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1965 25: 143-160

Canine Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

ROBERT M. LEWIS, ROBERT SCHWARTZ and WILLIAM B. HENRY, JR.

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Copyright 2011 by The American Society of Hematology; all rights reserved.

From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on November 19, 2014. For personal use only.

B L () Q J)
FEBRUARY,

VOL.

M.

ROBERT

numerous
models

models

(serum

been

specific

sickness,4

tolerated

tration

foreign

in still

rently,

adjuvant
types

spontaneous

particular
lesion.

The

While

conditions

the

with

spontaneously
insights

autoimmune
lonephrilis.
in these

clinicians

occurring

to

from

always

be

must

deal.

disease

lupus

hemolytic
Positive
animals

lupus
indicate

produced

the

adnunis-

antisera9

the

been

associated
of

the

More

in mice01
has

under

Thus,

will

animals.
mice

feature

the

the

of

thymic
controlled

human

autoim-

characterization

mammals

of

may

clinical
and pathologic
in 7 dogs.
This condition

in

man.

thrombocvtopenia,

preparations
the

and

in lower

erythematosus

anemia,

complexes
are

described
NZB

the

provide

models.

of this report
is to present
disease
that we observed

systemic

of
desirable

important

man-made

been

background

is an

autoimmune

unobtainable

The purpose
of a multisystemic
similar

which

have
anemia

of

by

aspermato-

addition,

in laboratory

not
this

In

of

classes

induced

lesions

disorders
disorders

may

laboratory,

in which

heterologous

of its genetic

spontaneity
of

munization

because

are

or organ-specific

hemolytic

construction

antigen-antibody

disease7).

of immunologic
autoimmune

lesions

by
those

(runt

alone8

JR.

Several

encephalitis,2

induced
and

autoimmune

interest

in which

(thyroiditis,1
are

immunocytes

other

dogs.12

antigens
lesions

NO.

HENRY,

the

informative.

those

glomerulonephritis5)

of Freunds

result

particularly

elaborated:

in which

B.

WILLIAM

AND

of autoimmunization,

been

XXV,

Erythematosus

SCHWARTZ

investigations

organ

those

Lupus

ROBERT

has

have

of

genesis3);

and

LEWIS,

animal
injection

by

Systemic

F THE

these

of Hematology

1965

Canine
By

T he Journal

and

immunologic

Its
and

other

serologic

nature

of the

cardinal

features
is very

features

membranous
abnormalities

are

glomerufound

disorder.

METHODS
Laboratory
tests
consisting
of white
blood
cell counts
(WBC),
packed
cell volume
(PCV),
hemoglobin
levels
(Hb),
white
blood
cell differential
counts,
icterus
index,
direct
antiglobulin
test, blood
urea
nitrogen
(BUN),
reticulocyte
count,
urinalysis,
Quick
prothrombm
time,
and
serum
transaminase
values
(SGO-T,
SGP-T)
were
determined
by
standard
methods.
Platelet
numbers
were estimated
from the peripheral
blood
smears.
Paper
strip
electrophoresis,
total serum
protein
determinations
and Hyland
rapid
slide

This investigation
was supported
in part by Research
Grant
GM 07621-02
from the National
Institute
of General
Medical
Sciences,
U. S. Public
Health
Service
and by U. S.
Public
Health
Service
Grant
AM 02037-06.
From
the Angell
Memorial
Animal
Hospital
and the Blood
Research
Laboratory,
Pratt
Clinic-New
England
Center
Hospital,
Boston,
Mass.
Submitted
Feb. 24, 1964; accepted
for publication
May 5, 1964.
143
BLOOD,

VOL.

25,

No.

(FEBRuARY),

1965

From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on November 19, 2014. For personal use only.

144LEWIS,

SCHWARTZ

agglutination

tests

available

for

serum

tests.

saline

positive

tests

for

was

was

not
by

(lone.

In

erythrophagocytosis,

of

addition,

serum

protein

scribed

by

were

noted,

Hargraves14

were

Normal

were

and

large

of Selected

Blood

Laboratory

Tests

al

Cells

12-30%

\lonocyte

3-10%

Eosinophil

2-10%

12-18

Quick

prothrombin

Blood

urea

23 SF

units

SGP-T

less

than

27

SF

units

to

the

female

temperature

hours

were

1 week
LE

rise),

findings

cytopenia

the

gradually
blood
and

when

urea

nitrogen
persisted

mg

every

LE

test

ex-

the
skin

levels
throughout

2.1

per

was

se-

dog
and
samples

hours,

intramuscularly,
done

not

that

lameness,

and
10

mucous
wer

time

seen.

into

of

in

was
at

anorexia,

revealed

unsteadily

5.3

the

pallor,
room,

probable
mg.

Gms.;

slight

fell

down

splenomegaly.

prednisone

BUN
with

19

weeks
120
course.

nucleated
blood
with

every

The

mg./100
shift,

12

the
per
direct

were

antibiotics,
of

pneumonia

extensive
and

terminally.
Coombs

LE

WBC
and

development
cent

ml.;
monocytosis,

RBC/100

tissues,
mg.

10
left

transfusions

subcutaneous
the

seen

the

nonspecific

Neutrophiia
and

surpassing

were

oxygen.
ITh

and

morning

were

7.3

count

preparation

epistaxis,

1+.

next

time
anisocytosis,

on the
skin
and
urine

examination

corticosteroids,

the

LE

cells

walked

24,000/mm3;

over

24

An

injections
in

prothrombin
WBC

next

listlessness,

hypochromia

of

Memoriphysical

reticulocyte

present
Blood

Physical

placed

with

3+,

The

and

dog

cent;

RBC/100

were
tender.

Intramuscular

therapy

abscesses
anemia

typical

Coombs

deteriorated

multiple

but
1962,
(the

WBC

per

was

abated.

developed.

was

Angel!

during

polychromatophilia,

hemorrhages,

F.
dog

direct

vigorous

normal.

had

prostration

anisocytosis,

Despite

the

urine

were:

polychromatophilia,
dog

bodies,

103.6

and

was

10

symptoms

March,

30

nucleated
test

ecchymoses
swollen

subconjunctival

negative;

purpura,

the

Coombs

urine

and
were

Findings

monocytosis,
and

The

admitted

epistaxis.

PCV

shift,

Prednisone,

until

was

Laboratory

present.

mg.

nosebleed.

direct

ml.

laboratory.

begun

preparation,

The

mg./100

emaciation,

The

left

was

of

39,000/mm3;

dark-colored

not

the

WBC

14511)

because

hypochromia

well

and

could

for

smear.

extracellular
remained

temia,

except

and
petechiae
elbow
joints

the

severe

1961,

with

13

(R

p00(1k

December,

findings:

within

and

the

standard

in
negative

BUN

icterus,

seconds

than

blood

polydipsia

nitrogen

to

She

7.0-10.5
less

verely
depressed
membranes.
Both

contained

de-

SGO-T

thrombocytopenia,

and

time

Gm.

20

peripheral

started

extra-

______

than

marked

submitted

criteria

less

laboratory

and

of

the

40-45%
0.1-0.5%

Neutrophilia

cent

volume

Reticulocytes

seconds.
the

amounts

rare
cell

Hemoglobin

were

Initial

de-

Although

0-3%

Lymphocyte

Hospital

amination

manner

6000-18000/mm3

60-77%

6-year-old

Animal

un-

screening

cell.

when

Neutrophil

Packed

Number

glycine-

when

in Dogs

Basophil

This

in

the

L.E.

only

Band

Case

screening

these

in

typical

positive

1:20

to

all

on

as

recorded

prepared
the

formation

considered

of

was

JR.

fulfilled.

Values

\Vhite

was

used

positively

of

HENRY,

performed

were

dilution

reacted

presence

rosette

smear

serum

smears

the

were

tests

antibody

which

slip

for

antithyroid

cover

examined

antibody

two

latter

required

for

nucleophagocytosis,

cellular

antithyroid

These

factor
test

Titration

and

and

dogs.

positive

used.

Miale13

factor

affected

rheumatoid

whereas

serum

scribed

of

test

buffer,

diluted

rheumatoid

samples

AND

azo-

Thrombotest

was

inter-

From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on November 19, 2014. For personal use only.

CANINE

SYSTEMIC

mittently

positive

body

test

the

erythrocytes

Post

of

throughout
was

present

row

and

in

inent

the

This

failure.

blood

cells

Number

This

Animal

animal

large

laboratory

units;

direct

marked
cells.

The

The

dog

At

the

and

direct

continued

was

returned
of
in

Despite

was
in

acute

developfrom

Coombs

admitted

Physical

thrombo-

prepared

to

According

test.

the

Angell

the

owner,

to

examination

mucous

revealed

membranes,

PCV
a

was

11.5

shift

tachycardia,

to

per
the

cent;

left,

traces

of

of

centrifuged

albumin

urinary

blood

and

icterus

index

monocytosis

autoagglutination

and

the

whole

and

the

red

blood

and

iiie

were

sedinwnt.

prednisone,

10

Hct

chromatophilia,

1961,

the

third

weeks

after

mg/day,

returning

PCV

and

blood

March

F.,

1,

anorexia,

made

per

he

cent;

smear.

1961.

and

and

Prompt

home,

37

and

hypochromia

peripheral

until
104

begun.

On

a moist

treatment

with

recovery

the

direct
Six

March

3,

cough.

A tenta-

5(X)

ensued

and
Prednisone
1961,

mg.

from

the

chlorobroncho-

months

27

per

the

peripheral

was

cent;

improvement.

On
direct

the

ninth

Two

Physical
examination
Laboratory
findings

weeks
again
at

later

the

(lay

revealed
that
time

2+.
and

was
well

and

was

begun

he
was

pallor,
were:

nucleated

and
returned

was

for

to

57-322
2

the

with

a left

RBC/

100
in

resulted

BW

depres\\BC
shift,

poly-

\VBC

were

the

bone

urobilinogen.

prednisone
on

vomiting

revealed:

seen

increased

within

after
ther-

and

examination

65

weeks

prednisone

listlessness

hyperplasia

ACTH

positive,

Neutrophilia

except

negative
dog

there

responded

lymphadenopathy,

Laboratory

Erythroid
with

be

generalized

test

platelets

became

dog

However,

to
anorexia,

pallor,

unremarkable

hospital
test

ilie

normal.

found

splenectomy,

Coombs

smear.

was

again

nose.

increased

Treatment

Coombs

the

direct

(although

performed.

were

was

hyperkeratotic

urine

positive.

test
revealed

blood

The

numbers

after

examination

persisted

was

day.

platelet

Coombs

dry,

throinbocytopenia

splenectomy

hospital

the

anisocytosis,

preparation.

cent.

was

markedly

16,000/mm3;

The

the

mg/day
was

hours

10,000/mm3;
polychromatophilia,

in

of

therapy,

Physical

preparation

2.5

prednisone

reinStitllte(l.

in

of

seen

a temperature

operation,

when

and

a (lose

1961,
was

Anisocytosis,
were

May,
on

the

was

23,
count

bronchopneumonia

in

discharged

reappeared.

February

negative.

every

and

splenectomy,

per

severe

eluate

mar-

present.

ultimate

indirect

was

bone

5 (lays.

Following

day.

of

the

F.

1.012
in

leukocyte
\VBC

with

continuous

purpura)

present

of

an

epistaxis.

the

with

findings

The

test

was

pneumonia

sion,

gravity

on

health.

intramuscularly

was

101

an

to

fight.
of

There

transfusions

cells/100

diagnosis

mycetin

dog

Neutrophilia

specific

of

39,O00/mi&;

present.

examination

good

Coombs

dog

of
\VBC

2+.

with

because
pallor

temperature

cells

change

was

with

and

( R 1049)

poodle
after

were:

blood

in
by

test

positive

red

1961,

significant

treated

unclassified

tive

were

marked

were
no

characterized

antiglobulin

large

hyaline

present

duration

canine

ear,

were

of

scattered
by

Segmental

6 months

preparations

sclerosis

were

characterized

spleen.

bronchopneumonia

standard

test

had

follow-up

therapy

45

left

necrosis

purulent

positive

test.
Bowmans

and

of

Severe

extensively

the

foci

Megakaryocytes

sensitize

tubules,

hyperplasia,
the

anti-

to

antiglobtilin

Hyalinization

small
in

shown

glomeruli,

kidneys.

Reactive

January,

indirect

the

antinuclear

was

improved.
in

three

apy

bleed

were

was

appeared

row

in

findings

urine

gradually

and

LE

the

The

cells

an

of

lesion

with
normal

Coombs

There

of

positive.
her

to

multiple

arteries.

illness

male

to

in

hyperplastic.

thrombocytopenia

present.

the

central

white

weakness,

Initial

ventricle.
prominent

Two

1)ehind

polypnea,

left
the

an

dogs

heart,

the

Hospital

began

bruise

found

was

sensitized

4-year-old

Memorial

normal

the

anemia

were
from

mineralization

In

had

of renal

prepared

were

of

dog

preparations

selected

were

hemolytic

Case

no

walls

and

red

he

of
cells,

nodes

Summary:

arteries

wall

cell
eluate

Advanced

prominent.

lymph

LE
cell

4 randomly

plasma

cytopenia

15
red

also

the
of

of
A

arcuate

were

numbers

examination:

and

145

ERYTHEMATOSUS

positive.

mortem

glomeruli

the

and

was

capsules

her

LUIUS

weeks

hospital

depression
and
generalized
\VBC
21,000/mm3;
PCV

This

in

LE

considerable

(Imuran),
the

marAn

50

mg./

hematocrit

because

of

weakness.
32
per

One

was
epistaxis.

cent;

pro-

From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on November 19, 2014. For personal use only.

146

LEWIS,

thrombin

8.1

time

units

and

penia,

seconds;

SGP-T

icterus

S.F.

5200

polychromatophilia,

urine

had

fuged

dry

owners

Post

24

1-3;

bile,

WBC

with

shift,
cells

trace;

0;

SGO-T

were

4-8;

dose

450

again

S.F.

noted.

1+.

centri-

cells

pentothal

The

The

epithelial

of

JR.

thrombocyto-

urobilinogen

casts

lethal

ml.;

HENRY,

monocytosis,

target

1+;

performed

mgs./100

a left

frequent

albumin

RBC

was

BUN
with

and

1.009;

contained:

Euthanasia

mortem
revealed

large

numbers

but

examination:
of

many

was

of

necrosis
marrow

of

the

had

pleura

hemolytic

1-2

sodium

per

at

the

lets

to

splenectomy

the

LE

but

test

of

thrombocytopenia.

the

Case

male
on

treated

months
became

arterioles

and

megakaryocytes

pyknotic.

developed

test.

in

Fibrous

the

thicken-

operation

was
with

extensive

and

the

effective

an

increase

in

anemia,
and

an

appeared

lesions

partially

by

prednisone
were

and

only

hemolytic

hepatitis

hepatic

was

followed

of

treatment

thrombocytopenia

Prednisone

exacerbation

of

in

the

He

very
dark

cocker

spaniel

November

previously.

passed

stood

delineated

of

The

were

which

sharply

degeneration

nuclei

prominent,

loops

small

arteries.

not

which

antimetabolite

together

prominent

plate-

during

at

re-

with

a relapse

necropsy.

Hospital
been

an

signs
Renal

5-year-old

Animal
had

but

their

in
with

central

was

nodes.

simultaneously

The

soon
Further

improvement,

Number

This

was

positive.

in

some

capillary

Hyaline
lymph

antiglobulin

performed.

there

was

sulted

poodle

a positive

was

normal,

the

and

in

Multiple

liver.

in

removal

present.

male

with

dilated

its
hematopoiesis

changes

widely

the

noted

following

glomerulosclerosis

thin-walled.

cytoplasm

was

4-year-old

anemia

three

throughout
were

spleen

extramedullary

hyaline

kidneys,

relatively

a fibrillar

visceral

Summary:

and

scattered

hematopoiesis

femoral

the
or

the

follicles,

segmental

In

were

of

lymphoid

two

and

were

extramedullary

found.

contained

empty,

examination
of
and

not

glomeruli

although

foci

atrophy

megakaryocytes,

fibosis

open,

Histologic

congestion,

Periarterial

he

of

units;

AND

request.

1962

ing

gravity

sediment

field.

10

Neutrophilia

hypochromia

a specific

urinary

high

index

units.

SCHWARTZ

and

to

in

eat.

to

weakness
for

health

the

until

day

revealed

of

the

and

salicylates

good

On

examination

admitted

of

with

been

refused

was

because

clinic

otherwise

Physical

12936)

1961,

out-patient

had

listless

urine.

(P

21,

an
the

day

animal

lameness

before

the

icterus,

Memorial
The

obscure

admission,

severe

Angel!

anorexia.

11

entry

dog

when

vomited

polypnea,

and

weakness

and

splenomegaly.
Initial

laboratory

(lirect

Coombs

a shift

to

the

nucleated
was

left,

positive.

the

the

third

hepatomegaly

seventh

hospital

day.

prednisone.

Laboratory

Gm.;

Coombs

direct

SGO-T

S.F.

40

anisocytosis,
WBC
4+;
casts,
and

to
to

On

units;

present

the

urobilinogen

at

rarely
antinuclear

seen;

yellow

3.8
every

12

urine

hospital
that

was
day,

time

S.F.
blood

The

centrifuged

cells
were

2-5

positive.

smear.
high

put

on

4+;

uro-

0;

casts

0-1;

per

for

dry
12

to

stand.

day
day

the

at

he

first

dose

to

and

the
5

specific

16

contained
for

anti-thyroid

the

of

oral
7.8

mg./100

left,

RBC

to

on
Hb

ml.;

monocytosis,

nucleated
gravity

The

began

33,000/mm3;
BUN

field.
hours.
which

time

a decreasing

cent;

Tests

high
every

unable

WBC
shift

field.

bile

following

cells,
sediment

4+;

hospital

color

follows:

Urinalysis:
dry

was

23

preparation

RBC

5 mg.

sixth

The

was

target
urinary

per

dog

in

12.9

ml.;
with
and

LE

per

of

the

Neutrophilia,

hypochromia,
peripheral

the

hours.

count

units.

material

on

as

1-2;

a dosage

normal
he

were

An

albumin
WBC

and

mg./100

Neutrophiia

smear.

1.037;

Gm.

67

cent.

polychromatophilia
blood

in

found

BUN
per

amorphous

begun

reticulocyte
56

epithelial
antibody

mg.
The

Gm.;
4.4

contained

was
was

ninth

SGP-T

1.

of

10

negative;

in the

gravity

reaching

play.

findings
test,

specific
sediment

fall,

polychromatophilia,

were
bile,

to

wanted

peripheral

prednisone

increased

and

the

amounts

marked
was

rise,

large

continued

prednisone

amber;

day

6.3
count

anisocytosis,

in

urinary

hospital

level

could

and

Hb

reticulocyte

present

Cloudy

2
day

hemoglobin
time

were

centrifuged

second

250;

thrombocytopenia,

WBC

The

25,000/mm3;

index

monocytosis,

crystals

On

WBC

icteric

Urinalysis:
4+.

bilirubin

eat,

2+;

RBC/100

bilinogen

On

findings:
test

RBC/100
1.025;
0;

albumin
WBC

5-7;

antibody

From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on November 19, 2014. For personal use only.

CANINE

SYSTEMIC

The

dog

owner

to

improved

was

discharged

treatment

with
again

he

147

ERYTHEMATOSUS

and

continue

returned

1962,

LTJPUS

with

on

December

prednisone

severe
pneumonia
was returned
with

for

8, 1961,

with

instructions

for

the

1961, he
rapidly
to antibiotics.
On March
8,
loss, obesity
and gray-pink
hyperkerat-

one

which
responded
generalized
hair

month.

On

December

28,

on the face and under

the chin. A biopsy
of this eruption
showed
acanthoinvolving
the hair follicles,
focal hyperkeratosis,
focal telangiectasis
in the
papillary
layer which
also contained
aggregations
of plasma
cells and lymphocytes.
There
were
small
collections
of mast
cells around
the dermal
capillaries
and a few capillaries
with
hyalinized
walls
were
seen.
The
owner
related
that
similar
lesions
had
been
seen
otic

lesions

skin

sis, particularly

prior

to

and

the

hemolytic

generalized

of

July

1, 1963,

peared;

crisis,

hair
the

however,

hair
he

the

showed

preparation

Case

No

test,
had

female
30,

on March
January,

treatment

began
on the day
physical
examination
branes.
The gums

prior

the

has

on

persistent

the

proteinuria

The

obesity

therapy.

face

had

As

again

disap-

albuminurla.

thrombocytopenia,

hemolytic

with

anemia

with

1 year prior
to the onset
salicylates.
The
hematologic

persisted.

compatible

4+;

second

human

skin

rash

discoid

of

involving

lupus.

The

LE

was

2.5

prednisone

entered

She

the

was

polydipsia,

subsided

within

bile

and

casts

0-1;

given

WBC

17,000/mm:i;

seconds);

direct

orally

trace.

the
ml.

The

cells
dog

of

every

dry

in
The

in

the

the

coat,

weeks.

was

the

skin
103

Animal

out-patient
and alopecia.

present

illness

and
F.

The

bed.

animals

mucous

Melena

1-3

appeared

whole

6 hours.

nucleated

mem-

and

the

clear

centrifuged
per

slight

dry

weak

mg.

fifth

WBC

were

found.

specific

sediment

gravity

showed

R.BC

field.

and

had

a bloody

prednisone

hospital

prothrombin

thrombocytopenia,

yellow;

urinary

high

10

cent;

RBC/100

Urinalysis:

very

blood,
By

6.8 Gm. per

test 3. Severe

Hb
4

normal.

epithelial

day,

a dull
blood

of

Memorial

seen

a few

Coombs

and

was

indican,

160

Angell

first

noted.

formula

hospital

She

signs

polychromatophilia

10-20;

charge.
mg.

was:
6-9

differential

albumin

On

and

distention,

these

were

anisocytosis,

WBC

1-3;

lesions

but

abdominal

(normal

leukocyte

1.023;

skin

fox terrier
(N 4620)
because
of purpura.

and

work

seconds

moderate

the

to entry
when
the
owner
noticed
revealed
petechiae
and ecchymoses
were bleeding
actively.
The
temperature

laboratory

7.8

The

toy

lymphadenopathy

Initial

and

treatment.
corticosteroid

proteinuria.
About
which
responded
to

lesions

for

given

time

and

prednisone,

1960,

1960,
was

peripheral

prolonged

4-year-old
in

to

developed

azotemia
lameness

to

due

obese

spaniel

without

be

positive.

Number

clinic

back

quite

cocker

disappeared

to

grown

histopathologic

was

This
Hospital

subsequently
thought

had

responded

face

was

remained

Summary:
This male
a positive
antiglobulin
these
disturbances
he
abnormalities

but

loss

day

vaginal

dis-

intramuscularly,
she

and
marked
imof platelets.

showed

provement,
and the peripheral
blood
smear
now contained
normal
numbers
However,
4+ albuminuria
was still present.
She was discharged
on the seventh
hospital
day on maintenance
dose of prednisone
for
two weeks.
The dog remained
asymptomatic
for 6 months,
but
in October,
1960,
extensive
slcin and mucous
membrane
bleeding
and thrombocytopenia
again
appeared.
The
PCV
was 34 per cent and the direct
Coombs
test was negative.
Treatment
with prednisone
was
reinstituted
and during
the next week
the dog gradually
improved.
Despite
continuous
prednisone

therapy,

performed.

Postoperatively,

enteritis

was
and

months.

On

tion

and

days,

polydipsia,

level

of

specific
The

dog

10.5

thrombocytopenia

free

of

was

persisted

the
purpura.

dog
However,

subsequently

August

23,
polyuria,

Gm.,

gravity

of

was

treated

BUN
1.011,

for

1961,

she

albumin

uremia

1-f-,

melena.

and

ml.
and

1961,

a splenectomy

platelet

numbers

without

16,
1961,
she returned
this disorder
four
times
the hospital
with a history

entered
and

January,

June

for

mg./100

in

normal

on

treated

vomiting

154

and

maintained

and

0-2

discharged

Laboratory
normal

hyaline
on

the

work
platelets.

casts
eighth

were

with hemorrhagic
within
the next
of anorexia
for

revealed
The

seen

hospital

was
medica-

a
urine

per
day.

hemoglobin
now

high

2
4

had

dry

field.

From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on November 19, 2014. For personal use only.

148

LEWIS,

On February
253 mg./100
was positive.
Post mortem
kidneys

healed

infarcts.

Outside

the

wedge-shaped

ular
capillaries
and
small
arterioles
were
thickened
mononuclear
intertubular
exudate
was evident.
The
the

splenectomy

of

in

and

the

January,

mild

walls

AND

HENRY,

27, 1962, the dog entered

the hospital
with severe
uremia.
The
ml. and an LE preparation
was positive.
The test for anti-thyroid
The animal
was sacrificed
with an overdose
of pentothal
sodium.
findings:
Necropsy
revealed
small
contracted
kidneys
of unequal

contained

follicles

SCHWARTZ

of

1961,

was

extramedullary

central

severely

was

found,

and
spleen,

infarction

contained

Segmental

but

of

hyalinized,
which
was

congested,

hematopoiesis.

arteries

areas

fibrosis

size.

Both

glomer-

generalized
following

hyperplastic

lymphoid

and

hyalinization

thickening

periarterial

BUN was
antibody

the

and
a
examined

JR.

was

absent.

Diffuse

fatty

infiltration
of the liver was present.
The lymphoid
follicles
in the body
lymph
nodes
were
hyperplastic
and no evidence
of extramedullary
hematopoiesis
was
seen.
Summary:
This
toy fox terrier
developed
severe
thronibocytopenia
and
hemolytic
anemia
with
a positive
antiglobulin
test
which
were
treated
at first
with
corticosteroids
and
later
by

splenectomy.

Removal

months
after
L.E. cell test

the
was

sclerosis

with

wire

Number

January

25,

Case
On

of

the

spleen

resulted

initial
symptoms
of her
positive
and anti-thyroid
loop

lesions

1961,

this

was

in

disease,
antibodies

present

4-year-old

an

she

8-month

remission.

developed
were found

However,

23

progressive
uremia.
The
in her serum.
Glomerulo-

at autopsy.

spayed

female

German

shepherd

(R

705)

was

presented
to Angell
Memorial
Animal
Hospital
with
a history
of weakness
of the hind
legs, anorexia,
malaise,
polydipsia
and sporadic
vomiting.
These
signs
had been
present
for 6 days. Physical
examination
revealed
a temperature
of 102 F., extreme
pallor,
tachycardia
and polypnea.
Following
the physical
examination,
the dog
collapsed
and
was
hospitalized.
Specific
treatment
consisted
of whole
blood
and prednisone,
2.5 mg. every
8 hours.
Initial
laboratory
findings
were:
WBC
54,000/nun3;
PCV
20 per cent;
direct
Coombs
test
2+.
Neutrophilia
with
a left shift,
monocytosis,
marked
polychromatophilia,
anisocytosis,

macrocytosis,

peripheral
Urinalysis:

casts
By

cloudy

the

active

in

at this

fourth
her

time

medication

yellow;

hospital
cage.

and

days

at
vomiting,

tachycardia,

had

nucleated

an
home,

RBC/100

dog

WBC

20

regained

her

on

cent,

and

dose

were

and

per

cent;

the

temperature

of

direct

the
for

seen

with

examination
104

F.

test

in

the

The

urobilinogen,

and

was
ninth

rare

granular

bright,

alert,

hospital

day,

2-week

a history

15,
of

laboratory

and
and

Home
multiple

1961,

progressive

pallor,

after
ano-

hepatoniegaly,

findings

Neutrophilia,

1+.

period,

February

revealed

2.

trace;

C#{244}onubstest

On

hospital

Coombs

WBC

direct

prednisone

Physical

bile,

0-2

and

1961,

20,00/mm3;
of

1+;

appetite
3,

Junior-Winthrop).
to

polypnea.

RBC;

February

WBC

returned

albumin

no

(Perihemin
was

weakness

1.028;

contained
had

decreasing

hematinic

the

PCV

dog

discharged

of 38 per

of
oral

gravity

sediment
the

was

a PCV

polypnea

30,000/mm3;

13

specific

day,

She

consisted

vitamins,
rexia,

and

smear.

The centrifuged
urinary
per high dry field.

trace.

12

hypochromia,

blood

were:

monocytosis,

WBC

poly-

chromatophilia,
anisocytosis,
macrocytosis
and 22 nucleated
RBC/100
WBC
were
present.
The urine was dark amber
in color and had a specific
gravity
of 1.037;
bile 2+; urobilinogen 3+. The centrifuged
urinary
sediment
contained
RBC 20-30;
WBC
1-2; and no casts
per high dry field. Treatment
consisting
of 5 mg. predrmisone
every 8 hours
was started.
By
the
fifth
hospital
day the dog had again
regained
her appetite
and appeared
bright
and
alert.
She was discharged
on February
25, 1961, the tenth
hospital
day, with instructions
for the owner
to give decreasing
doses of prednisone
for 3 weeks.
The direct
Coombs
test
was still positive
at the time of discharge
and 144 nucleated
RBC/100
WBC
were present
in the peripheral
blood.
After ten days at home,
the dog again
developed
vomiting,
weakness,

the

malaise

dog

was

and

pallor

jaundiced

and

at this

was

time

admitted

and

to

the

splenomegaly

hospital

for

was

the

detected.

third

time.

The

In

laboratory

addition,
find-

From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on November 19, 2014. For personal use only.

CANINE

SYSTEMIC

LUPUS

149

ERYTHEMATOSUS

ings

consisted
of WBC
54,000/mm3;
PCV
16 per cent;
direct
Coomnbs
test 3+. Neutrowith a shift to the left, monocytosis,
polychromatophilia,
anisocytosis,
hypochromia,
macrocytosis,
target
cells and 85 nucleated
RBC/100
WBC
were
again
noted.
The dog
was treated
with
10 mg. prednisone
intraniuscularly
every
12 hours
for 7 days, at which
time marked
clinical
improvement
was evident.
Three
hundred
ml. of compatible
whole
blood was given intravenously
on March
13, 1961,
and
repeated
on March
15, at which
time
a splenectomy
was performed.
An uneventful
recovery
from
surgery
followed
and
the dog was discharged
on March
23, 1961.
A decreasing
dose of prednisone
was prescribed
for 1 week.
At the time of discharge,
the laboratory
findings
were:
WBC
52,000/
mm3;
PCV
28 per cent;
direct
Coombs
test 2-. The peripheral
blood
smear
still revealed
philia

neutrophilia,

monocytosis

and

82

nucleated

RBC/

100

WBC.

Periodic

examinations,

corn-

mencing
on March
31, disclosed
a consistently
negative
direct
Coombs
test,
and
lack
of
any clinical
signs of exacerbation.
In the differential
smears,
however,
polychronuatophilia,
anisocytosis,
poikilocytosis,
Howell
Jolly bodies,
hypochronuia
and an occasional
nucleated
RBC
were
seen.
Examination
in August,
1962,
revealed
a reticulocyte
count
of 1.4
per
cent
and a BUN of 21 mg./100
ml. An LE cell preparation
was
positive.
The LE preparation
was
again
positive
in January,
1963,
and mild albuminuria
was detected.
Histologic

examination

medullary
the

of

hematopoiesis

central

arteries

Summary:

the

and
contained

This

spleen

following

segmental

female

its

hemnosiderosis.

German

surgical

renuoval

Periarterial
deposits

of

shepherd

fibrosis
hyaline

was

revealed

was

material

found

to

severe

absent,
within

have

many

their

severe

extra-

but

of

walls.

hemolytic

anemia

with
a positive
antiglobulin
test
resulted
in a prompt
amelioration
became
in

which
eventually
required
splenectomy.
The
operation
of the hemolytic
anenuia
and the direct
Coombs
test
Follow-up
examinations
for 20 months
after splenectomy
found
the dog
health,
but with positive
LE tests and albuminuria.

negative.

apparent

Case

good

Number

This
5-year-old
Memorial
Animal
The owner
related
pneumonia

which

The

was

physical

extreme
Initial
Cm.

ovariohysterectomized
Hospital
on April
15,
that 3 months
before

examination

weakness
laboratory

per

cent;

BUN
of

RBC/100

smear.

Urinalysis:
cells
10

high
every

hospital

day

returned

with
was

blood
alysis
was
vealed
WBC
cent;
cytosis,

and
findings

maintenance

dose

epistaxis.

Topical

adrenalin

continue

to

show
the

severe

55,000/mm3;

Hb.
mgs./100

poikilocytosis,

an(l

5.5

Gm.;

Neutrophilia

the

Angell

and

another

anorexia.

hospital

3;
120

for

whole

was

packs

onset

of

Sixteen

for

thrombocytopenia,

auto-

the

peripheral

in

odd

forms.

urobilinogen.
1-2

blood

small
and
on

following

The
epithelial

predrmisone,
the

eleventh

discharge,

she

heniorrhage

and

the

1 month.

to

have

thronubocytopenia

Following
illness,

103

F.

The

negative;
the

left,

and

30

the

However,

splenectomy

urinthe

Physical

examination

laboratory

findings

reticulocyte

count

polychromatophilia,
nucleated

and

operation

the

normal.

after

lethargy.

to

4.1

2+;

monocytosis,

in

no

the

months

test,
a shift

left,
often

and

stopped

and
of

the

and

days

her

test

discharged

performed.

anorexia

with

ml.

tachycardia,

Hemoglobin

seen

1+;

casts

therapy

Coombs

size

0-2

continued

the

to

bile

Two

was

cent;

were
in

pallor,

Coombs

a shift

and

dog

temperature

direct

direct

WBC;

cold

proteinuria.

ml.

hypochromia,

albumin

prednisone.

of

13 per

large

with

the

because
and

number,

prednisone

continued,

hospital

hepatomegaly
24

the

of

PCV
units;
with

1-2

in June,
1961,
a splenectomy
were, for the first time since
to

15

considerably

at
severe

polychronuasia

1.017;
treated

improved

continued

BUN

in

was

dog

She

was

and

RBC;

The

treated

revealed

Neutrophilia

0-2

field.

been

hospital

index

had

hours.

had

24,000/mnnm3;
icterus

decreased

12

readmitted
pallor,

\VBC

dry

to

F.

gravity

sediment

prednisone

the

anisocytosis,

specific

instructed

to

observed.

were

yellow;

with

Although

was

dog

entered
lethargy

recovery.

of 103
nil.;

WBC,

urinary

per

purpura,

RBC

the

rapid

admission

mgs./100

platelets

clear

mg.

owner

the

The

centrifuged

at

25

20

nucleated

by

and a temperature
findings
were:

agglutination
blood

followed

hmale
terrier
(P 12411)
1961, because
of weakness,

RBC/100

dog
rewere:

1.6

per

anisoWBC

From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on November 19, 2014. For personal use only.

150

LEWIS,

were seen in the peripheral

albumin
4+; bile, trace
and
13-15

RBC;

but

tests

tive.

25-30

for

WBC;
10

initial

After

and
found

veloped

The

the

multiple

of

in

plasma
A

Prednisone
by

pearance

of

started

on

specific

urinary

An

and

died

were
and

have

LE

gravity

sediment

a partial
renal

periarterial

liver

in

present

throughout
of

terrier
test.

effect

on

failure

antithyroid

of

the

glomeruli,

lymphocytes

were

however,

the

removal
of

of

of

both

ventricles.

in

the

the

was

thrombocytopenia.

L.E.

factor

ane-

her

disease.

splenectomy

characterized
An

rheumatoid

of

but

nodes.
present.

hemolytic

onset

abnormalities,

and
Large

lymph
were

and
at

necrosis.
artery

megakaryocytes

found

episode

hemorrhagic

coronary

thrombocytopenia
was

and

its

hyalinized

small
areas

left

present

few

hematologic

antibodies

SGP-T
She de-

hyalinization

confluent

of

myocardium

with

the

and

thickened

cells.

large

the

terminal

and

following
and

plasma

branch

developed

blood-tinged

day.

spleen

sclerotic

Proteinuria

The

the

contained

cellular;

posi-

fibrosis.

a muscular

a paucity

hospital

of

and

negative,

were

antibody

entry.

eighth

infiltrations

renuission.
and

the

JR.

1.040;
contained

was

preparation

antinuclear

hematopoiesis

hyalinized
The

female

16-month
and

no

present

antiglobulin

only

was

adequately

5-year-old

on

extramedullary

kidney.

was

hepatic

antinuclear

to

one

cells

positive
had

followed

field.

examination

There

was

marrow
a

and
Histologic

periglomerular

infarcts

Summary:
with

elevated

found
and

thrombus

femoral

rapidly

arteries.

present

small

numbers

was

hemosiderosis,

were

was

dry

antibody

brown;

HENRY,

dog became
icteric,
began
vomiting
The icterus
became
more
pronounced
rose
to 200 mg./100
ml. and the SGO-T
(2960
and
1560
S.F. units
respectively.)

respiration

central

occluding

but

BUN

markedly

capsules

infarct

high

8 hours,

examination:

kidneys

Bowmans

mia

be

mortem
of

The

The

congestion,

some

per

cloudy
centrifuged

AND

of improvement,
the
a subnormal
temperature.

to

revealed

Urinalysis:
2+. The

anti-thyroid

every

Cheyne-Stokes

Post

An

mg

continued.

were

casts

factor,

signs

had

vomiting

1-2

rheumatoid

Prednisone,

froth

blood
smear.
urobilinogen

SCHWARTZ

by
test
were

was

sudden

ap-

was

negative,

found

in

her

serum.

Case

Number

This 2-year-old
male wire-haired
fox terrier
(T 491) was admitted
to the Angell
Memorial Animal
Hospital
in January,
1962, because
of anorexia,
malaise,
diarrhea,
dark
red urine
and a lameness
of the hind limb. These
signs had been apparent
for 3 days. Pallor,
depression, splenomegaly,
and a temperature
of 103 F. were noted
on the physical
examination.
Following
a 4-day
course
of penicillin
the laboratory
findings
were:
WBC
46,000/mm3;
PCV 26 per cent; reticulocyte
count
11.2 per cent; icterus
index 5 units;
BUN
7 mg./100
ml.; direct
Coombs
test 2+; SGO-T
26 S.F. units
and SGP-T
19 S.F. units.
Neutrophilia
with a left shift, thrombocytopenia,
polychromatophilia,
anisocytosis
and
3 nucleated
RBC/
100 WBC
were present
in the differential
smear.
Urinalysis:
cloudy
amber;
specific
gravity
1.045;
albumin,
trace;
bile 4+;
urobilinogen
2+.
The centrifuged
urinary
sediment
contained:
RBC 1-2; WBC
1-3
and
granular
casts
0-2 per high dry field.
Prednisone
was started
at this time and a prompt
recovery
followed.
The dog was discharged
on the eleventh
hospital
day with
a WBC
of 18,000/mm3;
PCV
34 per cent;
reticulocyte
count
1.2 per cent;
and a weakly
positive
direct
Coombs
test. Prednisone
was
prescribed
for 2 weeks
at home.
Physical
examination
6 weeks
after
discharge
revealed
the dog to be in apparent
good health.
The hematologic
and urinary
findings
were
unremarkable,
and the direct
Coombs
test was negative
at this time. However,
the LE preparation, anti-thyroid
antibody
test, and latex fixation
test for rheumatoid
factor
were positive.
The serologic
test for syphilis
was negative.
Up to this writing,
the dog has remained
in
apparent
good health.
DISCUSSION

The
poodles,

disease
1 cocker

affecting
spaniel,

these
1 fox

animals
terrier,

occurred
1 German

in

a variety

of

breeds:

shepherd,

1 wire-haired

From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on November 19, 2014. For personal use only.

CANINE

SYSTEMIC

Table

LUPUS

151

ERYTHEMATOSUS

1.-Prominent

Findings

in Dogs

with

Systemic
CASE

HEMOLYTIC

ANEMIA

ANTIGLOBULIN

TEST

THROMBOCYTOPENIA

NO.

3[4

+j+

RETICULOCYTOSIS

Erythematosus

Lupus

JAUNDICE

AZOTEMIA

ALBUMINURIA

BILIRUBINURIA

LEGEND

#{149}

..-

PRESENT

#{149}
ABSENT

0
terrier,

and

1 mongrel.

equivalent

to

hysterectomized
had received
known,
of the

The

30-40

years

January

and

March)

and

Each
dog
had
been
between
the vaccination
years.
These

7 dogs

cytopenia
as a result

alopecia
in
Hemolytic
dogs
per

(fig.

1).

It

in the

a similar

was

were

elements

in

the

positive;

the

strength

bone

age

from

of

the

4 females

4 had
to the

borne
onset

seventh

dog,

against
appearance

pattern

marrow.
of the

hemoglobin
and

findings.
In
reaction

area
feature

There
each

case,

varied

was
the
between

dogs

dogs
as is

the onset
December,
in April.

and
was

the
interval
at least
3#{189}

hemolytic

anemia,

Several
other
of unknown

ovario-

of the
as far

appeared

first became
but in 3 of

on the butterfly
most
prominent

normoblastemia

variable

first

(roughly

been

None
and,

In 6 of the
(November,

purpura

of disease:

by

6 years
had

canine
distemper
of this disorder

1). The disorder

abnormalities,

characterized

4 to

a litter.
of illness

agents.
months

at the first examination.

intermittent
lameness

reticulocytosis,

spherocytosis

in

to toxic chemical
during
the winter

2 and an eruption
anemia
was the

cent,

Two

1 of these
prior

and nephritis
(table
of the hematologic

teinuria
was noted
also
found
including

ranged

man).

vaccinated
and the

had

DETERMINED

dogs
in

and only
any medication

none were
exposed
disease
occurred

NOT

#{149}

thrombo-

clinically
evident
the animals,
proabnormalities
cause
in

were
dogs,

of the face in 1 dog.

of the disease
in these
levels

as

low

urobilinuria.
hyperplasia
direct

of the
antiglobulin

1+

3.5

as

Gm.

Jaundice

and

3+.

and
erythroid
test

Thus,

was
these

From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on November 19, 2014. For personal use only.

152

LEWIS,

SCHWARTZ

AND

JR.

HENRY,

iip.
..

1,f.

I
1.-Peripheral

Fig.
autoimmune
are

present.

dogs
An

blood

hemolytic

the

had

typical

canine

rocyte

autoantihody.

therapy,

the

systemic

lupus

spherocvtosis

erythematosus

and

had

In

contrast

the

direct

shortly

after
test

recurrent

and

polvchroniatophilia

most

This
abnormality
hemorrhagic
by

clogs

common

was
tendency
easy

dogs

contained

with

the

in these

dogs

underwent

until

azotemia

in human
beings
with
clogs
always
became
reappearance
was

eryth-

an

prednisone

ap-

this connegative

of

a positive

soon

followed

antiby

anemia.
of
in

in

four.

response

of
to

eventually

problem

in man.

sensitized

presence

and

in remission

were

14511

initially

a major

The

found

normal

prompt

the

of therapy.

feature

Bone

not

as seen

responded

which

bruising,

membranes.

anemia

number

episodes

was

of hemolytic

attack
next

institution
those

in

dog

is usually
found
test
in these

what

antiglobulin

the

dog

substantiating

hemolytic

anemia
to

of

each

recurrent

liemolytic

cells

further

Thereafter,

globulin

red

Although

peared.
(litiofl,

Penia

with

of autoimmimuc

from

erythrocytes,

splenectomy.

mucous

features

PreParI

normal

acterized

a dog

NIacrocvtosis,

(\Vright-Giemsa)

eluate

The

from

anemia.

this

canine

6 animals

The

numbers
to

is analogous

was

was

associated

and

bleeding

ecchymoses,
marrow

disease

of
to the

of

and
2 of

megakaryocytes.

corticosteroicis

suggests
idiopathic

with

manifestations

petechiae,
aspirates

thrombocytopenia.

(ITP)

active

these

an

were

overt

char-

bleeding

from

thrombocytopenic

This

finding,

that

the

variety

together

thrombocytoseen

in

man.

From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on November 19, 2014. For personal use only.

CANINE

SYSTEMIC

LUPUS

153

ERYTHEMATOSU5

I,

i,.4
I,
.,

#{149}

.:

2.-Skin

Fig.
keratosis,
tions

biopsy
telangiectasis
mononuclear

of

from
malar
eruption
of
of vessels
in the papillary
inflammatory
cells
in the

Case
layer

.4

No. 3. H perkeratosis,
paraof the dermis
and
accumulaare
present.
( Hematoxvlin-

dermis

eosin)

The

simultaneous

autoimmune

hemolytic

sociated

with

Five

of

phase
and

their

renal

In

to

particular

ing

the

location.

human
of

one

which

should

ness

be

1 year

quential
mia,

of

in

dog

eruption

syndrome)1

involvement
was

dogs

is as-

during

found

of

of

a dry

number

of

in

lupus

there
This

onset
animal

was

dog

of

the

hematologic

had

at

this

some

the

series.

arthritis,

had

also,

outset
Cortico-

eruption

involv-

Clinically,

man

only

striking

rash,

bouts

of

this

hemolytic
dog

nephritis,

to
rash-

anemia.
lame-

exhibited

autoimmune

finally,

of

resemblance

two

this

this

because

salicylate-responsive

Thus,

butterfly
and

scaly
12936.

autoimmune

the
had,

disorder.

thrombocytopenia

the

hemolytic
within

seane-

period

of

1 year.

prominent

terminal

chronic
sistent

the

this

to

the

in

2, 3).

that

renal

development

however,

antedated

(Evans

and

erythematosus.

proteinuria
death

face

to

development

approximately

or

the

(figs.

of

purpura

nephritis.

the

noted

idiopathic

The

was
of

Histologically,

lupus

of

man
lupus

signs

cause

resemblance

discoid

in

marked

the

area

thrombocytopenic

systemic

manifested

the

interest

bore

of

three,

improve

butterfly

lesion

It

also

was

failed

Of

dogs

idiopathic

described

incidence

illness.

failure

steroids

of

anemia

a high

these

of

its

occurrence

gross

membranous
finding

megakaryocytes

findings

bacterial

at

infection,

necropsy
such

glomerulonephritis
(fig.
was

4).
a

were

as

with

Extramedullary
uniform

finding

related

to

anemia,

bronchopneumonia.
wire

ioop

hematopoiesis
in

these

lesions

including
dogs.

uremia,

Histologically,

In

addition,

was

con-

numerous
hepatic

From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on November 19, 2014. For personal use only.

154

LEWIS,

SCHWARTZ

AND

HENRY,

JR.

Fig.

here

biopsy

3.-Skin

are

acanthosis,

perivascular

accumulation

necrosis

was

thrombosis
Periarterial

observed

but

not

nature,

was

observed

in

There

has

numerous

found.

due

to

been

2 dogs,

muscular
(onion
the

of

autoimmunization.
the

accumulation

walls

cells

in

and

and

in

cause

more

of
The

the

present

dermis

and

resulting

found
spleen

was

in

spleens

the

recognized
diseases

currenfly
some

widespread

of

these

segmental
of

in
in

being
use

from

in 2 other
dogs.
was
specifically

which
not

autoimmune

validity
data.

were

are

changes

of

infarction
was
the

arteries

bodies

The

(Hematoxylin-eosin)

necrosis,

central

interest

3.
layer

lymphocytes.

fibrinoid
of

No.

papillary

myocardial

obscure
The

of

of Case

vessels

hematoxylin
dogs.

renewed

disorders

eruption
of

coronary
arteries
skin
lesions)
in

However,
in

5). Furthermore,
studied
from
these

and
await

of plasma

of small
fibrosis

sought,
(fig.
sues

from malar
telangiectasis

recent

in
5 dogs

the

tisyears,

considered
assertions

of

immunologic

as
must

From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on November 19, 2014. For personal use only.

CANINE

SYSTEMIC

LUPUS

155

ERYTHEMATOSUS
*

*.

ii

*-

\.

+1t,

Li1
Fig.

4.-Chrome

membranous

erythematosus.
sions of glomerular

tests

has

not

hitherto

to

disclosed

Burnet6

of

an

when

are

Most

of

these

demonstrable
plasma

nodes
sponse

of

and
to

spleens

of

were

as well

corticosteroids,

time

(fig.

7).
4

In

each

dogs

tissues,

or another
As

to

such
positive
case

damaged

eventually

which
These
are
the deposiaccumulations

benefit

from

there

during
far

cortico-

the

as

this

were

case

difficult
MacKay

disorders
in the same
markers
are
conclusive;

rise

in every
in

diseases

thus

this problem.
the serum,

tissues,

give

only

many
is

disorder.

in

autoimmunization

not
but

in

autoimmune
of these

could

combinations
found

with

importance.

which
one.

lupus
adhe-

of autoimmunization

damaged

at one

systemic
tufts,
and
acid-Schiff)

in
It

autoim.rnune

derivatives

in this report.
Autoantibodies,
antithyroid
antibody
and

in various
cells

in

occurs

markers

an

multiple
none

considerable

the
only
process
is an immunologic

disorder
described
LE factor
(fig. 6),
of

cells

of them

they

of

or its

coexistence
of
by themselves,
each

illness,

l)resent,
markers

plasma

antibodies

in dealing
of autoantibodies

globulin

with

component.

or markers

guidelines
presence

gamma

the
Taken

circulating

features

a dog

of glomerular
found.
(Periodic

immunologic

definition

six

the
and

and

however,
of

listed

acceptable

lymphocytes

an

working

of denatured

steroids,
individual.

of

have

in

hvalinization
capsule
were

presence
to

have

seem
to be
hyperglobulinemia,
tion

the

a precise

glomerulonephritis

loop
lesions,
to Bowmans

thought

render

and

Wire
tufts

is

found

in

(table

2).

tissue,

but

underwent

at

constellation

as rheumatoid
antiglobulin

was

course

known

of

the

canine

tests

factor,
were

Accumulations
in

the

a prompt
splenectomy

lymph

initial

rebe-

From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on November 19, 2014. For personal use only.

156

LEWIS,

5.-Central
artery
in the tunica
media

Fig.
changes

cause

of recurrent

ease.

Multiple

other

organs,

out

were

validity

tory in the
in apparent
thyroid

of

the

made,

and

diseased
in a dog

levels

of gamma

the

serum

animals

The

of

Our

gamma

dis-

skin,

and

globulin

evaluated.
its absence

this

the

in the

A test

for

in

Although
does
not

dogs.

A positive
Number

report,

more

our

labora-

serum
for

cent.

strip

rheumatoid

globulin

per

present

This

well-defined

of

time

of

collection

from

was

recorded
due

SLE

high

was

1. However,
with

hemolyt-

of abnormally
antibody

have

in

3 and
lack

studied.

af-

serum

performed

to the
been

prein
hyper-

of autoimmune
sample

detection

in

variability

observation
stage

dogs
anti-

paper

tests

coincides
with
electrophoresis

test

dogs

in

in dog serum
results
of serum

antinuclear

of Case

and

gamma

to 28.8

prodromal

that

tested

in the

of

4.8

recent
the

indicate

hyperglobulinemia.

levels,

amount
present
of

during

globulin.
daughter

had

of this

25 randomly
selected
the latex
fixation
and

reacted

from

important

of 5 of these

#{176}Since submission

these

may

is extremely

asymptomatic

of

was

from
for

protein
samples

ranged

dogs.
only

dogs

JR.

fibrinoid

kidneys,

cannot
be
these
dogs,

procedures

of gamma
globulin
on the inconsistency7

fected

segmental

components
platelets,

deposition

samples
as controls

serum
serum

samples

gammaglobulinemia
ic anemia

the

serologic

antibody.

serum

are

HENRY,

acid-Schiff)

cells,

this marker
not found
in

Serum
used

total

control

antithyroid

in the amount
vious
reports
healthy

various

tests,
No

control

for

AND

disturbance.*

the

antibody
or

so
was

There

hematologic

red

tests

following
manner:
good
health
were

electrophoresis.
factor

the

No

2.

(Periodic

of the

involving
found.

No.

hemosiderosis.

manifestations

an immunologic

The

of Case

spleen
and

lesions

damaged
tissue
were
hypergammaglobulinemia
rule

in

SCHWARTZ

on
in

the

of adeThree

of

From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on November 19, 2014. For personal use only.

CANINE

SYSTEMIC

Fig.

LUPUS

cells

6.-L.E.

from

quate

positive

control

study

and

not

Thus,

will
using

the

these
dogs
had
not a condition
but

was
and

this

multisystemic

many

of

dealt

canine

process
The

many

human

The

believing
similarities
similarities

lupus

origin,

this

(Wright-Giemsa)

procedure

is under

further

and

clinical

criteria

it is evident

that

disorder
of the autoimmune
type.
This
was
organ
as is Hashimotos
disease,
for example,
which

attacked

immunologic
a nearly
and
include

two

principal

condition

is systemic
that

erythematosis.

further.

pathologic

involvement
for

systemic

with

broadest

vessels.

these
dogs.
There
are
lupus.

with

an immunologic
confined
to one

blood

reasons

dogs
sera

be

a generalized

cells

157

ERYTHEMATOSUS

lupus
identical

some
the

of man

exemplifies

erythematosus.
disorder

differences
onset

systems-blood
which

in Young

has
between
adults;

There
been

are

found
canine

the

in
and

presence

From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on November 19, 2014. For personal use only.

158

LEWiS,

Table

2.-Serologic

Abnormalities

in Dogs

with

SCHWARTZ

Systemic

CASE

L.E.FACTOR

Lupus

ANTITHYROID

Erythematosus

#{149}T

6
-

FACTOR

JR.

HENRY,

NO.

RHEUMATOID

ANI)

ANTIBODY

HYPER

GAMMAGLOBULINEMIA

LEGEND

of multiple

#{149} PRESENT
#{149} ABSENT

#{149} NOT

autoantibodies,

dermatologic

and

normality

discernible

the

absence

necrosis
differences

lesions;

believe

they

detract

in

The

the

lack

bodies

from

the

in

broad

further

understanding

hematologic,

differences

include

tissue

skin

the

in the

the

lupus

of

spleen;

striking

the

will

ab-

absence
hepatic

of hypergiobulinemia.
In any event,
between

canine

renal,
of one

lesions

sections;

the lack
variations.
on

the

development

resemblances

studies

human

factor;

sequential
of onion

in two cases;
and
represent
species

Hopefully,

LE

the

another.

hematoxylin

was seen
may simply

disease.

useful

on

the

and

photosensitivity;
of

that

DETERMINED

including

cardiac

superimposed

any

the

+
-

These
do not

we

forms

two

of

yield

information

by
and

autoimmune
nephritis,

is

elements

in

lupus.
SUMMARY

A naturally
occurring
immunologic
disease,
hemolytic
anemia,
idiopathic
thrombocytopenic
described
the

in seven

dogs.

The

blood,
glomeruli
and
LE factor,
rheumatoid

the

affected
dogs.
the hematologic

disease

lesions.
Recurrence
was
abnormalities,
including

alopecia

were
of

occasionally
several

frequent
malar

found

tissues

during

as

affected

Abnormal
antithyroid

and
splenectomy
of the disease,

the renal
ditional
volvement

primarily

blood
vessels.
factor
and

Corticosteroids
components

characterized
purpura

an

including
found

in

were
effective
in controlling
apparently
had no effect

but

and
eruption,

the

integral

the

formed

serum
proteins,
antibody
were

prognosis
intermittent
part

course

of the

in

was grave.
lameness
the

on
Adand

sequential

in-

disease.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We

are

for performing
manuscript.

indebted

to

Miss

the antinuclear

Jane

Reinsborough

antibody

for

tests,

and

technical

Dr.

assistance,

T. C. Jones

Dr.

for

aid

W.

A.

Bardawil

in preparing

the

From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on November 19, 2014. For personal use only.

CANINE

SYSTEMIC

Fig.

LUPUS

7.-Lymph

cumulations

of plasma

159

ERYTHEMATOSUS

node from
cells are

a dog

with

within

the

SUMMARIO

Es

describite

immunologic

septe

casos

purpura

thrombocytopenic,

formate
proteinas

elementos
del
seral-incluse

frequente,

haber

nulle

effecto

integral

in

naturalmente

Large

occurrente

anemia
Le

canes.

hemolytic,

morbo

afficeva

ac-

morbo
idiopathic

primarimente

grave.

Corticosteroides
hematologic

super

esseva

intermittente,

elemento

tin

le componentes

e le prognose

claudication

de

autoimmun

in afficite

in combatter

pareva

erythematosus.

INTERLINGUA

e nephritis.

trovate

efficace

mesuras

per

lupus

(Hematoxvlin-eosin)

Ic

sanguine,
le glomenilos,
e le vasos
sanguinee.
Anormal
le factor
de LE,
factor
rheumatoide,
e anticorpore

antithyroidee-esseva
esseva

IN

canin

characterisate

systemic
sinusoids.

le lesiones
Altere

affection

sequential

renal.

morho,

sed

Recurrentias

malar,

occasionalmente
de

vane

tissus

iste

e-sseva

anormalitates-eruption

e alopecia-esseva
le

e spleneetomia
del

trovate
in

le

curso

como
del

morbo.
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