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Table of Contents
Table of Contents
1 General Description........................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Load-Flow Analysis ................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1.1 Balanced Load-Flow ............................................................................................................................. 5
1.1.2 Unbalanced Load-Flow ......................................................................................................................... 5
1.1.2.1 3-phase loads ................................................................................................................................. 6
1.1.2.2 2-Phase Loads ................................................................................................................................ 7
1.1.2.3 1-phase loads ................................................................................................................................. 8
1.1.3 DC loads ............................................................................................................................................. 9
1.1.4 Voltage dependency........................................................................................................................... 10
1.1.5 Load Scaling factors ........................................................................................................................... 12
1.2 Short-Circuit Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 14
1.3 Harmonic Analysis................................................................................................................................... 15
1.3.1 Passive Load...................................................................................................................................... 15
1.3.2 Harmonic Current Injections ............................................................................................................... 17
1.4 RMS Simulation (Transient Stability) ........................................................................................................ 18
1.5 EMT Simulation....................................................................................................................................... 21
2 Input/Output Definition of the Dynamic Model .............................................................................. 22
2.1 Three-Phase Load................................................................................................................................... 22
2.1.1 RMS-Simulation ................................................................................................................................. 22
2.1.2 EMT-Simulation ................................................................................................................................. 23
2.2 Single-, Two-Phase Load and DC-Load ..................................................................................................... 23
3 Parameter Definitions ..................................................................................................................... 24
3.1 General Load Type (TypLod) ................................................................................................................... 24
3.2 General Load Element (ElmLod)............................................................................................................... 25
1 General Description
In power systems, electrical load consists of various different types of electrical devices, from incandescent lamps
and heaters to large arc furnaces and motors. It is often very difficult to identify the exact composition of static
and dynamic loads in the network. This load composition can also vary depending on factors such as the season,
time of day etc.
Additionally, the term load can be used for entire MV-feeders in case of an HV-system or LV-feeders if an MVsystem is in the centre of interest.
The PowerFactory model General Load can therefore represent:
A complete feeder
Technology
Figure 4 shows the input dialog window for specifying the type data for General loads.
Balanced load, only specifying the sum of all phases. In this case, it is assumed that the load is shared
equally amongst the phases.
1.1.3 DC loads
DC-loads are always single-phase, as shown in Figure 10. For load flow analysis, the load is characterized by
the active power flow P. Inductive effects are only considered in transient simulations.
v
v
v
+ bP
P = P0 aP
+ (1 aP bP )
v
v
v
0
0
0
(1)
where
1 aP bP = cP
e _ aQ
e _ bQ
e _ cQ
v
v
v
Q = Q0 aQ
+ bQ
+ (1 aQ bQ )
v
v
v
0
0
0
(2)
where
1 aQ bQ = cQ
By specifying the respective exponents (e_aP/e_bP/e_cP and e_aQ/e_bQ/e_cQ ) the inherent load behaviour can
be modelled. Table 1 provides the value for the exponents required to achieve constant power, current and
impedance behaviour. However, the relative proportion of each coefficient can be freely defined using the
coefficients aP, bP, cP and aQ, bQ, cQ. See Figure 11.
Constant
power
current
impedance
Figure 15: Load-flow Calculation window indicating the use of voltage dependency terms for loadflow calculations
P = scale P0
(3)
Q = scale Q0
(4)
v
v
v
P = scale P0 aP
+ bP
+ (1 aP bP )
v
v
v
0
0
0
(5)
e _ aQ
e _ bQ
e _ cQ
v
v
v
Q = scale Q0 aQ
+ bQ
+ (1 aQ bQ )
v
v
v
0
0
0
(6)
Alternatively to explicit scaling factors, loads in radial feeders can be scaled based on the total inflow into the
feeder, as illustrated in Figure 17.
For considering a load in the feeder-load-scaling process, the option Adjusted by Load Scaling (see Figure 16)
has to be enabled. In this case, the individual Scaling Factor of the load is not considered but overwritten by
the feeder-scaling factor.
The feeder-load-scaling function can be enabled or disabled globally using the corresponding load-flow option
(see also Figure 15).
Figure 17: Diagram indicating load scaling (adjustment) in order to maintain the feeder settings
specified in the Feeder Definition
Figure 18: Selection of load type of either constant current or constant impedance for consideration
in short circuit calculations using the Complete Method.
Figure 19 shows a 3-phase representation of a Y connected constant impedance and Figure 20 shows the 3phase representation of the D connected constant current model.
Figure 19: 3-phase constant impedance model, in Y and D connection, used for short circuit
calculations using the Complete method.
Figure 20: 3-phase constant current load, in Y and D connection, used load for short circuit
calculations utilising the Complete method
Figure 21: Selection of the load model type for harmonic analysis
Figure 22: Purely inductive/capacitive load models used for harmonic analysis
The parameters R,L (G,C) are calculated from a preceding load-flow.
Figure 23 shows the single-phase load model for mixed inductive/capacitive load models (e.g. cables), used
during harmonic analysis.
Figure 23: The single phase equivalent for mixed inductive/capacitive load model
NOTE: Figure 22 and Figure 23 are single phase representations of the passive load. The 3-phase presentation is
similar to that shown in Figure 6 and Figure 5, and with either Y or D connections.
The inductive/capacitive portion of the load is specified by (7) and (8);
Qc
QC
1
=
=
Q QL + QC QL
+1
QC
nC =
y
QL
1
QC
(7)
(8)
Figure 24: Specification of the harmonic current spectrum for balanced loads
The harmonic currents are defined by (9) and the phase angle of the harmonic currents is defined by (10).
I ( f ) = k( f ). I ( f )
n
(9)
( f ) = +
f
1
fn
(10)
where fn is the nominal frequency and 1is phase angle of the fundamental current.
In case of unbalanced loads, frequency, phase angle and magnitude of harmonic currents can be entered
individually for each phase. Figure 25 shows the input window for entering such data.
Figure 25: Specification of the harmonic current spectrum per phase for unbalanced loads
Figure 26: Diagram indicating the mixture of static and dynamic loads used for stability studies.
The background of the dynamic, voltage- and frequency dependent load model according to Figure 24 and Figure
25 is a motor-load in parallel to a static, non-linear load. The parameters of the block diagrams in Figure 24 and
Figure 25 can either be calculated from such a configuration, but they are usually identified from load
measurements.
The model according to Figure 24 is a small signal approximation of the model according to Figure 25.
Parameters with equal names correspond to each other.
Figure 27: Model used to approximate the behaviour of the linear dynamic load.
Figure 28: Model used to approximate the behaviour of the non-linear dynamic load.
Since the block diagrams according to Figure 27 and Figure 28 represent small signal models, they are only valid
in a limited voltage range. This voltage range is defined by the variables umin and umax. Outside this voltage range,
the power is adjusted according to Figure 29.
Figure 29: Low/High voltage approximations used in the non-linear dynamic load model.
With reference to the outputs of the block diagrams according to Figure 24 and Figure 25, the load equations
representing the full voltage range can be expressed as follows:
P = k .Pout
Q = k .Qout
k =1
k=
2u
u min
: 0<u<
u u min
k = 1 2
u
min
k = 1 + (u u max )
u min
2
(11)
u min
< u < u min
2
: u > u max
NOTE: The use of negative active power leads in EMT simulations to unstable behaviour, since negative P is
interpreted as negative resistance.
Qext
Parameter
Description
Unit
Pext
MW
Qext
Mvar
Description
Unit
xu
p.u.
xf
p.u
cosphiu
sinphiu
Description
Unit
fe
Electrical Frequency
p.u.
scale
Scaling Factor
2.1.2 EMT-Simulation
Table 5: State Variables (EMT-Simulation)
Parameter
Description
Unit
curLA
p.u.
curLB
p.u
curLC
p.u.
3 Parameter Definitions
3.1 General Load Type (TypLod)
Table 6: Input parameters of Load - Type
Parameter
Description
loc_name
Name
systp
System Type
nlnph
Phases
cnm
Connection
kpu
kqu
i_csrc
Current Source/Impedance
Unit
i_pure
Load model
pgrd
qcq
xt
Prp
lodst
loddy
Percentage: Dynamic
i_nln
t1
kpf
kpu
tpf
Dependence
tpu
Dependence
kqf
kqu
tqf
Dependence
tqu
Dependence
udmax
p.u.
udmin
p.u.
i_nln
Description
Unit
loc_name
Name
outserv
Out of Service
mode_inp
Input Mode
i_sym
Balanced/Unbalanced
plini
MW
qlini
Mvar
slini
MVA
ilini
kA
coslini
pf_recap
u0
scale0
i_scale
plinir
MW
qlinir
Mvar
slinir
MVA
ilinir
Phase a: Current
kA
p.u.
coslinir
pf_recapr
plinis
MW
qlinis
Mvar
slinis
MVA
ilinis
Phase b: Current
kA
coslinis
pf_recaps
plinit
MW
qlinit
Mvar
slinit
MVA
ilinit
Phase c: Current
kA
coslinit
pf_recapt
i_rem
Remote Control
p_cub
NrCust
pSCDF
OptCost
Interruption costs
OptMeth
Characteristic
pStoch
Stochastic model
pCurve
StoLod
i_prty
shed
trans
pTrans