Photogrammetry Lab Report 2013

UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND

ENGINEERNG

PHOTOGRAMMETRY LAB REPORT

Engineering Surveying 2013
NAME : NJOROGE KAGWI MAURICE
Reg. No : F16/1334/2010

COURSE WORK
F16/ 1334/ 2010 NJOROGE KAGWI MAURICE


INTRODUCTION:
WHAT IS PHOTOGRAMMETRY?
This is the process by which ground measurements are derived and
determined through photography.
In this case, the object measurements and relative positions are
determined without touch.
Photogrammetry can be divided into
Range photogrammetry (aerial photogrammetry) and
Close range photogrammetry (mostly terrestrial
photogrammetry).
In close range photogrammetry, cameras are close to the object
either hand-held or mounted on a tripod.
Aerial photogrammetry is however done from great vertical heights
and covers great areas, normally from planes or satellites.
Such photographs are termed vertical photographs.
Aerial photogrammetry is mainly used to produce large scale
topographical maps and digital terrain models (DTM) representing
the terrain relief. It makes it possible to prepare contoured plans
from the aerial photographs.
AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY
1 .PLANNING
The area to be surveyed using aerial photography is planned and the
flight lines determined.
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The whole area must be covered by the photographs and therefore

there must be overlap. This is called stereo overlap.
Forward overlap allowed is 65%+/-5% while side lap allowed is in the
range of 25%+/-5%.

2. DETERMINATION OF FLIGHT LINES

The area of interest is divided into runs which form the flight lines.
The runs are parallel to each other spanning the whole area of study
and ensuring overlaps for the photographs are achieved.

3. PROCESS
With the aerial camera in the body of the aircraft, photographs are
taken along the prearranged flight paths, with the optical axis of the
camera pointing vertically down.
4. INTERPRETATION
A single photograph contains a lot of detailed information about the
area under survey. However, a photograph cannot be a map of the
ground or a plan of a building. At best, a photograph shows the view
through the camera with distortions due to the optics of the camera,
the atmosphere and the position and orientation of the camera.
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In principal, it is 3D coordinates that define the locations of object

points on the ground surface and their relative positions to each
other. However, the image (photography) coordinates obtained
define the locations of the object in plane.
Through photogrammetry, the above process is reversed. It converts,
or maps, the flat 2-dimensional images back into the real 3dimensional world.
This is derived from the existing ground control points for georeference.
Photogrammetry therefore enables the user to derive metric
information about the terrain, or any three-dimensional object by
making measurements on photographs of that object element image
from pairs of photographs.
As a minimum, two different photographs are needed to reconstruct
the 3-dimensional object. The more photographs taken and used, the
extra the information and the process is improved. The 3dimensional coordinates produced from the measurements of
multiple photographs are the end result of photogrammetry.
Photogrammetry uses the basic principle of Triangulation, whereby
intersecting lines in space are used to compute the location of a
point in all three dimensions. However, in order to triangulate a set
of points one must also know the camera position and aiming angles
(together called the orientation) for all the pictures in the set. A
process called resection does this. Some camera calibration has to be
done in order to define its errors and remove them from the process.
The image scale will dictate the magnitude of the linear and radial
displacements in the image. The change in the position of an object
from one photograph to the next is known as stereoscopic parallax.
The amount of parallax depends on the objects height. Higher
points have greater parallax.
Given any two overlapping images, a stereo pair, it is possible to view
both images simultaneously to replicate a stereo binocular view.
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5. INSTRUMENTATION
Photographs are taken using digitalized cameras or even the
analogue type where images are stored in films.
Using the stereoscopic pairs of photographs processed; study of the
area terrain and configuration can be done using Stereoscopic
binoculars which use lenses to integrate the 3d perspective of the
photographs.
The photographs can also be used to plot the topographical maps of
large scale of the areas under study using the various instruments
available such as the modern computer work stations or the old
stereo plotting machines.
Wild stereo plotter and a computer work station available in the
lab.
GENERALIZED PROCESS

F16/ 1334/ 2010 NJOROGE KAGWI MAURICE