Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Submitted by:
Naseeb Ali
Shahvaiz Ali
Ibrar Hussain
Ihtasham Ali
Zeesham Afzal
Ans Saljook
M.Zahid
M.Kashif Junaid
2011-EE-502
2011-EE-511
2011-EE-517
2011-EE-550
2011-EE-574
2011-EE-576
2011-EE-587
2011-EE-588
Preface
We have tried our best to write the complete knowledge we gain during this
internship in report.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The work culture in grid station really motivates.we could not have done this
work without the lots of help we received cheerfully from whole NTDCL.
Everybody is such a friendly and cheerful companion here that work stress is
never comes in way.Special thanks to Sir Akbar Ali and Sir Mansor for providing
the nice ideas to work upon. Their lectures were very informative and made
clear a lot of our concepts about field work and related to our Electrical
Engineering perspective.
Contents:
Candle light dinners are most enjoyable when they are not forced. In todays modern
world of electrical home appliances we realize that poor maintenance of the electricity
supply may mean a loss of a few expensive appliances alongside added inconvenience.
Thus in order to keep your passionately light decorated houses glimmering there are
grid stations to ensure high reliability power supply.
There are different kinds of Grid stations such as:
66 KV Grid Station
132KV Grid Station
220 KV Grid Station
500 KV Grid Station
There are some conventions and symbols for single line diagram, such as: the
colour of different potential lines are different. Which are given below:
500kV
Brown
220kV
Green
132kV
Red
11kV
Blue
Same like, there are symbols for equipment to show on single line diagram for
complete understanding. Some of them are shown below:
The equipment in single line diagram are denoted by some of symbols which
are given in LEGEND with it. Here, the circuit breakers are represented by Q and
for understanding its potential and position, there are also keywords, like:
132kV
EnQn
220kV
DnQn
500kV
BnQn
Where, n=1, 2, 3.
Which represent the location and exact name of the circuit breaker and make ease
in communication.
Some other key words are:
L.A
Lightning Arresters
W.T
Wave Trap
C.T
Current Transformer
P.T
Potential Transformer
2) The spacing of the conductors, must be large enough compared to the line
diameter.
Insulators:
The overhead line conductors should be supported on the poles or towers in
such a way that currents from conductors do not flow to earth through supports i.e.
line conductors must be properly insulated from supports. The insulator provides
necessary insulation between line conductors and supports and thus prevent any
leakage current form conductor to earth.
The insulators are made up of Porcelain, Glass, Steatite and special types of
materials.
Types:
Pin type
(up to 33kV)
Suspension type
(above 33kV)
Strain Type insulator
Shackle type insulator
Terminal Tower:
The tower at the end of transmission line i.e. at the start of the grid station is
known as the terminal tower. This tower carry the power line entering the grid station
having strain insulators on it. Its a double circuit tower having two parallel power
lines on it with a SKY WIRE or EARTHED WIRE or OPGW (optical ground wire)
which is used for the protection of the transmission system from lightning strokes and
any of lightning falls on the transmission system, is grounded through this wire as
this wire is on the top of the tower.
The insulators used for insulation of line with ground (tower) and with each
other, depend upon the potential in the line. The string of insulator discs (made of
porcelain, glass or such type of insulating material) are made for this purpose,
according to the potential of the lines. For a rough estimate of the voltage of line
passing can be made by counting the number of plates of the insulator on the tower,
as they are designed and installed according to voltage level. The rough estimate is
like- if you multiply the number of discs with number 15, the answer will provide the
voltage in kV.
Wave Trap:
For the communication between two grid station and between the main head
office and the grid station, NTDCL has its own communication system on the
transmission
line.
As
the
communication requires
very
high
frequency
signals
(>500kHz) so, to separate these
signals from the power signals
(low frequency) we need an
equipment known as Wave Trap,
which is a high pass filter and
allows to pass high frequency
signals
only
to
the
communication equipment. The
equipment or the system used for
it is called as POWER LINE
CARRIER (PLC).
CCVT:
This is Capacitor Coupling Transformer. As the power signal is of low frequency
(50 Hz) so to pass this CCVT is used which is a low pass filter and always gives output
110 volts. Its working is same as the Potential Transformer with addition of low pass
filter circuit.
Isolator:
Isolators are provided for isolation from live parts for the purpose of maintenance.
Isolators are located at either side of the circuit breaker. Isolators are operated
under no load. If it is operated under load, there will be arc between the contacts
of the isolator. Isolator does not have any rating for current breaking or current
making. Isolators are interlocked with circuit breakers
Types of Isolators
are
1. Central rotating,
horizontal swing
2. Centre-Break
3. Vertical swing
4. Pantograph type
Earthing
Switch:
Earthing switches are mounted on the base of mainly line side isolator. Earthing
switches are normally vertically break switches. Earthing arms (contact arm of
earthing switch) are normally aligned horizontally at off condition. During
switching on operation, these earthing arms
rotate and move to vertical
position
and
make
contact
with
earth female contacts fitted at
the top of the post insulator
stack of isolator at its outgoing
side. The earthing arms are so
interlocked with main isolator
moving contacts that it can be
closed only when the main
contacts of isolator are in open
position. Similarly the main
isolator contacts can be closed
only when the earthing arms
are in open position.
Current Transformer:
For the measurement of the current in the line, the
current transformer (C.T) is used. It is an Instrument
transformer which brings current in the range to be
measured. It comes in different primary to secondary ratio
(800/1 or 800/5).
For the safety precaution, the secondary of C.T must
not be opened as on the secondary side there are a large
amount of voltage as current is very low, so due to high
potential arc will produce and CT will burst out. Care must
be taken that the secondary of a current transformer is not
disconnected from its load while current is in the primary,
as the transformer secondary will attempt to continue
driving current across the effectively infinite impedance up
to its core saturation voltage. This may produce a high
voltage across the open secondary into the range of several
kilovolts, causing arcing, compromising operator and
equipment safety, or permanently affect the accuracy of the
transformer.
The accuracy of a CT is directly related to a number of factors including:
Burden
Rating factor
Load
Phase change
Maintenance Test:
For the maintenance of the current transformer, two tests are performed,
Capacitance test
The capacitance between HV and LV side of transformer is checked. From
the reading of the instrument we multiply it with the place of knob reading
to get the capacitance. Then percentage depreciation factor is
measured according to the temperature. If the temperature is different form
the ambient (20 degree C) then multiplied by the correction factor provide
in table with the instrument manual.
The DF must be below 1 (or may be up to 1.2) for the best operation.
Insulation test:
Insulation of transformer is checked using MEGGAR (mega ohm-meter).
The MEGGAR is connected between HV side and ground and the resistance
is measured.
Generally, for one kV, 1Mohm is suitable resistance. i.e. for 132kV the
insulation must be about 132 mega ohm.
The calculations were taken at atm temperature and after correction factor
for 20 degree Celsius were applied and result was 5000 MOHM. Which is
suitable for working.
Potential transformer (PT):Voltage transformers are used to step down the voltage for measurement,
protection and control. Voltage transformers are of two types.
1. Electromagnetic type
2. Capacitive VT located on the feeder side
of the Circuit Breaker.
The primary of potential transformer must not
be short as it is connected in parallel and there
will be a burst and PT could be damaged.
A voltage transformer theory or potential
transformer theory is just like a theory of
general purpose step down transformer.
Primary of this transformer is connected across
the phase and ground. Just like the transformer
used for stepping down purpose, potential
transformer i.e. PT has lower turns winding at
its secondary. The system voltage is applied
across the terminals of primary winding of that
transformer, and then proportionate secondary
voltage appears across
the
secondary
terminals of the PT.
Circuit Breaker:
Circuit breaker is device used to break the circuit in case of excess amount of
current passing (due to any fault or other). It is protective device for the protection
of all equipment in case of fault that can damage the other devices. Here, the circuit
breakers used are SF6 circuit
breakers.
Sulfur Hexafluoride is an
excellent gaseous dielectric for
high voltage power applications.
It has been used extensively in
high voltage circuit breakers and
other switchgears employed by
the power industry. Application
for SF6 include gas insulated
transmission lines and gas
insulated power distributions.
The
combined
electrical,
physical, chemical and thermal
properties
offer
many
advantages when used in power
switchgears.
Some
of
the
outstanding properties of this
are below:
Very
high
dielectric
strength.
Very unique arc-quenching ability.
Very excellent thermal stability.
Very good thermal conductivity.
There is a tank of SF6 having specific pressure for the operation of circuit breaker
below which CB is unable to operate and there is pressure gauge for it showing and
monitoring the pressure in tank. When the pressure goes down, it causes a specific
relay to operate for alarm purposes.
MAINTAINANCE TEST:
For the checking the health of circuit breakers, three following tests are
performed annually:1. SF6 purity test
For the best working of circuit breaker the gas should be pure. For this
purpose, test is performed at regular intervals to check the purity.
2. Contact resistance test :
Due to operation of circuit breaker, contacts of breaker become rough
due to arc between them. So, the resistance of contacts increases above limit
resulting very increase in I2R losses. So, the resistance of contacts are checked
annually and it must be in micro ohms and if exceed, these must be replaced.
This is off load test.
3. Timing test.
The opening and closing the contacts of circuit breaker matters a lot. So,
there must be a little time for circuit breaker to sense and break the circuit.
For this timing test is performed using a test set model number TM1600. This
test is off load test i.e. the circuit breaker is disconnected from the circuit and
then test is performed. For the best operation of circuit breaker, following must
be full filled:
Opening time must be between 28-30 msec.
Closing time must be about 60 msec.
Autotransformers are often used to step up or step down voltages in the 110115120 V range and voltages in the 220-230-240 volt rangefor example. Providing
110
V or 120 V (with taps) from 230 V input, allowing equipment designed for 100 or
120 volts to be used with a 230 volt supply.
OPERATION:An autotransformer has a single winding with two end terminals, and one or more
terminals at intermediate tap points, or a transformer in which the primary and
secondary coils have part or all of their turns in common. The primary voltage is
applied across two of the terminals, and the secondary voltage taken from two
terminals, almost always having one terminal in common with the primary voltage.
The primary and secondary circuits therefore have a number of windings turns in
common. Since the volts-per-turn is the same in both windings, each develops a
voltage in proportion to its number of turns. In an autotransformer part of the current
flows directly from the input to the output, and only part is transferred inductively,
allowing a smaller, lighter, cheaper core to be used as well as requiring only a single
winding. However the voltage and current ratio of autotransformers can be
formulated the same as other two-winding transformers.
conditions, both transformers are sharing the load and hence the reliability increases
and the life of transformer.
For the parallel operation of transformers, three following conditions must be
satisfied:
All transformers should have
1. Same impedance drops.
2. Same turn ratios.
3. Same ratings.
Transformers connected in parallel have the same voltage on each primary and
the same voltage on each secondary. The difference in the voltage between the
primary and secondary windings is the turn ratios. For these terminal voltages to be
the same for the paralleled transformers, their impedance drops must be identical.
Therefore, under any condition of load, the current will be divided such that the
product of impedance and current in one transformer is equal to the product of
impedance and current in the other. Also, if the turn ratios of the transformers are
different, but the primary and secondary terminal voltages are the same in both
transformers, then circulating currents must flow between the transformers, even at
no load.
Vector group of transformer:In electrical engineering, a vector group is the International Electro technical
Commission (IEC) method of categorizing the high voltage (HV) windings and low
voltage (LV) winding configurations of three-phase transformers. The vector group
designation also indicates the windings configurations and the difference in phase
angle between them.
Symbol designation:-
17
At the end there may be integers like 1, 2, 3 12 for phase displacement between
LV and HV side. E.g.
1=300 , 2=600
,3=900, 12=3600or 00
PROTECTION OF GRID:Transformer protection:Transformer protection mainly divided into two major groups:
1. Mechanical Protection
2. Electrical Protection
Mechanical Protection:
Mechanically operated protection is called as mechanical protection which do
not have any concern with electric signal to operate. Some are following:
A) MAIN BUCHHOLZ RELAY:
It is gas operated, gas actuated relay. When there is any fault with the
windings of transformer. i.e. it is short from any part, spark will be produced
and it will decompose the oil in the transformer due to which gases will
produced and goes upward to the conservator tank where, there is buchholz
relay main and conservator tank and due to pressure of gases, relay operated.
B) Pressure relief relay:
This relay is operated due to sudden change of pressure of gases within
the tank. When winding is short from more than one place and more arc is
produced and large pressure is created in the tank.
C) ON LOAD TAP CHANGER RELAY:
This is for the protection of the tap changer. If there is any short circuit
or any fault in tap changer this relay operated.
18
19
20
Fig (hydrometer)
21