the constant rain. Many people die
and others lose their belonging.
3. In Africa people face constant __________. It hardly rains there.
4. ____________ is the worldwide warming of the atmosphere.
5. People shouldn`t put their __________ everywhere. They should put it in the
rubbish bin.
6. When there is a ______________ many people have to leave their homes because
of the dust and the lava that is released.
7. _______________ causes the death of many fish and sea animals and plants.
8. In Australia many people died because of the great ________ fires that devastated
some places.
9. Many factories release __________ into the atmosphere through their chimneys.

Environment Crossword Puzzle


What is the missing word in each sentence below? Find the number of each word in the
puzzle. The FIRST letter of that word goes in the box with the corresponding number.
Dont forget you need to print off this crossword puzzle to work on it.

112

List of Words

Air

animals

away

cars

earth

environment

hurts

insects

litter

noise

rags

trees

turn

ugly

everyone
Fish

give

glut

Off

people

plants

Waste

water (2 times)

Across

Down

1) Every litter bit -----.

2 & 11) When you leave a room,

3) Trash tossed away where it doesnt


belong is called ------.
8) The

------------

is what every living thing 5) The air and water now on

Save them.
13)

--------

-----

have

always been here; no new supplies

are good to use for cleaning.

----

(two words) the lights to save energy.


4) Paper is made from -----.

needs for life.


9)

----|---

come from space.


6) The environments of many wild

needs to help keep the

environment clean.

have been hurt by man.


7) Loud

14) Each living thing must have

-----

to

16) Dirty water from factories can kill

----

-------

-----

bothers people and hurts

their ears.

survive.

.
18) People, animals, and

10 & 19) Dont throw away good, used


items you no longer need.

------

live on

earth.

them

----

so others can use them.


12)

21 & 22) When you run the shower too

----

Too many

environment.

113

------

have hurt the

long, you -----|----- (two words).

15) Living things need fresh

23) When something like garbage or


dirty water is not nice to look at, it is ----.

---

in the

environment.
17) Many birds eat -------.

24) Emissions from ---- can make the air 20. Save resources; dont be a ----.
dirty
www.meskwaki.org/.../Natural%20Resources%20Environmental%20Crossword%20Puzzle.

Environmental Verbs: Take Action


Do you consider yourself an earth activist? Talking about environmental issues is
difficult to do in a foreign language. Learning the following verbs will help you
express your thoughts and concerns in English.
Word

Meaning

Example sentence

Ban

disallow an action or thing in a


specified area

The school banned water


bottles because they are bad
for the environment.

Carpool

when people take turns driving


instead of taking two or more cars
to the same location

I carpool to work with two of


my neighbours who also work
downtown.

clear cut or
chop down

to remove trees from a forest

It is important to plant new


trees in nearby areas after
clear cutting.

Compost

put certain types of waste


(vegetable peels, newspapers, dry
leaves) into a large container that
will break down into reusable soil

Since we started composting


we've reduced our garbage by
half.

Commute

travel from home to work (either by


public transit or driving)

Imagine how much pollution


you cause in a lifetime by
commuting two hours a day?

Consume

take into our bodies or homes

Americans consume more


than their share of the earth's
resources.

114

Dnate

give money or items to an


organization or individual in need

When you donate money to


this fund, the animals' habit is
protected.

Emit

to give off or out

Cars emit harmful pollutants


into the atmosphere.

Fertilize

treat plants and green spaces


(lawns and fields) with special
chemicals that helps them to grow

If you are going to fertilize


your lawn, make sure to use
an organic fertilizer.

Minimize

make as little as possible

We can minimize pollution by


walking instead of driving to
work and school.

Pollute

put dangerous substances into the


ground and the air

Fumes from factories pollute


our lakes and oceans.

preserve

keep in its natural state

We need stronger laws in


order to preserve our forests.

Protect

keep from harm

It is important to protect your


skin from the harmful UV rays
of the sun.

Protest

voice concern about; fight against


an issue or decision

The environmentalists will


protest if the road builders
don't make a bicycle lane.

Recycle

to take materials from garbage and


form it into something new that can
be used

Please recycle your junk mail


instead of throwing it in the
garbage.

Reduce

use less

You can reduce your


household waste by buying
products with less packaging.

Reuse

use again

We reuse the inner bags from


the cereal boxes inside our
small garbage can.

throw away

put in the garbage

Don't throw away your grass


clippings; leave them on your
lawn.

use up

use until there is no more

We are using up the earth's


natural resources faster than
ever.

Waste

throw away something that is still


useful

Don't waste toilet paper; use


one or two sheets instead of
three or four.

115

Now lets practice the vocabulary. Choose the correct option to complete the
sentence
1

Garbage incinerators _________harmful pollutants into the atmosphere.


a. Minimize
b. Donate
c. Preserve
d. Emit

You can __________plastic bags over and over until they get holes in them.
a. Reuse
b. resume
c. reduce
d. reproduce

Americans _______ many products that are sold with excess packaging.
a. Chop down
b. consume
c. protect
d. pollute

You can __________household waste by having a compost bin in the garden.


a. Clear out
b. preserve
c. protect
d. minimize

Instead of throwing away your clothes, _______them to a used clothing store or thrift
shop.
a. Use up
b. consume
c. emit
d. donate

They are__________in order to make room for the new theatre complex.
a. Clear cutting
b. protecting
c. reducing
d. using up

Though the city is growing, they are doing a good job of ________the countryside.
a. Reusing
b. preserving
c. minimizing
d. recycling
116

We will _____________if the green initiatives do not get approved at the meeting.
a. Protect
b. prevent
c. provide
d. protest

____________ your bottles and cans at the town depot.


a. Recycle
b. reduce
c. throw away
d. reuse

10

Exhaust from cars ____________ the atmosphere and causes global warming.
a. Emits
b. pollutes
c. preserves
d. conducts
Taken from:http://www.englishclub.com/environment/environmental-verbs-quiz.htm

Read the following passage


Nowadays, air is getting more and more polluted because of the industrialization
and noxious gases released from cars. You can hardly breathe clean or fresh air
in cities. People are getting dirtier and dirtier. They throw rubbish wherever they
can. They dont even use tins or bags. We can also talk about the boats which
transport oil and sink in seas and oceans. They cause great damages in the
submarine world.
Everything polluting the air causes acid rains which damage the forests. If these
disappear, great changes in the climate will be caused because the trees are
chemically very active as they provide us with oxygen. So let us safeguard the
nature or it will be an environmental suicide for humanity and especially for the
ozone layer which is so important for the world. lf this layer is destroyed , people
will be threatened to be affected by any kind of skin diseases .
Say whether the following statements are true, false or not mentioned:
a- People use tins and bags to throw rubbish. _____
b- The ozone layer protects people from skin diseases. _____
c- Trees give us oxygen. ______
117

d- Man is responsible for the climatic change. ______


Answer the following questions according to the text:
a- Why is air getting polluted?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
b- Why is the sub-marine world damaged?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Match each word with its synonym:
Words

Synonyms

1. Rubbish

) Menaced

2. Provide

) Give

3. Destroyed

) Damaged

4. Threatened

) Waste material

Match each word with its opposite


Words

Opposites

1. More

) passive

2. Clean

) less

3. Active

) death

4. Life

) dirty

118

Reorder the following words to get a coherent sentence:


ozone- from- damaged- which- the- layer- being protects- radiation us- ultraviolet__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Forming Comparative and Superlative Adjectives


One-syllable adjectives.
Form the comparative and superlative forms of a one-syllable adjective by adding
er for the comparative form and est for the superlative.
One-Syllable Adjective

Comparative Form

Superlative Form

Tall

taller

Tallest

Old

older

Oldest

Long

longer

Longest

Mary is taller than Max.


Mary is the tallest of all the students.
Max is older than John.
Of the three students, Max is the oldest.
My hair is longer than your hair.
Max's story is the longest story I've ever heard.
If the one-syllable adjective ends with an e, just add r for the comparative form
and st for the superlative form.

119

One-Syllable Adjective with

Comparative Form

Superlative Form

Large

larger

Largest

Wise

wiser

Wisest

Final e

Mary's car is larger than Max's car.


Mary's house is the tallest of all the houses on the block.
Max is wiser than his brother.
Max is the wisest person I know.
If the one-syllable adjective ends with a single consonant with a vowel before it,
double the consonant and add er for the comparative form; and double the
consonant and add est for the superlative form.
One-Syllable Adjective Ending with a

Comparative

Superlative

Form

Form

Big

bigger

Biggest

Thin

thinner

Thinnest

Fat

fatter

Fattest

Single Consonant with a Single Vowel


before It

My dog is bigger than your dog.


My dog is the biggest of all the dogs in the neighborhood.
Max is thinner than John.
Of all the students in the class, Max is the thinnest.
My mother is fatter than your mother.
120

Mary is the fattest person I've ever seen.

Two-syllable adjectives.
With most two-syllable adjectives, you form the comparative with more and the
superlative with most.
Two-Syllable Adjective

Comparative Form

Superlative Form

Peaceful

more peaceful

most peaceful

Pleasant

more pleasant

most pleasant

Careful

more careful

most careful

Thoughtful

more thoughtful

most thoughtful

This morning is more peaceful than yesterday morning.


Max's house in the mountains is the most peaceful in the world.
Max is more careful than Mike.
Of all the taxi drivers, Jack is the most careful.
Jill is more thoughtful than your sister.
Mary is the most thoughtful person I've ever met.
If the two-syllable adjectives ends with y, change the y to i and add er for the
comparative form. For the superlative form change the y to i and add est.
Two-Syllable Adjective Ending
with -y
Happy

Comparative Form

Superlative Form

happier

Happiest

121

Two-Syllable Adjective Ending

Comparative Form

Superlative Form

Angry

angrier

Angriest

Busy

busier

Busiest

with -y

John is happier today than he was yesterday.


John is the happiest boy in the world.
Max is angrier than Mary.
Of all of John's victims, Max is the angriest.
Mary is busier than Max.
Mary is the busiest person I've ever met.
Two-syllable adjectives ending in er, -le, or ow take er and est to form the
comparative and superlative forms.
Two-Syllable Adjective Ending

Comparative Form

Superlative Form

Narrow

narrower

Narrowest

Gente

gentler

Gentlest

with -er, -le, or ow

The roads in this town are narrower than the roads in the city.
This road is the narrowest of all the roads in California.
Big dogs are gentler than small dogs.
Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the gentlest.

122

Adjectives with three or more syllables.


For adjectives with three syllables or more, you form the comparative with more
and the superlative with most.

Adjective with Three or More

Comparative Form

Superlative Form

Generous

more generous

most generous

Important

more important

most important

Intelligent

more intelligent

most intelligent

Syllables

John is more generous than Jack.


John is the most generous of all the people I know.
Health is more important than money.
Of all the people I know, Max is the most important.
Women are more intelligent than men.
Mary is the most intelligent person I've ever met.
Irregular adjectives.
Irregular Adjective

Comparative Form

Superlative Form

Good

Better

Best

Bad

Worse

Worst

Far

Farther

Farthest

Little

Less

Least

123

Irregular Adjective

Comparative Form

Superlative Form

Many

More

Most

Italian food is better than American food.


My dog is the best dog in the world.
My mother's cooking is worse than your mother's cooking.
Of all the students in the class, Max is the worst.
Two-syllable adjectives that follow two rules. These adjectives can be used
with -er and -est and with more and most.
Two-Syllable Adjective

Comparative Form

Superlative Form

Clever

cleverer

Cleverest

Clever

more clever

most clever

Gente

gentler

Gentlest

Gente

more gentle

most gente

Friendly

friendlier

Friendliest

Friendly

more friendly

most friendly

Quiet

quieter

Quietest

Quiet

more quiet

most quiet

Simple

simpler

Simplest

Simple

more simple

most simple

Big dogs are gentler than small dogs.

124

Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the gentlest.
Big dogs are more gentle than small dogs.
Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the most gentle.
Now lets Practice
1. Mount Everest is__________than Cerro Aconcagua. (high)
2. I like music. To me, music is _______________(interesting) than
maths.
3. Cheetahs are__________than tigers or lions. (fast)
4. The Parana is a long river...The Amazon is longer. But the Nile is
the________in the world.
5. Mariah Carey is a bit _________ than Madonna. (young)
6. This Ferrari is the____________ expensive car in the world!
7. Which is the heaviest? Gold, silver or aluminum? "Gold is the________ of
the three"
8. The giraffe is______________than the elephant. (tall)
9. Laurel and Hardy were____________than the Simpson" (funny)
10. Albert Einstein was ___________than our former president..."Anyone was"
(intelligent)
11. Pluto is____________than Mars (cold)
12. Mercury is the____________planet to the Sun. (close)
13. The Atacama Desert is__________than the Amazonian region. (dry)
14. The Saharan desert is the ____________ one in the world. (big)
15. A horse lives longer than a dog...But a tortoise lives the___________

125

16. Which is smaller, China, Argentina or Monaco? "Obviously Monaco is


the____________of the three"

Read the following text

The Earth
Our planet The Earth is the third planet from the sun. The
Earth is the fifth largest planet in the solar system.
The Earth has 7 continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South
America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia. Asia is the (1)
largest continent. Australia is the (2) smallest.
There are about 195 countries in the world, but
no-one can agree on the exact number.
Russia is the (3) largest country. Vatican City is
the (4) smallest. Ukraine is the largest country in
Europe. Malta is the smallest country in Europe.
China has the largest population in the world with
1,335,960,000 people. The smallest population is found on the Pitcairn Islands
with only 50 people.
The (5) smallest city in the United Kingdom, is in Wales, it is called St David's and
the Cathedral Close. The second smallest city in the UK is the City Of London!
(not to be confused with Greater London). The City Of London is roughly 1 square
mile and is where London started.
Tokyo in Japan is the (6) most expensive city in the world to live. Johannesburg in
South Africa is the (7) cheapest city in the world to live.
Natural facts:
Mount Everest is the (8) highest mountain in the world and is 8,848 metres above
sea-level.
126

Baikal is the (9) deepest lake in the world. Baikal is in Russia and is 1,637 metres
deep.
Man-made facts:
The Weihe Grand Bridge is the (10) longest bridge in the world. The Weihe Grand
Bridge is in China and is 79,732 metres long.
The Burj Khalifa is the (11) tallest building in the world. The Burj Khalifa is in Dubai
and is 828 m tall.
The Delaware Aqueduct in the USA is the (12) longest tunnel in the world and is
137 km long. An Aqueduct is something that carries water from one place to
another.
References from:
www.wikipedia.com
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html

Superlatives exercise
Complete the sentences based on the previous reading and choose the most
suitable adjective from the box.
1.

Asia is the largest continent in the world.

2.

Australia is the _________ continent.

3.

Russia is the _________ country in the world.

4.

Vatican City is the _________ country in the world.

5.

The _________ city in the United Kingdom is in Wales.

6.

Tokyo is the _________ city in the world to live.

7.

Johannesburg is the _________ city in the world to live.

8.

Mount Everest is the _________ mountain in the world.

9.

Baikal is the _________ lake in the world.

10. The Weihe Grand Bridge is the _________ bridge in the world.
11. The Burj Khalifa is the _________ building in the world.
12. The Delaware Aqueduct is the _________ tunnel in the world.

127

Read the following letter. Fill in the blanks with words from the column on
the left.

Wildlife

Dear Readers of the Tiquicia News,

Tourist spot

Last Weekend I visited Tarcoles for the second


time. My first time there was in 1985. I am outraged
by what I saw! Before, Tarcoles was a popular
_______________ due to surf and ___________
____________. However, the extreme __________
of the Tarcoles River is literally __________ tourists
away.

Sewage
Pollution
Urban
Health
Scaring
Crocodiles
Environmental

This river gets untreated _________ water from the


__________ areas of the country. This brings about
____________ risks for humans and deteriorates
the _____________ conditions for local species of
the area, such as the Tarcoles ________.
The tour of the river was the highlight of the trip to
Tarcoles. Now, this river has become the towns
nightmare. Someone has got to do something!
A very Angry Tourists

Read the following text.


The 4 Rs
Treating garbage in landfills has become a problem worldwide. Here are some
possible solutions.

High

Deep

Long

Large

Small

Large

Tall

Long

Small

Small

expensive

Cheap

128

The 4 Rs
Reduce

If we reduce the amount of garbage, there will be less


garbage to dump in landfills. Packaging is a serious
part of the problem. We should buy products that
have no packaging , donate old clothes and goods,
recharge batteries, share books and newspapers
If we cant reduce, we can reusee. This means

Reuse

repairing

damaged

appliances,

using

empty

containers, any buying durable goods (as opposed to


disposable ones)
When a thing cannot be reused, we can recycle it

Recycle

that is, reprocess it as a new object. We should buy


recyclable products.
Recover

Industries can recover energy from non-reusable


waste. An example is energy recovery from landfill
gas.

The international symbol for

recycling is a mobius loop.

This band, with only one side

and

discovered in 1858 by the

German

August

create a model by taking a

Mobius.

You

can

one

edge,

was

mathematician

paper strip giving it a half twist and then gluing the ends of the strip together to
form a single strip.
How can we put into practice the 4 Rs? Lets talk a little a bit about paper. To
reduce pollution and save innumerable trees, forest habitants and biodiversity, it is
vital to use less paper products. When we have to use them, we should try to
reuse them (for example, write on both sides of a sheet). And it is imperative to
use recycled paper.
Recycled paper can be manufactured from 100% pre-consumer waste (made out
of paper scraps that have never been used and are left over after the paper
129

manufacturing process), 100% post costumer waste (PCW) (made out of paper
that has been used by the consumer), and a mixture of the two. The higher the
PCW percentage, the better.
100% recycled, 85% PCW means that the paper is 100% recycled, with 15% preconsumer waste and 85% post- consumer waste. 50% recycled 30% PCW means
that the paper is 50% recycled, with 20% pre-consumer waste and 30% postconsumer waste
Choose the correct alternative to complete the sentences based on the
previous text.
1. The 4Rs concept refers to the problem of _____________________
a. Garbage
b. Reducing
c. Industries
d. Landfill gas
2. Repairing an appliance instead of buying a new one is an example of ____
a. Reusing
b. Recycling
c. Reducing
d. Recovering
3. August Mobius discovered ___________________
a. The half twist
b. The process of recycling
c. The concept of pre-consumer content
d. A band with only one side and one edge
130

4. An example of ____________ is not buying things wrapped in plastic


a. Reusing
b. Recycling
c. Reducing
d. recovering
CORAL REEFS
Coral reefs are one of the most complex and colorful tropical ecosystems, rivaling
rain forests in their richness of life. Coral reefs organisms build massive and
intricate physical structures that are home to some of the most fascinating plants
and animals in the world.
Coral reefs are one of the most spectacular and fragile of underwater
environments, covering less than one percent of the ocean floor but supporting
an estimated twenty-five percent of all marine life.
Even though they are located in the tropics, coral reefs can benefit people and
the natural world far beyond their boundaries.
Adapted from P Z Guide Costa Rica.

1. Coral reefs are considered ______ ecosystems.

a.

the least colorful

b.

among the ugliest tropical

c.

less complex than rain forest

d.

among the most complex and vivid

2. Coral reefs host ______________.

a.

a great variety of aquatic plants and animals

b.

three different species of land creatures

c.

many animals which live on land only

d.

a few organisms

131

3.

Coral reefs benefit ___________

a.

the unnatural world

b.

people, plants and animals

c.

only life within their boundaries

d.

sea creatures of the tropics exclusively

"Earth Song"

Did you ever stop to notice


The crying Earth the weeping shores

What about sunrise


What about rain

I used to dream

What about all the things

I used to glance beyond the stars

That you said we were to gain...

Now I don't know where we are

What about killing fields

Although I know we've drifted far

Is there a time
What about all the things

Hey, what about yesterday

That you said was yours and mine...

(What about us)

Did you ever stop to notice

What about the seas

All the blood we've shed before

(What about us)

Did you ever stop to notice

The heavens are falling down

The crying Earth the weeping

(What about us)

shores?

I can't even breathe


(What about us)

What have we done to the world

What about apathy

Look what we've done

(What about us)

What about all the peace

I need you

That you pledge your only son...

(What about us)

What about flowering fields

What about nature's worth

Is there a time

(ooo, ooo)

What about all the dreams

It's our planet's womb

That you said was yours and mine...

(What about us)

Did you ever stop to notice

What about animals

All the children dead from war

(What about it)


132

We've turned kingdoms to dust

(What about us)

(What about us)

Can't you hear them cry

What about elephants

(What about us)

(What about us)

Where did we go wrong

Have we lost their trust

(ooo, ooo)

(What about us)

Someone tell me why

What about crying whales

(What about us)

(What about us)

What about babies

We're ravaging the seas

(What about it)

(What about us)

What about the days

What about forest trails

(What about us)

(ooo, ooo)

What about all their joy

Burnt despite our pleas

(What about us)

(What about us)

What about the man

What about the holy land

(What about us)

(What about it)

What about the crying man

Torn apart by creed

(What about us)

(What about us)

What about Abraham

What about the common man

(What was us)

(What about us)

What about death again

Can't we set him free

(ooo, ooo)

(What about us)

Do we give a damn

What about children dying


What environmental problems does the song describe?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Whats the songs main idea?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

133

What do you think is the most important or biggest problem mentioned in the
song?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

What should each one of us do to help preserving wildlife and natural


resources?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

134

Sixth Topic

TOURIST ATTRACTIONS OFFERED BY COSTA RICAN


COMMUNITIES

135

Objectives

Identifying the purpose of messages.

Noting key items or interpreting the gist in messages, dialogues and basic
personal information.

Responding to messages and dialogues in short simple sentences in a


range of context.

Understanding conceptual meaning.

Content
Tourist attractions:

Do you like ____?

Have you ever ____?

Have you gone/liked/enjoyed ____?

Why don't you ____?

Would you_______ ?

You should ____.

There is/are ____.

Let me show you ____.

The place offers you ____. etc.

136

What is your favorite place in Costa Rica to go on vacation?


Heres a guide of some of the most popular and beautiful places tourist visit
when they come to our beautiful Costa Rica
Arenal Volcano National
Park - Arenal Observatory
Lodge
Originally
a
private
observatory established in
1987, this is the only lodge
within the Arenal Volcano
National Park boundaries.
The lodge is found on a
macadamia nut farm on the
south side of the volcano.
Many researchers from
around the world have
stayed here to study the
active
volcano.
From the lodge there are
excellent views of the
volcano and Arenal Lake in
the opposite direction. Many
hikes can be taken from the
area, including some to
waterfalls, as well as old
and recent lava flows. The
lodge is a good choice for
accommodation, and there
are varying options.
Hobbies
&
Activities
category:
Waterfall,
cascades;
Hiking
opportunity;
Towers,
monuments,
observation
deck

Samara Beach
This beach is gaining in popularity and
has a reputation of being one of the most
attractive and safest beaches in Costa
Rica. The white-sand beach offers gentle
waters, but has less shade and wildlife
than other beaches in the area.
Snorkelling,
diving,
kayaking
and
sportfishing are popular activities.
Hobbies & Activities category: Beach;
Scuba or snorkel opportunity; Fishing
opportunity;
Swimming
&
water
activities;
River rafting, canoeing,
kayaking

Tortuguero
The inland, Intercoastal Waterway offers
access to the northern Caribbean coast.
Generally, travelers embark from the port
of Mon and continue to Tortuguero
National Park and beyond. By 1974,
canals had been connected to existing
natural waterways thus linking the entire
system.
Today, it is no longer necessary to go
offshore in order to travel north, a much
safer alternative. Apart from being the
most convenient way to travel in the
region, riding the Intercoastal Waterway
offers travelers another option for
observing scenery and wildlife.
Hobbies & Activities category: Boating,
sailing, water craft activities; Dam,
bridge, lock, waterway
137

Now based on the previous text answer the following questions

1.

Why is Arenal Observatory Lodge look for people to stay when they

visit Arenal?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2.

What can you do in Arenal?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

3.

Write some reasons why Samara Beach is a great place for a vacation?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

4.

What are some hobbies and activities you can enjoy in Samara Beach?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

5.

Why is it that riding the Intercoastal Waterway is a better option to get to

Tortuguero?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

6.

What activities can you do in Tortuguero?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

138

Tourism Related Vocabulary


Accommodation

Alojamiento

admission fee

costo de la entrada

Brochure

Folleto

camping site

sitio para acampar

car rental (US)

alquiler de autos

car hire (GB)

alquiler de autos

car park (GB)

estacionamiento

city centre (GB)

centro de la ciudad

Cruise

Crucero

double room

habitacin doble

double room with twin beds

habitacin doble con dos


camas

downtown (US)

centro de la ciudad

Flight

Vuelo

Fortnight

Quincena

Guesthouse

casa de huspedes,
pensin

Guide

Gua

hiking trail

sendero de caminata

holidays (GB)

vacaciones

Holidaymaker

veraneante, turista

Hostel

Hostal

Hotel

Hotel

hotel chain

cadena de hoteles

Inn

Posada

motor-home

casa rodante

one-way ticket (US)

viaje de ida

package deal

Paquete

parking lot (US)

estacionamiento

Resort

lugar de vacaciones

return ticket (GB)

viaje de ida y vuelta

round ticket (US)

viaje de ida y vuelta

Season

Temporada

sightseeing tour

visita con gua

single ticket (GB)

viaje de ida
139

single room

habitacin simple

ski resort

estacin de esqu

sun lotion

bronceador

Sunglasses

gafas de sol

Sunblock

filtro solar

Sunburn

quemadura de sol

theme park

parque de diversiones

time-sharing

tiempo compartido

tour operator

empresa de viajes

tourist office

oficina de turismo

travel agency

agencia de viajes

travel agent

agente de viajes

vacation (US)

vacaciones

waiting list

lista de espera

youth hostel

albergue juvenil

to book

Reservar

to confirm

Confirmar

to drive

Conducir

to fly

Volar

to go on holiday (GB),
vacation (US)

irse de vacaciones

to go abroad

irse al extranjero

to go camping

ir de camping

to go climbing

ir a escalar

to go hiking

ir a dar una caminata

to go mountaineering

hacer alpinismo

to go sightseeing

visitar lugares de inters

to go skiing

ir a esquiar

to go swimming

ir a nadar

to go to the beach

ir a la playa

to have a good time

pasarlo bien

to have a bad time

pasarlo mal

to make a reservation

Reservar

to hold a reservation

mantener una reserva

to plan

Organizar
140

to rent a car

alquilar un auto

to stay

Permanecer

to sunbathe

tomar sol

to take a holiday (GB),


vacation (US)

tomarse vacaciones

to take a photograph

tomar una fotografa

to travel

Viajar

Present Perfect
FORM
[has/have + past participle]
Examples:

You have seen that movie many times.

Have you seen that movie many times?

You have not seen that movie many times.

Complete List of Present Perfect Forms


USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified


time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the
Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year
ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that
day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific
expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so
far, already, yet, etc.

141

Examples:

I have seen that movie twenty times.

I think I have met him once before.

There have been many earthquakes in California.

People have traveled to the Moon.

People have not traveled to Mars.

Have you read the book yet?

Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.

A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?


B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?


The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It
is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:
TOPIC 1 Experience
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying,
"I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have
never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe
a specific event.
Examples:

I have been to France.


THIS

SENTENCE MEANS THAT YOU HAVE HAD THE EXPERIENCE OF BEING IN

FRANCE. MAYBE YOU HAVE BEEN THERE ONCE, OR SEVERAL TIMES.

I have been to France three times.


YOU CAN ADD THE NUMBER OF TIMES AT THE END OF THE SENTENCE.
142

I have never been to France.


THIS SENTENCE MEANS THAT YOU HAVE NOT HAD THE EXPERIENCE OF GOING
TO FRANCE.

I think I have seen that movie before.

He has never traveled by train.

Joan has studied two foreign languages.

A: Have you ever met him?


B: No, I have not met him.

TOPIC 2 Change Over Time


We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over
a period of time.
Examples:

You have grown since the last time I saw you.

The government has become more interested in arts education.

Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the


university since the Asian studies program was established.

My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

TOPIC 3 Accomplishments
We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals
and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.
Examples:

Man has walked on the Moon.

Our son has learned how to read.


143

Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.

Scientists have split the atom.

TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting


We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has
not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for
the action to happen.
Examples:

James has not finished his homework yet.

Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.

Bill has still not arrived.

The rain hasn't stopped.

TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times


We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which
have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the
process is not complete and more actions are possible.
Examples:

The army has attacked that city five times.

I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.

We have had many major problems while working on this project.

She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody
knows why she is sick.

Time Expressions with Present Perfect


When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at
some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action
happened is not important.
144

Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We


can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this
week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.
Examples:

Have you been to Mexico in the last year?

I have seen that movie six times in the last month.

They have had three tests in the last week.

She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has
worked for three different companies so far.

My car has broken down three times this week.

NOTICE
"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year"
means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires
simple past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not
considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.
Examples:

I went to Mexico last year.


I WENT TO MEXICO IN THE CALENDAR YEAR BEFORE THIS ONE.

I have been to Mexico in the last year.


I HAVE BEEN TO MEXICO AT LEAST ONCE AT SOME POINT BETWEEN 365 DAYS
AGO AND NOW.

USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)


We use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and
has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since
Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.

145

Examples:

I have had a cold for two weeks.

She has been in England for six months.

Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.

Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to NonContinuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live,"
"work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they
are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as:
always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:

You have only seen that movie one time.

Have you only seen that movie one time?


Present Perfect Forms
Positive

Negative

Question

I have traveled.

I have not traveled.

Have I traveled?

You have

You have not

Have you

traveled.
We have traveled.
They have

traveled.
He has traveled.

traveled.
We have not

traveled.
They have not

traveled.

traveled?
Have we traveled?
Have they

traveled?
Has he traveled?

She has traveled.

He has not traveled.

Has she traveled?

It has traveled.

She has not traveled.

Has it traveled?

It has not traveled.

146

Simple Past / Present Perfect


Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate
tenses.
1. A:

Did
you
like
the
movie
"Star
B: I don't know. I (see, never)_____________ that movie.

Wars?"

2. Sam (arrive) _____________________in San Diego a week ago.

3. My best friend and I (know)________________each other for over


fifteen years. We still get together once a week.

4. Stinson is a fantastic writer. He (write)________________ten very


creative short stories in the last year. One day, he'll be as famous
as Hemingway.

5. I

(have, not)_____________________this
(be)________________________a kid.

much

fun

since

6. Things (change)_________________a great deal at Coltech, Inc.


When we first (start)___________________working here three
years ago, the company (have, only)_____________________six
employees. Since then, we (expand)______________________to
include more than 2000 full-time workers.

7. I (tell)____________________him to stay on the path while he was


hiking, but he (wander)_________________off into the forest and
(be)___________________bitten by a snake.

8. Listen Donna, I don't care if you (miss)_________________the bus this


morning. You (be)____________________late to work too many
times. You are fired!

147

9. Sam is from Colorado, which is hundreds of miles from the coast, so he


(see, never)___________________the ocean. He should come
with us to Miami.

10. How sad! George (dream)_________________of going to California


before he died, but he didn't make it. He (see,
never)______________________the ocean.

11. In the last hundred years, traveling (become)________________much


easier and very comfortable. In the 19th century, it
(take)_______________two or three months to cross North
America by covered wagon. The trip (be)_______________very
rough and often dangerous. Things (change)_______________a
great deal in the last hundred and fifty years. Now you can fly from
New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours.

12. Jonny, I can't believe how much you (change)_____________since the


last
time
I
(see)______________you.
You
(grow)____________________at least a foot!

13. This tree (be)________________planted by the settlers who


(found)_________________our city over four hundred years ago.

14. This mountain (be, never)________________climbed by anyone.


Several mountaineers (try)__________________to reach the top,
but nobody (succeed, ever)_________________. The climb is
extremely
difficult
and
many
people
(die)____________________trying to reach the summit.

15.

(visit,
never)______________Africa,
but
I
(travel)________________to South America several times. The last
time
I
(go)__________________to
South
America,
I
(visit)_______________Brazil
and
Peru.
I
(spend)_________________two
weeks
in
the
Amazon,
(hike)_______________for a week near Machu Picchu, and
(fly)_______________________over the Nazca Lines.

148

Check the places you should visit according to your likes and dislikes,
based on the previous ads.
La Fortuna
Hiking
Biodiversity
Aboriginal
You like

history
Climbing
Eating at
good
restaurants
Biking
Hiking
Walking in
nature
Indigenous
history

You dislike
Climbing
Eating at
good
restaurants
Biking

149

Mt. Chirripo

Gold Museum

Read the text and answer the questions.


THINGS TO SEE IN LONDON
Hyde Park is London's largest and most
fashionable park. It was once a royal hunting forest.
There are a lot of restaurants and bars at each end of
the lake. You can swim or hire a boat on the Serpentine.
Downing Street
Number 10 Downing Street has been the home of the
British Prime Minister since 1735.
The Houses of Parliament
Its official name is the Palace of Westminster. Most of
the building was built in 1840 after fire in 1834
destroyed the old palace. At the north end of the
building by Westminster Bridge is the famous clock
tower, Big Ben. In fact Big en is really the name of
the bell in the tower not the clock.
The Tower of London is London's oldest
building. Since it was built by William the Conqueror in the
11th century, this castle has been a royal palace, a prison, a
place of execution, a zoo, the Royal Mint and an observatory.
Today it's a museum and houses the Crown Jewels. Gift
shop. Open Monday - Saturday 9.30 - 5.45, Sundays 2 - 5.45
The National History Museum is situated in Kensington.
Its one of London's greatest museums. Here you can see a
huge collection of animals and plants, including a
quarter of a million butterflies, a blue whale and the
famous dinosaur skeletons. Cafeteria, gift shop and
book shop. Open daily 10 - 5.45
Madame Tussaud's, Marylebone Road
This famous waxworks has models of famous
people from pop stars to prime ministers. It has displays

150

of battles and Chamber of Horrors. Gift shop. Open every day 10 - 5.30,
except Christmas Day
The Royal Observatory, Greenwich is 10 miles outside London on a hill
above the River Thames. The Observatory contains telescopes and
displays

about

international

meridian

line

runs

through

the

Observatory. It has video theatre and souvenir shop. You can have a
picnic in Greenwich Park and take a river boat to Greenwich from
Westminster Bridge. Open 10.30 a.m. - 5.30 p.m., closed 25-28 December.

1. What is the Serpentine?


_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. What is the Palace of Westminster?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

3. What is the Prime Minister's address?


____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
4. Where is the National History Museum?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
5. Where can you stand with one foot in the western hemisphere and one
foot in the eastern hemisphere?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
6. At how many places can you buy something to eat?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
7. At how many places can you buy souvenirs?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
151

8. Where can you see butterflies?


____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
9. Which building is nine hundred years old?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
10. Which places open at half past ten in the morning?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
11. Find two places where you can see the Prime Minister?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
12. Which place is not open on Sunday mornings?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

Read the postcard. Pay attention to the rules of writing the address.
Dear Mom and Dad!
Im having a great time here in London. We
are staying at a nice hotel.
I have a lot of things to do. Yesterday we
visited the Tower of London and walked along

Jane and Tom Green

the streets.
Tomorrow we are going to Covent Garden

55 Oak Lane

where I hope Ill buy some presents for you.

Manchester

On Saturday we are going to a barbecue party

MO 26 19YH

near Wimbledon. I think it will be great!

Miss you,
Ann

152

England

Now, write your own post card to a friend telling him what he can do here in
Costa Rica

Read the information and choose the alternative that best answers each
question.
Research and tourism in Uvita Island
Located just off the port of Limon on the Costa Rican Caribbean, Uvita Island
will become a tourist attraction and a biological research station, through a
cooperation agreement between the Board for the Development of the Atlantic
Basin (JAPDEVA, in Spanish) and the local government of the canton of
Limn. A national heritage, the development will be strictly controlled
according to the authorities, in order to preserve its marine and land
resources. The small island boasts of lush vegetation, and it is surrounded by
coral reefs. Even though it has received different names since 1512, when
Christopher Columbus visited the area, its most popular one Uvita, that
translates roughly as small grape- is due to the fact that there grows a tree
that is unique to the Caribbean and whose fruit resembles grapes.
La Nacin Digital

153

1. Why will the provincial expert control rigorously the biological reserve
a.

To keep both marine and land resources

b.

To create a new touristic attraction

c.

Because it is an agreement

d.

Because it is an island

2. What natural resources can a visitor find in Uvita?


a.

Small islands

b.

Surrounded islands

c.

Different types of fruits

d.

Exuberant vegetation and coral reefs

3. Where did the island take its name from?


a. Christopher Columbus gave the Island this name
b. It is a Caribbean name for grapes
c. It derivates from a particular tree
d. Visitors grew grape trees
4. Who joined efforts to make Uvita a tourist attraction?
a.

JAPDEVA and the local government

b.

La Nacin and national authorities

c.

The fruits vendors

d.

The marines

154

Read the following texts and do the exercises that follow


Trip to the Rainforest

Have an Unforgettable Adventure

Visit Costa Ricas classic rainforest This

classic

multi-sport

itinerary

areas, starting on a jungle cruise explores some of Costa Ricas more


through

the

Caribbean

coastal rugged terrain and is designed for

waterways of Tortuguero known for active travelers who are in good


its protection of endangered sea shape.

Hike and ride horseback

turtles. Feel the mist of refreshing trough Rincn del la Vieja National
waterfalls of La Paz on route to the Park,

known

for

its

spectacular

steamy lowland rainforest of Arenal scenery, picturesque waterfalls and


Volcano, where you will have a bubbling mud pots warmed by an
chance to soak in mineral rich hot active volcano.
springs, heated by the active volcano.

Descend to the rainforest of Costa

Take a memorable walk in the clouds Ricas northern zone and enjoy a day
at Monteverde cloud forest, preserve of mountain biking in the rainforest
and explore the forest canopy on an surrounding Lake Arenal.

Take a

exciting tour of Sky Walk, a series of free day in Arenal to opt in to


suspension bridges offereing birds- adventure activities in the area.
eye view of the cloud forest habitat. Spend your last days on a high
Explore the white sands beaches and adrenaline

rafting

trip

on

the

rainforest of Manuel Antonio National stunningly beautiful Pacuare River


Park, on Costa Ricas Central Pacific (Level
coast.

III-IV),

flowing

through

rainforest canyon

Taken from: www.ticotimes.net

Answer the following questions about the readings (Trip to the Rainforest
and Have an Unforgettable Adventure)

155

1. What are the classic rainforest areas?


2. Where can you do bird watching?
3. Where does the multi-sport itinerary begin?
4. What can you do in the last days of the multi-sport trip?
Fill out the following chart with the information from the readings (Trip to the
Rainforest and Have an Unforgettable Adventure)
Tourist Site

Characteristics of the Activities you can


Place

do there

Protected endangered
species
Take a bath in the hot
springs
La Paz

156

Seventh
Topic

COMMON ILLNESSES AND NEW DISEASES AND EPIDEMICS

157

Objectives

Drawing inferences.

Identifying the purpose of short messages

Formulating propositions and doubts and answering questions.

Understanding a range of imaginative and factual material that includes


some complex sentences and unfamiliar language.

Structuring ideas.

Linking sentences and paragraphs.

Content
Common illnesses, diseases, epidemics and prevention:
What's the matter?
How do you feel?
Have you seen a doctor?
Do you know about ___?
You need to take/drink/stay in bed etc.
What are the symptoms of ____?
What are some sexual diseases? Etc.

158

At the Doctors

Read, translate and label the right pictures!

159

11. to examine a patient with a

1. to weigh

stethoscope

2. to stay in bed

12. to take (check)

3. to have a finger prick blood test

temperature

4. to put a bandage

13. to take an x-ray

5. to examine one's eye

14. to suffer from heat

6. to examine a patient with a tongue depressor

exhaustion

7. to give an injection to a patient

15. to measure height

8. to have an arm in a sling

16. to have a dental checkup

9. to use an inhaler

17. to do (leg) exercises

10. to have a rash

18. to have a scar


19. to take blood pressure
20. to give first aid

160

Health, Illness and Injuries


A disease is used for serious condition caused by an infection and illness is a
more general word

The illness
Ive got a cold

Ive got flu

Ive got hay


fever ..
Ive got
diarrhoea
I feel sick
Ive got a
hangover
Ive got a
constipation .

The symptoms
The cause
Ive got a sore throat
A virus
....,
sneezing
, a cough
..
The same symptoms
A virus
as a cold and also
aching muscles and
temperature

Sneezing, runny nose,


Allergic
sore eyes
reactions to
Blowing my nose all
pollen
the time
I keep going to the
Often food, or
toilet
a virus
I want to vomit
Food, alcohol,

Headache, feeling
Too much
sick,
alcohol.
I dont go to the toilet Little exercise
everyday
and water

WRITE THE
NUMBERS IN THE
TABLE.

10
For these illnesses we
can buy something in
the chemist or the
doctor may give us a
prescription.

161

Serious Illness

Aches and Pains

Doctors believe that smoking is the major We can have a headache, a stomachcause of lung cancer.
ache, toothache, backache or earache
BUT we have a pain in the other parts of
Hepatitis is a liver disease.
my body:
Asthma has become more common.

I feel really bad, Ive got a pain in my leg


and a terrible headache.

Cholesterol is the main cause of heart


attacks.
WOUND and INJURY are both used to
describe damage to the body, but wound is
generally caused by a weapon and it is
usually intentional.

He shot the man and now he has a serious


bullet wound in the chest.
He stabbed the boy and now he has a
serious knife wound in the back.
He got into a fight and got beaten up. He
had a black eye and two broken ribs.

My back aches or hurts and also I hurt my


back playing baseball.
And I had an injection yesterday and it was painful. I dont

An
is damage
to painless.
part of your body,
know injury
why because
but it is usually
usually caused by an accident at home, on
the road or during a game (for instance
during
a
football
match).
GIVE
SOLUTIONS TO THESE INJURIES
THE
PROBLEM
I cut
finger

ORIGIN

RESULT

SOLUTION

my Using a Its
A
knife
bleeding

I cut my leg I
fell Its
bleeding
badly
over
a lot

I
twisted Running I
cant rest
for the walk
my ankle
bus
easily

I broke my I fell off I


cant .
arm
my bike use it
and a
Ive got a Playing
concussion football

162

Im
rest
confused

I burnt my
hand

Cooking Its very


painful

Ive got a
bruise on
my arm

I hit it
on the
side of
my desk

Its
swollen
and
black

Special cream

Now its your turn:


1. I hit my hand on the desk and it really
2. They say she died of a heart
3. He had some apples that werent ready to eat
..

and now shes got stomach-

4. Ive got this terrible .......................in my neck.


5. He died of cancer even though she never smoked a cigarette
in his life.
6. I went to the doctor and she gave me a

for some tablets.

7. Pollution makes her .. worse and its


to breathe.

difficult for her

8. There are different forms of hepatitis; one is a


than the other.

more serious

9. I hurt . when I fell off that


COMPLETE THE TEXT WITH THESE WORDS

10. My back .. from sitting at the computer

chair.

all day.

Blood tests - ambulance - collided - stitches

SOLUTIONS

- unconscious - cuts - knocked himself unconscious

SLING

BANDAGE

PLASTER PLASTER

ICE
PACK

John fell off a chair, hit his head on the floor, and
...
His
wife
called
an
but John was still when it arrived. He
was rushed to hospital where they kept him for two days for ...
I jumped for the ball and .. with another player. We
both had . on our head, but I had to go to hospital for eight
..

163

Common Ailments
Complete the following Chart
problem /
symptom

part(s) of body

cause(s)

Sprain
Cut
Break
Sore
-ache
Infection
Arteries
Heart
Runny
Rash
Diarrhea
Obesity
nausea
Stiff
Indigestion

164

remedy / treatment

Common Treatments

Pills

Antibiotics

Medicine

cream / ointment

Band Aid

plaster cast

operation /
surgery

Physiotherapy

acupuncture /
other traditional
treatment

Ice

Bandage

Liposuction

Injection

lifestyle changes changes in diet

165

English-Spanish

Spanish-English

ankle

el tobillo

la axila

Armpit

arm

el brazo

la barba

Beard

armpit

la axila

el bigote

moustache

back

la espalda

la boca

Mouth

backbone

el espinazo

el brazo

Arm

beard

la barba

la cabeza

Head

belly

el vientre

la cadera

Hips

blood

la sangre

la cara

Face

body

el cuerpo

la ceja

Eyebrow

bone

el hueso

el cerebro

Brain

brain

el cerebro

la cintura

Waist

cheek

la mejilla

el codo

Elbow

chest

el pecho

el corazn

Heart

ear

la oreja

el crneo

Skull

elbow

el codo

el cuello

Neck

eye

el ojo

el cuerpo

Body

eyebrow

la ceja

el dedillo

little finger

eyelash

la pestaa

el dedo

Finger

face

la cara

el dedo anular

ring finger

finger

el dedo

el dedo del pie Toe

fist

el puo

el diente

Tooth

foot

el pie

la espalda

Back

forefinger

el ndice

el espinazo

backbone

forehead

la frente

el esqueleto

Skeleton

166

hair

el pelo

el estmago

Stomach

hand

la mano

la frente

forehead

head

la cabeza

la garganta

Throat

heart

el corazn

el hgado

Liver

heel

el taln

el hombro

shoulder

hips

la cadera

el hueso

Bone

intestines

el intestino

el ndice

forefinger

kidney

el rin

el intestino

intestines

knee

la rodilla

los labios

Lips

leg

la pierna

la lengua

Tongue

lips

los labios

la mano

Hand

little finger

el dedillo

la mejilla

Cheek

liver

el hgado

la mueca

Wrist

lung

el pulmn

el msculo

Muscle

moustache el bigote

el muslo

Thigh

mouth

la boca

la nariz

Nose

muscle

el msculo

el nervio

Nerve

nail

la ua

la nuca

Occiput

neck

el cuello

el ojo

Eye

nerve

el nervio

la oreja

Ear

nose

la nariz

el rgano

Organ

occiput

la nuca

la palma

Palm

organ

el rgano

el pecho

Chest

palm

la palma

el pelo

Hair

ring finger

el dedo anular

la pestaa

eyelash, lashes

167

shoulder

el hombro

el pie

Foot

skeleton

el esqueleto

la piel

Skin

skin

la piel

la pierna

Leg

skull

el crneo

la planta

Sole

sole

la planta

el pulgar

Thumb

stomach

el estmago

el pulmn

Lung

temple

la sien

el puo

Fist

thigh

el muslo

el rin

Kidney

throat

la garganta

la rodilla

Knee

thumb

el pulgar

la sangre

Blood

toe

el dedo del pie

la sien

Temple

tongue

la lengua

el taln

Heel

tooth

el diente

el tobillo

Ankle

waist

la cintura

la ua

Nail

womb

el tero

el tero

Womb

wrist

la mueca

el vientre

Belly

168

169

Ailments
1. bruise
2. backache
3. fever
4. high blood pressure
5. burn
6. cut
7. sprain (as in sprained ankle)
8. rash

9. toothache
10. earache
11. cough
12. cold
13. stomach ache
14. sore throat
15. dizziness
16. headache

170

Giving Advice / Remedies


You should...
1. Use a heating pad, get bed rest, and dont lift heavy things.
2. Drink hot tea with lemon and dont talk too much.
3. Drink a lot of liquids and stay in bed.
4. Lie down, put a pillow under your foot, and use an ice pack on your ankle.
5. Take two aspirin and lie down to rest.
6. Take cough syrup.
7. Take
A letter from the hospital
Read the letter and then answer the questions.
Tower Hamlets Hospital NHS
Outpatient Department
Stepney Road
London
E2 6SF
Ms Hawa Ahmed
20 Cromwell House
Canter Road
London
E1 4BX
30th June
Dear Ms Ahmed,
You have an appointment for a scan.
Clinic: Antenatal (baby clinic)
Doctor: Dr Riley
Date: Tuesday 14th July
Time: 10:30 am
Please bring any medicines you are taking.
If you cannot attend, please telephone the Outpatients Department on 020
6700
5211 to make another appointment.
Yours sincerely,
171

Mary Carr
Clinic Administrator

1. What is the appointment for?

2 What date is the appointment?

3 What time?

4 What is the name of the doctor?

5 What must Hawa bring?

6 What must Hawa do if she can't go?


.

Read the following text then answer the questions


Human Body
Your heart is really a muscle. It's located a little to the left of the middle of your
chest, and it's about the size of your fist. There are lots of muscles all over
your body - in your arms, in your legs, in your back, even in your behind. But
this muscle is special because of what it does - the heart sends blood around
your body. The blood provides your body with the oxygen and nutrients it
needs. It also carries away the waste that your body has to get rid of.
Your heart is sort of like a pump, or two pumps in one. The right side of your
heart receives blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs. The left side of
the heart does the exact opposite: it receives blood from the lungs and pumps
it out to the body. By the time you're grown up, your heart will be beating
(pumping) about 70 times a minute.
How does the heart beat? Before each beat, your heart fills with blood. Then it
172

contracts to squirt the blood along. When something contracts, it squeezes


tighter - try squeezing your hand into a fist. That's sort of like what your heart
does so it can squirt out the blood. Your heart does this all day and all night,
all the time. Every day, an adult heart pumps 2,000 gallons (7,500 liters) of
recycled blood by filling and contracting. The heart is one tough worker!
_________________________________

1. Where is your heart located?

_________________________________

2. Where else can you find

_________________________________

muscles in your body besides the

_________________________________

heart?

_________________________________
3. Why do we need a heart?

_________________________________
_________________________________

_________________________________
4. Which organ(s) directly works
_________________________________

with the heart?

_________________________________

173

Read the following text


ANDREA
WHO USED TO BE ANOREXIC

I was a chubby child and I had a perfectly skinny twin sister. She
seemed to receive all my parents attention, because she was thin. I
felt ignored which developed my shyness. So, I thought that going
on a diet would increase my self-esteem and get people to notice
me.
I started to eat a bowl of cereals for breakfast so my parents would
think I was eating properly. I didnt have lunch. After school I
always went to practise tennis on an empty stomach and exercised
as much as I could for two hours. At dinner, my family always ate together so I
had to eat a full meal, but then I rushed to the bathroom to induce vomit.
I lost weight and people gave me the nicest compliments. The compliments
felt so good, so I kept dieting.
But my parents and friends noticed my bad eating habits and they forced me
to eat and didnt leave my side.
I denied my eating problem for a long time until last year. I received a terrific
support from my family and especially from my boyfriend, which I think helped
me a lot through my problem. I now try to have a balanced diet instead of
getting the fewest calories possible. I now feel more confident about my body
and have higher self-esteem.
Andrea

174

COMPREHENSION

A- Say if the following sentences are True or False. Correct the False
ones.
T
F
1. When Andrea was a child, she was fatter than her sister.

2. Andrea wasnt a sociable child.

3. Andrea didnt have breakfast while she was dieting.

4. She practised tennis because she wanted to be a good tennis player.

5. Andrea believed she didnt have a problem for a long time.

B- Match the words taken from the text with their synonym or
explanation.
1. self-esteem

a) correctly

1.

2. properly

b) eating disorder

2.

3. eating problem

c) help

3.

4. support

d) the feeling of being satisfied with

4.

5. higher

e) better

5.

175

C- Answer these questions with complete answers. Use your own words
as far as possible.

1. What was Andrea like when she was a child?


______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. Why did Andrea start to diet?


______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. What did she do to lose weight?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. Did Andrea achieve her goals? Account for your answer with a sentence
from the text.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. How did she recover from her problem?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
6. Is Andrea a happier person now? Justify.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

176

Doctors dont always know what causes high blood


pressure which is also called hypertension, but we do know a few
things about this disease. For example, more men than women
have it, and it usually begins in middle or old aged persons. It
sometimes runs in families.
Many people have high blood pressure without knowing it, because
there are usually no clear symptoms. If you want to know whether
you have high blood pressure, ask your doctor to check it with a
blood pressure instrument.
If you have high blood pressure, what can you do about it? If you
are heavy, losing weight will help. Some patients blood pressure
goes down when they reduce eating over salted food. Other people
can improve by learning how to relax and by doing the right kind of
exercise. Fortunately, it is possible to control high blood pressure
today with proper medicine. If not controlled, high blood pressure
can lead to serious problems, like heart disease.
Answer the questions below based on the previous passage:
1- What is hypertension?

.
2- Name four things a patient of high blood pressure should do?
a. ..
b.

c.

..

d.

...
177

B) Choose the correct completion:


a.

It is not

_____ for a person to discover he is suffering from

hypertension.
a. important.
b.

b. interested.

c. clear.

________ women than men suffer from high blood pressure.


a. More.

b. As many as.

c. Fewer.

3- Hypertension requires. the patient to eat food with less________


a. sugar.

b. salt.

c. fresh juice.

4- When you reduce something, you make it ________


a. better.

b. more.

c. less.

5- Heart disease can be caused by ____________ .


a. hypertension.

b. relaxing

c. diet.

6- When you improve something, you make it ___________ .


a. worse.

b. ugly.

c. better.

7- When a patient sees a doctor, the doctor usually asks him about ____.
a. the symptoms. b. the treatment.

c. his family

8- The pronoun they on line 10 refers to ______


a. doctors.

b. patients.

178

c. medicines.

C) Put ( true ) or ( false ):


1- Only old people suffer from hypertension.

2- Hypertension is almost controlled with the proper medicine. (

3- It is hard for doctors to know the real cause of high blood


pressure

4- It is not possible to control high blood pressure.


D) Find the antonyms of the following words from the passage:

1- low

2- less

3- wrong

..

4- up

..

5- unfortunately

.........

6- with

...

7- young

..

8- impossible

..

179

( )

Read the following text


Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Sexually transmitted diseases (also called STDs,) are infections that can be
transferred from one person to another through sexual contact. According to
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, there are over 15 million
cases of sexually transmitted disease cases reported annually in the United
States. There are more than 25 diseases that are transmitted through sexual
activity. Other than HIV, the most common STDs in the United States are
chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, human papillomavirus,
hepatitis B, trichomoniasis, and bacterial vaginosis. Adolescents and young
adults are the age groups at the greatest risk for acquiring an STD.
Approximately 19 million new infections occur each year, almost half of them
among people ages 15 to 24.
Some STDs can have severe consequences, especially in women, if not
treated, which is why it is so important to go for STD testing. Some STDs can
lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, which can cause infertility, while others
may even be fatal. STDs can be prevented by refraining from sexual activity,
and to a certain extent, some contraceptive devices, such as condoms.

Herpes Virus: Herpes is another STD that presently has no cure. Or is there a
cure for Herpes? Today, treatment is available and there are a number of
things you can do yourself at home to help relieve your genital herpes, as well
as natural herpes treatment. Herpes symptoms include blisters or sores that
periodically break out on the genitals.

HIV/AIDS: One STD that many people are worried about getting is HIV. While
new ways of treating this infection can significantly prolong an infected
person's life, for far too many people this infection eventually progresses to
AIDS and, ultimately, death. More than 40 million people worldwide are
infected with the HIV virus; women account for 50% of those infected.
180

Recently, studies have found a link between the use of hormonal birth control
and HIV. In the US, African Americans account for a disproportionate number
of HIV cases. Many people may not realize they are infected, as the HIV virus
is often asymptomatic for the first few years. HIV testing is the only sure way
to know if you are infected. However, you can take steps to help prevent the
infection. Find out about a new method that could prevent an HIV infection in
women using the cervical cap and microbicides.

Syphilis: Throughout history, cases of syphilis have been recorded. While this
STD has not always been effectively dealt with, nowadays, syphilis can easily
be treated and cured. However, as history has shown, without treatment,
syphilis symptoms can progress and affect the nervous system and brain
leading to dementia and even death.

Sometimes

STD

symptoms

can

be

confused

with

mononucleosis.

Characterized by a fever, sore throat, and extreme weakness, mono is a viral


infection that needs to be treated right away. If you think you have the illness,
seek mono treatment as soon as possible. Also, yeast infection can cause
painful itching and burning, and can even be transmitted sexually
According to the reading answer the following questions
1.

What is the meaning of sexually transmitted diseases?

2.

Why are sexual diseases spreading?

3.

Which illnesses are caused by bacteria?

181

4.

Which illnesses are caused by a virus?

.............................................................................................................................
5.

How is syphilis treated?

.............................................................................................................................
6.

What does HIV cause in the body?

7.

Which diseases are mortal for humans?

.............................................................................................................................
8.

What are some possible consequences STD may have?

Complete the following chart with information from the reading. Include the
disease, some symptoms and treatment.
Disease

Symptoms

182

Treatment

EIGHTH TOPIC

OUR DEMOCRATIC TRADITION

183

Objectives
Understanding relations within the sentence (structure, syntax, morphological,
modification of structure and negation) characteristic of spoken language.
Identifying text types.
Discussing alternative possibilities and their consequences.
Criticizing.
Identifying details in familiar material.
Understanding relations between the parts of a text through lexical cohesion devices.

Content
Costa Rican Democracy :
What do you understand by ____ (democracy, freedom, sovereignty, etc.)?
What do you think about ____ (democracy, politics, the right to vote/ speak, etc.?
It's the government for the people, by the people and of the people.
Parties, voters, ballot, ballot process, citizenship, ruler, laws, etc.
Qualities of democracy/equality,

184

Read the following text


Our Democracy
Costa Rican national pride has its roots in the historical origins of its
democracy; our people have always believed in reform rather than revolution
and repression.
A foundation stone of Costa Rican democracy is the 1949 Constitution in
which this country is declared a Democratic Republic. This body of laws can
be considered one of our strongest democratic bases. It guarantees citizens
as well as foreigners basic rights: the right to own property, the right to
petition and assembly, the right to habeas corpus and the freedom of speech.
Another pillar of our democratic system is the governmental division of
powers, which are independent from one another. The government is
separated into an executive, a legislative and a judicial branch. The executive
branch includes a President, two vice presidents and seventeen members of
the Council of Government. The Legislative Assembly includes judges that
have been appointed by the Legislative Assembly to serve for a minimum of
eight years. Last but not least, there is a Special Electoral Tribunal with three
judges that oversee the sacred right to vote and to hold elections
Our democracy is not a stroke of luck, it has been woven throughout all these
years and it is the consolidation of our ancestors dreams and hopes.
Adapted from: http://www.infocostarica.com/general/democracy.html

Choose the best option that best completes each statement.


185

1. Costa Ricas national pride is its __________________


a.

Constitution

b.

Government

c.

President

d.

Democracy

2. The Constitution guarantees some basic rights to ___________


a.

Costa Ricans and citizens

b.

Its citizens

c.

Costa Ricans and foreigners

d.

Its foreigners

3. One basic right that Costa Ricans have is ______________


a.

The government

b.

Freedom of speech

c.

The executive power

d.

Democratic system

4. The government is divided into -----------------------a.

Eight years

b.

Two branches

c.

Three branches

d.

Seventeen members

Based on the previous reading, look for the words below the match the
concept in column A to its definition in column B.
186

Column A

Column B

1. Freedom of Speech

) a rule that tells the way

society should behave

2. Reliance

3. Law

) people who live in a particular

country

4. Judge

) people who come from

5. Foreigners

another country

6. Citizens

) confidence in something or

someone
(

) the right to express your

opinions publicly
(

) a person who decides who is

guilty and who is innocent.


Politics Vocabulary
Act
Ballot
Bill
Budget
Cabinet
civil servant
Campaign
Capitalist
Candidate
Centrist
Coalition
colonialist
communist
Congress
congressman
democracy
democratic
dictator
election
electoral roll/register
electorate

Ley
Voto
proyecto de ley
Presupuesto
Gabinete
empleado public
Campaa
Capitalista
Candidato
del centro
Coalicin
colonialista
comunista
Congreso
congresista
democracia
democrtico
dictador
eleccin
padrn electoral
electorado
187

fascist
government
to govern
imperialist
King
left-wing
Member of
Parliament
Minister
Ministry
monarchy
nationalist
opposition
Parliament
Party
policy
political
politician
politics
Poll
president
Prime Minister
Prince
Princess
Queen
referendum
republic
right-wing
Secretary
Secretary
socialist
too close to call
totalitarian
to elect
to vote
to call an election
to vote
to run for president
Voter
Democratic Party US
Republican Party US
Conservative Party
Labour Party (GB)
democrat (US)
republican (US)
Tory (GB)

fascista
gobierno
gobernar
imperialista
Rey
de izquierda
parlamentarista
ministro
ministerio
monarqua
nacionalista
oposicin
Parlamento
partido
poltica, plan de accin
poltico (adjetivo)
poltico (sustantivo)
poltica
encuesta
presidente
Primer Ministro
Prncipe
Princesa
Reina
referendum
repblica
de derecha
secretario
secretara
socialista
muy ajustado para dar un
ganador
totalitario
elegir
votar
llamar a elecciones
votar
ser candidato a presidente
votante
partido demcrata
partido republicano
partido conservador
partido laborista
demcrata
Republicano
miembro del partido conservador
188

Topic: Politics, elections, voting (common terms and expressions)

Choose the best response:

1. A close race = A ___________


a. tight
b. close-knit

2. Many senators support his ___________ ( = attempt) to become president.


a. Bid
b. bead

3. Her campaign is gaining ________ = Her campaign is becoming more and


more effective/successful
a. quickness
b. momentum
4. The probable nominee = The ________ nominee
a. likely
b. likeable
5. That victory established him as the clear front-________.
a. Runner
b. place

6. Voter ________ was very high = A lot of people voted


a. appearance
b. turnout
189

7. The senator said that he would ________ ( = support) the other candidate.
a . Back
b. back-out
8. The presidential election will be ________ on November 1st.
a. Located
b. held
9. The other candidate for mayor claimed that he was ________ to improving
recycling in the city.
a. Bound
b. committed
10. She was able to ________ a lot of money for her campaign.
a. Raise
b. rise

Read the following text


Laura Chinchilla won Costa

Rica's presidential election

Sunday with 47 percent of

the vote, becoming the first

woman to lead the Central

American

Costa Rica reports that her

two

conceded before even half

the

nation.

male
votes

Inside

opponents
had

been

counted.
Chinchilla, 50, is a career politician who has held numerous positions in the
Costa Rican government and served on the cabinet of outgoing President
Oscar Arias. She was previously a public safety minister, a congressional
deputy, vice president of the cabinet, and a justice minister. She supports
190

liberalizing the nation's economic policies and its state-run electricity and
telecommunications industries.

According to Reuters, Chinchilla is a social conservative who opposes gay


marriage and has pledged to keep the Roman Catholic Church as the
country's state religion. Throughout the campaign she wore a rosary for good
luck and was often showered with them by supporters on the trail
Answer these questions based on the reading
When has Chinchilla worked in politics before?
______________________________________________________________
What are some things Chinchillas government support?
______________________________________________________________
What controversial issues do Chinchilla have to deal with being a
conservative?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

What did she wear during her campaign as a sign of good luck?
______________________________________________________________
Read the information and choose the alternative that best completes each
sentence.
Today Costa Rica is governed by the Constitution of November 7 th, 1949.
While this Constitution made many advances over previous ones, perhaps its
most outstanding provision, and the one that is even beginning to be
emulated by other countries, is that which prohibits the existence of a
standing army.
191

The Constitution provides for a President, exercising Executive power. He or


she is elected by popular vote for a period of four years. There are two VicePresidents and a Board of Ministers, but no Prime Minister.
The Congress is a single chambered legislature whose members are elected
form candidates chosen by the different political parties, by popular vote.
There are 57 congressmen elected to four years terms.
The most important judicial body in the nation is the Supreme Court. Its 47
members are selected by the legislature for a minimum of 8 years. Other
court of great importance is the Electoral Tribune, which ensures the fairness
of elections.
Adapted from Join Us Magazine

1.

The current Costa Rica constitution _____________


a. Promotes an army in other countries
b. Prohibits wars in the country
c. Is better that previous ones
d. Became worst than others

2. People vote to choose the _______


a. Executive powers
b. Political parties
c. Prime Minister
d. Ministers
3. The text states that ____________
a. the congress is a non political chamber
b. the political parties choose the congressmen
192

c. citizens choose candidates to the congress


d. the legislative chamber is elected by the people
4.

The Costa Rican congress _____________


a. Selects the members of the Supreme Court
b. Ensures the fairness of elections
c. Belongs to the judicial body
d. Is made up of 17 members.

Read the following text


Americans may have forgotten what democracy looks like.
Our current president was chosen in 2000 not
by the voters -- Al Gore won the popular vote
by a comfortable margin of more than
500,000 ballots -- but by a Supreme-Court

John Nichols

dictated Electoral College vote. Another


Electoral College "win" came in 2004, when
George Bush secured a second term on the
"strength" of Ohio results that, while more

Breaking news and analysis on


political, social, economic and
cultural activism that
mainstream media commonly
ignore.

favorable to the Republicans than the 2000


numbers from the battleground state of Florida, were so dubious in their
generation and so uncertain in their accuracy that the congressional
certification was challenged by Ohio representatives and the ranking member
of the House Judiciary Committee. Our Congress, which was elected in 2006
to end the war in Iraq, has rejected the will of the people and handed the
Bush-Cheney administration more money than it requested to maintain the
occupation of a sovereign land where the people would prefer to guide their
own affairs. And even as the vast majority of Americans -- including six in ten
Republicans

--

oppose

trade

policies

that

offshore

jobs,

devastate

communities in the U.S. and abroad and batter the environment, an


193

unconscionable president and an unresponsive Congress pursue new


agreements designed to empower corporations rather than citizens.
If Americans want to find evidence of democracy, they might look south to the
Latin American republic of Costa Rica -- where voters will decide Sunday on
whether they want their country to sign onto the Central American Free Trade
Agreement that is currently being promoted by the White House, The Wall
Street Journal and the multinational corporations that are the generous the
patrons of both those institutions.
Imagine that: In Costa Rica, the people are being invited to participate in the
debate over their economic future.
Democracy has never had many friends among the elites. But Sanders is right
to celebrate the fact that, as he notes, "On Oct. 7, Costa Rica will become the
first country where citizens have the opportunity to vote for or against a trade
agreement. Despite being heavily outspent by the moneyed interests, despite
opposition from the Costa Rican government and the U.S. ambassador,
despite an extremely hostile media, the latest polls have the election as a tossup. Incredibly, just the other day, in a nation of only four million people, well
over 100,000 marched in opposition to the treaty -- a sign of the deep
grassroots opposition there to CAFTA."
Make no mistake, Sanders is being attacked for expressing deeply-rooted
American values. Instead of threatening Costa Rica, our leaders should renew
those values by borrowing a page from our good neighbor to the south. If
Costa Rica can democratize the trade debate, why not the U.S.?
Answer these questions
Is the author criticizing Costa Ricas government or the USAs government?
How can you tell?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
194

What event has put Costa Rica in the map as a real democratic country
according to the article?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

What are some issues the American Congress havent paid attention despite
citizens pleas?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
What are some values the author encourages USA government to look in
Costa Rica?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Write your opinion about what real democracy is? How should the government
be? What citizen rights would you implement and what would you eliminate?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

195

Ninth Topic

CAREERS, JOBS AND LIFESTYLES

196

Objectives

Understanding ideas and information in the text through making inferences

Understanding a range of imaginative and factual material that includes


some complex sentences and unfamiliar language.

Understanding the communicative value (function) of sentences and


utterances.

Expressing and justifying ideas, opinions or personal points of view and


seeking the views of others.

Expressing a range of responses and attitudes to events, issues or opinions,


giving reasons.
Content

Careers, jobs, lifestyles:


Which professions are ____?
What professions do you ____?
What do you know/think of ____?
Are there as many ____ as ____?
Which are the benefits of ____?
I'd like (to) ____ because ____.
How much does a ____ earn/cost at ____?
What does he/she do?
Where can you major in ___?
____ is better than ____.

197

198

199

What do they do?


A police officer

200

Where do they work?

Now write a small paragraph describing what these people do and their
functions and where do they work?

201

Match the jobs on the left to their definitions on the right.


_____ Journalist

1) Person who drives a bus.


2) He/she works in a school and

_____ Teacher
_____ police officer

teaches students.
3)

Rescues

people

from

burning

buildings and helps put out fires.


_____ accountant

4) Works in hospital and helps doctors.


5) Defends people's rights in court.

_____ Business person

6) Flies an airplane.

7) takes people's orders in a restaurant and serves them food.


_____ doctor
8) Works in a police station and
_____ nurse

maintains public security.


9) Works in a bank and keeps records

_____ pilot
_____ taxi driver

of money.
10) Works in a hospital and treats
patients.

_____ bus driver

11) Answers phone calls and does


office work for his/her boss.

_____ manager
_____ chef

12) Drives a taxi.


13) Person who reports news on TV,
radio or Newspaper.

_____ actor

14) Does the cooking in a restaurant or


hotel.

_____ actress
_____ firefighter

15) A woman who plays a role in a


movie.
16) Manages the affairs of a company

_____ lawyer

or business.
17) One who does business.

_____ secretary

18) A man who acts in a movie.

202

CAN YOU FIND THESE OCCUPATIONS ON THE CROSSWORD PUZZLE?


W

203

1. Read the story carefully paying attention


to the verbs, Tenses, articles and
prepositions.
2. Circle 5 verbs in the Past Tense.
3. Underline 5 verbs in the Present Simple.
4. Using a RED pencil mark at least 5
prepositions
5. Using a BLUE pencil mark at least 5
articles.
6. Using a GREEN pencil mark at least 5
verbs in the Present continuous.
7. Translate the text and find 5 Cognates
or transparent words.
8. Write a short paragraph about what you
understood about the main idea of the
text.
9. Find more information about this JOB,
its characteristics, graduation, salary,
uniform
A police motorcycle cop stops a driver for running
a red light. The guy is a real jerk and comes
running back to the officer demanding to know
why he is being harassed by the Gestapo! So the
officer calmly tells him of the red light violation.
The motorist instantly goes on a tirade,
questioning the officer's ancestry, sexual
orientation, etc., in rather explicit terms.
The tirade goes on without the officer saying
anything.
When he gets done with writing the ticket he puts
an "AH" in the lower right corner of the narrative
portion of the ticket. He then hands it to the
'violator' for his signature. The guy signs the ticket
angrily, and when presented with his copy points
to the "AH" and demands to know what it stands
for.
The officer says, "That's so when we go to court,
I'll remember that you're an asshole!"
Two months later they're in court. The 'violator'
has such a bad driving record he is about to lose
his license and has hired a lawyer to represent
him. On the stand the officer testifies to seeing the
man run the red light. Under cross examination the
defense attorney asks; "Officer is this a reasonable
facsimile of the ticket you issued my client?"

204

Officer responds, "Yes, sir, that is the


defendant's copy, his signature and mine, same
number at the top."
Lawyer: "Officer, is there any particular marking
or notation on this ticket you don't normally
make?"
"Yes, sir, in the lower right corner of the narrative
there is an "AH," underlined."
"What does the "AH" stand for, officer?"
"Aggressive and hostile, Sir."

"Aggressive and hostile?"


"Yes, Sir?
"Officer, are you sure it doesn't stand for
Asshole?"
"Well, sir, you know your client better than I do!"

Jobs

Who am I?

1. I fly aeroplanes.
I travel quickly.
I am a _ _ _ _ _ .
2. I look after your teeth.
I really won't hurt you.
I am a _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
3. I work in the fields with animals.
I drive a tractor.
I am a _ _ _ _ _ _ .
4. I have a job on a boat.
I use nets and rods.
I am a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
5. I sometimes work in a hospital.
I help people who are ill.
I am a _ _ _ _ _.
6. I work under the ground.
I dig for coal.
I am a _ _ _ _ _.
7. I get up very early in the morning.
I make bread and cakes
I am a _ _ _ _ _.
8. I bring you letters and parcels.
I visit many houses.
I am a _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
9. I am very brave.
I put out fires
I am a _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
10. I sell meat and sausages.
I am a _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
BAKER - PILOT - POSTMAN - NURSE - DENTIST - FIREMAN - BUTCHER - FARMER
MINER - FISHERMAN

205

Read the following passage


UKs Happiest Jobs
When it comes to happiness at work, hairdressers are a cut above the rest according to this year's City & Guilds' 'Happiness Index.' On the other hand,
secretaries/PAs/admin workers like their jobs the least.
The saying 'Money can't buy you happiness' certainly seems true. Almost a
third of people in the 10 - 15k bracket rated their job 10/10, while less than 5
per cent of workers earning 40

- 45k gave their jobs a 10.

"It may come as a surprise to some that financial reward doesn't always mean
a happier working environment or employee" comments Chris Humphries,
director general of City & Guilds.
Both (hairdressers and beauty therapists) attributed their contentment to
strong relationships with their colleagues. Salon professionals also value
having an interest in what they do for a living, which 100 per cent of
hairdressers believe is important to on-the-job happiness. Contributing to
happiness in the workplace is the ability to meet lots new people and being
made to feel appreciated.
Secretaries, PAs, administrators and others working in the business support
sector feel the least appreciated.
So what factors do make us whistle while we work? 19 per cent of us would
like to do something worthwhile and almost 15 per cent just want a more
flexible workday. Humphries found, "Some of the happiest workers are those
who feel they have a lot of opportunities for professional development."
"Nowadays true job satisfaction and happiness is about fulfilling your full
potential, tapping into your own creativity, and feeling that you can make a
difference."

206

Here, then, are the UK's 20 happiest jobs to work in, according to City &
Guilds (average happiness rating in brackets) :

1) Hairdresser (8.7)
2) Beauty Therapist (8)
3) Early Years/Childcare (7.8)
4, 5) Doctor/Dentist (7.5)
6) Plumber (7.4)
7) Electrician (7.3)
8) Construction (7.2)
9) Leisure/Tourism (7.2)
10) Media/Creative (7.2)
11) Accountant (7)
12) Law (6.8)
13) Marketing/PR/Advertising (6.8)
14) Nursing (6.8)
15) Teaching/Education (6.7)
16) Automotive (6.6)
17) Human Resources (6.5)
18) Banking/Insurance/Finance (6.4)
19) Catering (6.3)
20) Secretarial/PA/Admin (6.1)

Work on these exercises based on the reading

According to the text, why are hairdressers and beauticians the happiest
professions?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

207

Why are secretaries less satisfied with their jobs?


______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Is your dream job or your parents job on the list? What do you think about its
rating?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Write two types of comparative sentences using data from the survey.
e.g. Plumbers are happier than accountants.
Accountants are not as happy as plumbers.
1. Teachers vs. nurses
______________________________________________________________
2. Lawyers vs. childminders
______________________________________________________________
3. Media workers vs. electricians
______________________________________________________________
What do the underlined words mean in the text?
Match by joining phrases with a line.
rated (v.)

being partly responsible for

financial reward (n.)

satisfaction

worthwhile (adj.)

money

potential (n.)

useful

contentment (n.)

valued

appreciated (v.pp)

scored

contributing (v.)

ability
208

What is important to you when choosing a career? Number from 1 to 6


from the most to the least important for you.
Money
Independence
Doing something useful
Meeting new people
Colleagues
Perks and benefits

Write a paragraph describing your dream job and its characteristics, and
elements should have
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

209

Read the following job advertisements:

1. Needed: Full time secretary


position available. Applicants should
have at least 2 years experience and
be able to type 60 words a minute.
No computer skills required. Apply in
person at United Business Ltd., 17
Browning Street.

4.
Teacher Needed: Tommy's
Kindergarten needs 2 teacher/trainers
to help with classes from 9 a.m. to 3
p.m.
Applicants
should
have
appropriate licenses. For more
information
visit
Tommy's
Kindergarten in Leicester Square No.
56.

2. Are you looking for a part time job?


We require 3 part time shop
assistants to work during the evening.
No experience required, applicants
should between 18 and 26. Call 366 76564 for more information.

3. Computer trained secretaries: Do


you have experience working with
computers? Would you like a full time
position working in an exciting new
company? If your answer is yes, give
us a call at 565-987-7832.

5. Part Time work available: We are


looking for retired adults who would
like to work part time at the weekend.
Responsibilities include answering
the telephone and giving customer's
information. For more information
contact us by calling 897-980-7654.

6. University positions open: The


University of Cumberland is looking
for 4 teaching assistants to help with
homework correction. Applicants
should have a degree in one of the
following: Political Science, Religion,
Economics or History. Please contact
the University of Cumberland for
more information.

210

Answer these comprehension Questions


Which position is best for these people? Choose ONLY ONE position for each
person.
Jane Madison. Jane recently retired and is looking for a part time
position. She would like to work with people and enjoys public relation
work.
The best job for Jane is_________________________________________
Jack Anderson. Jack graduated from the University of Trent with a
degree in Economics two years ago. He would like an academic
position.
The best job for Jack is ________________________________________
Margaret Lillian. Margaret is 21 years old and would like a part time
position to help her pay her university expenses. She can only work in
the evenings.
The best job for Margaret is _____________________________________
Alice Fingelhamm. Alice was trained as a secretary and has six years of
experience. She is an excellent typist but does not know how to use a
computer. She is looking for a full time position.
The best job for Alice is _________________________________________
Peter Florian. Peter went to business school and studied computer and
secretarial skills. He is looking for his first job and would like a full time
position.
The best job for Peter is _________________________________________
Vincent san George. Vincent loves working with children and has an
education license from the city of Birmingham. He would like to work
with young children.
The best job for Vincent is _______________________________________
211

Read the following conversation


Harry: What are you working on?
Susan: Oh, I'm just studying for history class.
Harry: I hate history.
Susan: I don't. It's interesting. I'm reading about the Romans.
Harry:
Do
you
mean
the
people
from
Romania?
Susan: No, stupid. The Romans as in 'Julius Cesar'. You know, people from
ancient Rome.
Harry: Oh, those Romans...
Susan: You are hopeless. So, what are you doing?
Harry: I'm preparing for a meeting tomorrow.
Susan: When's the meeting?
Harry: I'm driving into London tomorrow morning. The meeting is scheduled
for 10 o'clock.
Susan: ...and what are you preparing?
Harry:
I'm
giving
a
Susan: Which new account?

presentation

on

the

new

account.

Harry: Well, we're working on a new account in Southern England this week.
Susan: Work, work, work. That's all you ever do!
Harry: Come on, that's not true. I like reading books,
Susan: Oh, really? Which book are you reading at the moment?

too.

Harry: Well, as a matter of fact, I'm reading 'Football in England: The Very
Best'.
Susan: Football? That's not reading

212

Choose the best answer based on the previous dialogue


1. Which statement is true?
a.

Harry enjoys studying.

b.

Susan enjoys studying but hates history.

c.

Susan enjoys studying about history

2. Romans are people _____________________


a.

from Romania

b.

from ancient Rome

c.

from London

3. What does Harry do?


a. He's a student.
b. He works for a company.
c. He plays football
4. What does Susan say about Harry?
a. He hates working.
b. He works too much.
c. He studies too Little
5. What type of book is Harry reading?
a.

A book about history

b.

A book about sport

c.

He's not reading anything

213

Reading Comprehension

I WANT TO BE A FIREFIGHTER
My name is Terry. I want to be
a firefighter. Why do I want
to be a firefighter? I have many
reasons. I like all the
important things that
firefighters do. Firefighters are
heroes.
Sometimes buildings catch on
fire. Firefighters put out
fires. I want to put out fires.
If someone is trapped in a
burning house, firefighters
save
them. I want to save people.
Sometimes people have
accidents. Sometimes people
get
sick. Firefighters help them. I
want to help people.
Firefighters drive big trucks.
Fire trucks have loud sirens. I
want to drive a big truck.
Firefighters put out fires. Firefighters save people.
Firefighters help sick people. I want to be a firefighter and
do all those things. Then I would be a hero, too!
Answer these questions. Tick on the correct answer
1. Why does Terry want to be a firefighter?
a. Terry wants to put out fires.
b. Terry wants to help people.
c. Terry wants to drive a big truck.
d. All of the above
2. What do fire trucks have?
a. loud sirens
b. televisions
c. dogs
d. whistles
3. Terry thinks firefighters are
a. busy
b. heroes
c. good looking
d. popular
214

Read the following article

Bilingual Job Fair this Weekend in Costa Rica


Multinationals will offer 3,000 jobs to Costa Ricans
The Costa Rican Investment Promotion Agency (CINDE) will be hosting the
4th Bilingual Job Fair this weekend March 7 through 9 at the National Cultural
Center in San Jose.
Companies such as Procter & Gamble, Intel, IBM, Dole, Western Union, DHL,
Fujitsu, HP, Alienware, Language Line, People Support, Sykes and Oracle will
be recruiting over 3,000 new employees for positions in administration,
accounting, electric, electronic and industrial engineering, programming, client
service, translation and technical support,
among others.
The focus is on anyone with English as a
second language; however they will also be
recruiting

people

that

speak

French,

Portuguese, Italian, German, mandarin and


Cantonese.
Entrance is free for anyone who wishes to attend. CINDEs website
www.cinde.org offers more information about the specific positions available,
so applicants should prepare their resumes specifically for the companies they
wish to apply to. The Fair is an opportunity to submit your resume and start the
interview process, but the hiring process will take place afterward.
It is expected that companies in the service industry will be offering about
8,000 new jobs in Costa Rica this year, 3,000 of which will be offered at the
bilingual job fair. This is about 3,000 more positions overall than last year.
The last bilingual job fair held in Costa Rica was put on by the Costa Rican
North American Cultural Center (CCCN) and offered 2,000 jobs.
215

Based on the article answer the following questions:


1.

Who is organizing this event?


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2.

What is the main requirement to apply for these positions?


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.

How many jobs are available for ticos in this fair?


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4.

Is Costa Rica a new country on the job fair issue? Explain


------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5.

What can you do on the fair?


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6.

What should you take to the fair?


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7.

Where can you more information about this fair?


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

216

Multiple Choice Answers


Unit 1: Achievements of Our National Athletes

1. B

1. C

1. C

1. C

2. D

2. B

2. C

2. D

3. A

3. C

3. C

3. C

4. B

4. C

4. B

4. A

5. B

5. D

5. B

6. A

6. D

6. C

7. A/B

Unit 2: Costa Rican Art, Music and Crafts

1. D

1. D

1. A

1. C

1. A

2. D

2. C

2. A

2. C

2. A

3. C

3. C

3. C

3. C

3. A

4. B

4. A

4. B

4. B

Unit 3: Costa Rican Typical Food

1. B

1. C

1. A

1. B

1. C

1. C

2. A

2. A

2. B

2. A

2. D

2. D

3. C

3. C

3. B

3. B

3. A

3. D

4. D

4. A

217

4. B

Unit 4: Holidays and Celebrations in Costa Rica and English Speaking


Countries

1. D

1. B

1. A

1. C

1. B

2. B

2. B

2. B

2. C

2. C

3. A

3. C

3. B

3. A

3. B

4. C

4.

Unit 5: Causes and Effects of Natural Resources Misuse

1. D

1. A

1. D

2. A

2. A

2. A

3. B

3. A

3. B

4. D

4. C

5. D
6. A
7. B
8. D
9. A
10. B

Unit 6: Tourist Attraction offered by Costa Rican Communities

1. A
2. D
3. C

4. A

218

Unit 7: Common Illnesses and New Disease and Epidemics

1. C
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. A
6. C
7. A

8. B

Unit 8: Our Democratic Tradition

1. D

1. A

1. B

2. C

2. A

2. B

3. B

3. B

3. D

4. C

4. B

4. A

5. A
6. A
7. B
8. B
9. B
10. A

Unit 9: Carrees Jobs and Lifestyles

1. A

1. D

2. B

2. A

3. B

3. B

4. B
5. B

219

Bibliography
Books
Tulio Villegas, Marco Tulio. Ingls Prcticas para la Prueba de Bachillerato,
Farben Grupo Editorial Norma, 2007
Caldern Quesada, Teresita. Traveling Solutions for Bachillerato, EDUVISION
E.V.N, 2007
Tulio Villegas, Marco Tulio. On your Mark. Farben Grupo Editorial Norma,
2004.
Quesada Alvarado, M. and Duarte Bonilla, M. Traveling Reading Strategies,
EDUVISON E.V.N, 2007
English Practice Book for the MEP Exam, Santillana 1 ed. Editorial Santillana
2007
Barrera P., Duque M., Teenagers: New Generation 9 and 10. Editorial Norma
S.A, 2008
Websites

www.wikipedia.com
www.library.thinkquest.org/26026/Environmental_Problems/air_pollution__solutions.html
www.eflnet.com/tutorials/adjcompsup.php
www.clafoti.com/imagenes10/compa_1.htm
www.englishpage.com
www.thenation.com/blogs/thebeat/240265
www.e-spanyol.hu/en/vocabulary/words_body.php
www.eltbase.com
www.inspirationalfilms.com//wttw/pdf/lesson8-handouts.pdf
www.saberingles.com.ar/lists/politics.html
www.politicsdaily.com/2010/02/08/laura-chinchilla-elected-first-female-presidentof-costa-rica/
www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/vocabulary/esl-politics-elections-voting3.html
www.bogglesworldesl.com
www. eslprintables.com
www.esl.about.com
www.abcteach.com
www.costaricapages.com/blog/business/2008-job-fair/667

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