9/4/2013

Taif University
College of Medicine
Second Year Students

BIOCHEMISTRY

INTRODUCTION

Dr. Gaber Shehab

Outcomes

Classify and define metabolism

Explain digestion, absorption and the fate of absorbed

glucose.

Discuss the steps and importance of glycolysis and Cori cycle

Discuss the steps and importance of gluconeogenesis

Illustrate the steps of Kerb's cycle and its importance

Point out hexose monophosphate shunt and its function.

Describe glycogen metabolism (glycogenesis & glycogenolysis)

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PLEASE REVISE THE

INFORMATION WHICH HAS BEEN
TAKEN LAST YEAR
INTRODUCTION TO
METABOLISM

Important definitions

Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical changes occurring in

a cell, a tissue, or the body.

Metabolites are the chemical compounds involved in these

reactions.

In cells, the reactions are organized into multistep sequences

through the existence of specific enzymes called pathways
(metabolic pathways).

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Important definitions

In a pathway, the product of one reaction serves as

the substrate of the subsequent reaction.

Substrate A ---- Enzyme 1-------> Substrate B ------ Enzyme2-------> Substrate C

------ Enzyme 3------> Substrate D

Remember: pathways can be linear, cyclic, or a

combination of both.

Important definitions

These pathways include:



Anabolic pathways (Synthesis of compounds)

Catabolic pathways (Degradation/breakdown of compounds)

Amphibolic pathways (pathways that have both catabolic and

anabolic functions)
(acting as links between the anabolic and catabolic pathways, eg, the citric acid cycle)

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Carbohydrates
Pathways

Atlas of Biochemistry, page 113

Metabolism
Metabolism involves:

Catabolic reactions
that break down
large, complex
molecules to provide
energy and smaller
molecules.

Anabolic reactions
that use ATP energy
to build larger
molecules.

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Stages of Catabolism
9

Catabolic reactions are organized as stages:

In Stage 1, digestion breaks down large molecules

into smaller ones that enter the bloodstream to cells.

In Stage 2, molecules in the cells are broken down

to two- and three-carbon compounds.

In Stage 3, compounds are oxidized in the citric acid

cycle to provide energy.

Catabolic reactions
Energy generation by degradation of complex
molecules occurs in three stages

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Why we study metabolism?

A knowledge of normal metabolism is essential for an

understanding of abnormalities underlying disease.

Abnormal metabolism may result from nutritional deficiency,

enzyme deficiency, abnormal secretion of hormones, or the actions
of drugs and toxins.

An important example of a metabolic disease is diabetes mellitus.

Selected Reference Books

Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry. 26th edition. Robert Murray, et al., 2003 by The McGrawHill Companies, ISBN 0-07-138901-6

Basic Concepts In Biochemistry, A Students Survival Guide, 2nd edition. Hirman F. Gilbert,
2000 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, ISBN 0-07-135657-6

Lippincotts Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry, 4th edition

Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, David L. Nelson & Michael M. Cox, 4th edition, 2005

Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 2nd edition, Jan Koolman, 2005 by Georg Thieme, ISBN 3-13100372-3 (GTV)