Wind

Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong

For study purposes only:
the simulations have to be checked, improved and updated for use in practice.
Other Simulations:
Sun .xls
Energy .xls
Wind .xls
Windvelocity(heigth) .zip
Sound and noise .xls
Water.xls
Trafficnetworks .xls
Earth .xls
Earthquakes .xls
Life .xls
Human population .xls
Living .xls
Standaardverkaveling .exe
Environment .xls
Legends .xls
FutureImpact .exe
FutureImpact .rar
SchermBytes .xls
Mathematical functions:
Statistical functions .xls
Logaritmic functions .xls
Power functions .xls
Trigonometric functions .xls
Integrals .xls
Lineair .xls
Linear algebra .xls
Bifurcation .xls
Bifurcation .xmcd
Qudata.com - Y(x) Finder .url
If these links do not work see:
http://team.bk.tudelft.nl/
> Publications 2009

Attached to: Jong, T.M. de; Akker, C. van den; Bruin, D. de; Moens, R.;
Steenbergen, C.M.; Toorn, M.W.M. van den (2009) Sun wind water earth living;
Legends for design (Delft) TUD

.PDF version:
Introduction
Sun, energy and plants
Wind, sound and noise
Water, networks and crossings
http://team.bk.tudelft.nl/Publications/2009/Territory59.pdf

If this screen appears and you trust me:

choose 'Enable macros'

Choose Enable Macros

If this screen appears:

choose 'Do'nt update'

choose 'Do'nt update'

You can change anything yellow in the sheets.

Improve the spreadsheets if you can and mail me:
T.M.deJong@tudelft.nl

The atmosphere
altitude

pressure

temperature

km

bar

oC

400

1E-25

1000

200

1E-15 thermopauze

40

35

85
45
25
12
0

1E-04
0.0017
0.0260
0.1929
1.0130

mesopauze
stratopauze
tropopauze
ground level

moles

density

particles

g/m3

p/m3

9E-25

3E-23

1000

9E-15

3E-13

6E+09

-123
30
-38
-83
0

0.0080
0.0675
1.3339
12.2160
44.6429

0
2
39
354
1293

5E+21
4E+22
8E+23
7E+24
3E+25

y
85
45
12
0

x
-123
30
-83
0

-200
700

0.1
0.1

-200
1000

0.1
0.1

1E-30
1E+30

0.1
0.1

0
1

0.1
0.1

0
1

0.1

30

mesopause
stratopause
tropopause
25

20

15

10

1500
500
200
120
85
70
60
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
0

42
33
30
24
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
0

41
34
28
25
23
22
21
19
18
17
16
15
14
12
11
10
10
9
8
7
6
5
0

http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardatmosfeer

-19.18164545
-1.92E+01

Volume = 1m

moles x

altitude
km
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45

pressure
temperature
bar log(pressure)
oC
0
-55.00
1000
3.E-53
-52.50
1000
1.E-50
-50.00
1000
3.E-48
-47.50
1000
1E-45
-45
1000
3.E-43
-42.50
1000
1E-40
-40
1000
3.E-38
-37.50
1000
1E-35
-35
1000
3.E-33
-32.50
1000
1E-30
-30
1000
1E-25
-25
1000
1E-20
-20
1000
1E-15
-15
1000
2.E-14
-13.75
902.35
3.E-13
-12.50
804.70
6.E-12
-11.25
707.04
1.E-10
-10
609.39
6.E-10
-9.20
511.74
4.E-09
-8.40
414.09
3.E-08
-7.60
316.43
6.E-06
-5.20
23.48
2.E-05
-4.80
-25.35
4.E-05
-4.40
-74.17
0.0001
-4
-123
0.0001
-3.85 -103.88
0.0002
-3.69
-84.75
0.0003
-3.54
-65.63
0.0004
-3.38
-46.50
0.0006
-3.23
-27.38
0.0008
-3.08
-8.25
0.0012
-2.92
10.88
0.0017
-2.77
30

volumex. pressurex

moles
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0008
0.0024
0.0080
0.0101
0.0130
0.0168
0.0219
0.0288
0.0380
0.0506
0.0675

C. temperaturex

density
g/m3
0E+00
9E-51
3E-48
9E-46
3E-43
9E-41
3E-38
9E-36
3E-33
9E-31
3E-28
3E-23
3E-18
3E-13
5E-12
1E-10
2E-09
4E-08
3E-07
2E-06
1E-05
7E-03
2E-02
7E-02
2E-01
3E-01
4E-01
5E-01
6E-01
8E-01
1E+00
1E+00
2E+00

particles
p/m3
0.0E+00
1.8E-28
5.7E-26
1.8E-23
5.7E-21
1.8E-18
5.7E-16
1.8E-13
5.7E-11
1.8E-08
5.7E-06
5.7E-01
5.7E+04
5.7E+09
1.1E+11
2.1E+12
4.2E+13
8.2E+14
5.8E+15
4.2E+16
3.1E+17
1.5E+20
4.6E+20
1.5E+21
4.8E+21
6.1E+21
7.8E+21
1.0E+22
1.3E+22
1.7E+22
2.3E+22
3.0E+22
4.1E+22

40
35
32
30
25
20
15
14
13
12

0.0030
0.0080
0.0102
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.19

-2.52
-2.10
-1.99
-1.92
-1.59
-1.30
-0.92
-0.85
-0.78
-0.71

12.88
-4.24
-14.52
-21.36
-38.48
-55.61
-72.73
-76.15
-79.58
-83

0.1263
0.3581
0.4749
0.5737
1.3339
2.7671
7.2089
8.5919
10.2433
12.2160

4E+00
1E+01
1E+01
2E+01
4E+01
8E+01
2E+02
2E+02
3E+02
4E+02

7.6E+22
2.2E+23
2.9E+23
3.5E+23
8.0E+23
1.7E+24
4.3E+24
5.2E+24
6.2E+24
7.4E+24

11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

0.23
0.26
0.31
0.36
0.41
0.47
0.54
0.62
0.70
0.80
0.89

-0.65
-0.58
-0.51
-0.45
-0.39
-0.33
-0.27
-0.21
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05

-76.08
-69.17
-62.25
-55.33
-48.41
-41.50
-34.58
-27.66
-20.74
-13.83
-6.91

13.8080
15.5823
17.5256
19.6770
21.9638
24.5296
27.2493
30.2080
33.4336
36.9049
40.1956

0.001

1.01

0.01

0.001

44.6429

4E+02
5E+02
5E+02
6E+02
6E+02
7E+02
8E+02
9E+02
1E+03
1E+03
1E+03

1.293E+03 2.688E+25

Interpolatiions:

y2

( x2. y3

x2. y1

x1. y3

( x3 x1)

8.3E+24
9.4E+24
1.1E+25
1.2E+25
1.3E+25
1.5E+25
1.6E+25
1.8E+25
2.0E+25
2.2E+25
2.4E+25

x3. y1 )

troposphere
altitude
temperature
pressure
density
particles
ozone gap

km altitude

200

100

exosphere
exosphere
exosphere
exosphere
exosphere
exosphere
exosphere
exosphere
exosphere
exosphere
metasphere
metasphere
metasphere
thermopauze
thermosphere
thermosphere
thermosphere
thermosphere
thermosphere
thermosphere
thermosphere
thermosphere
thermosphere
thermosphere
mesopauze
mesosphere
mesosphere
mesosphere
mesosphere
mesosphere
mesosphere
mesosphere
stratopauze

stratosphere
stratosphere
stratosphere
stratosphere
stratosphere
stratosphere
stratosphere
stratosphere
stratosphere
tropopauze

mol=

troposphere
troposphere
troposphere
troposphere
troposphere
troposphere
troposphere
troposphere
troposphere
P. V
troposphere C
moles . T
troposphere

6.0E+23
0.02240
45
2.69E+25
1293
29
P
V
T
moles

101300
1
273.001
44.643

8.3118

0.1 km
o
0 C
1.013000000000000 bar
3
1,293.000000000000000 g/m
3
26,884,561,562,500,000,000,000,000 /m

200

100

0
-200

-100

100

200

300

400

500

oC temperature

600

700

800

900

1000

average atomic weight in grammes

particles per mol

3
m gas/mol
3
mol/m
3
particles/m
3
g/m air
g/mol air
Pa
m3
K

at 1.013 bar and 273 K

44.643
average atomic weight

300
Pressure
Density
Particles

km altitude

200

100

1000

bar | g/m3 | number of particles/m3

standarised to the number of particles in 12 g carbon 12C

o
at 1.013 bar and 273 K

mol air
average atomic weight

altitude

pressure

km

bar

log(pressure)

0.001
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
20
25
30
32
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
300
400

1.013
0.889
0.795
0.701
0.616
0.54
0.472
0.41
0.356
0.307
0.264
0.226
0.19292
0.164682
0.140577
0.12
0.05
0.026
0.012
0.010203
0.008
0.003
0.0017
0.001193
0.000837
0.000588
0.000412
0.000289
0.000203
0.000142
0.0001
3.98E-05
1.58E-05
6.31E-06
2.51E-08
3.98E-09
6.31E-10
1E-10
5.62E-12
3.16E-13
1.78E-14
1E-15
1E-20
1E-25

0.005609445
-0.051098239
-0.099632871
-0.154281982
-0.210419288
-0.26760624
-0.326058001
-0.387216143
-0.448550002
-0.512861625
-0.578396073
-0.645891561
-0.714623359
-0.783355157
-0.852086956
-0.920818754
-1.301029996
-1.585026652
-1.920818754
-1.991255258
-2.096910013
-2.522878745
-2.769551079
-2.923357194
-3.077163309
-3.230969424
-3.384775539
-3.538581654
-3.69238777
-3.846193885
-4
-4.4
-4.8
-5.2
-7.6
-8.4
-9.2
-10
-11.25
-12.5
-13.75
-15
-20
-25

temperature

500

1E-30

-30

600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500

3.16E-33
1E-35
3.16E-38
1E-40
3.16E-43
1E-45
3.16E-48
1E-50
3.16E-53
0

-32.5
-35
-37.5
-40
-42.5
-45
-47.5
-50
-52.5
-55

temperature

moles

density

particles

g/m3

p/m3

1293
1164.194546
1068.88319
968.3446048
874.9195611
789.227215
710.4555222
636.1408303
569.9097976
507.5981502
451.3144368
399.9243299
353.8150948
296.6793067
248.8480749
208.7914697
80.14489961
38.632762
16.61732687
13.75507518
10.3724796
3.656727856
1.955057839
1.464431211
1.101930083
0.833510981
0.634321704
0.486200346
0.375863854
0.293597006
0.232306873
0.069771804
0.022300324
0.007415842
1.48497E-05
2.01902E-06
2.80174E-07
3.94905E-08
1.99944E-09
1.02249E-10
5.27214E-12
2.73732E-13
2.73732E-18
2.73732E-23

2.68846E+25
2.42064E+25
2.22246E+25
2.01342E+25
1.81917E+25
1.64099E+25
1.47721E+25
1.32269E+25
1.18498E+25
1.05542E+25
9.38391E+24
8.31538E+24
7.35666E+24
6.16867E+24
5.17415E+24
4.34127E+24
1.6664E+24
8.03267E+23
3.45514E+23
2.86001E+23
2.15669E+23
7.60321E+22
4.06503E+22
3.0449E+22
2.29118E+22
1.73307E+22
1.31891E+22
1.01093E+22
7.81511E+21
6.10458E+21
4.83022E+21
1.45072E+21
4.63677E+20
1.54193E+20
3.08761E+17
4.19803E+16
5.82549E+15
8.21101E+14
4.15731E+13
2.12599E+12
1.0962E+11
5691534165
56915.34165
0.569153417

0.001
-6.90941
-13.8267
-20.7441
-27.6614
-34.5787
-41.496
-48.4134
-55.3307
-62.248
-69.1653
-76.0827
-83
-79.5758
-76.1515
-72.7273
-55.6061
-38.4848
-21.3636
-14.5152
-4.24242
12.87879
30
10.875
-8.25
-27.375
-46.5
-65.625
-84.75
-103.875
-123
-74.1739
-25.3478
23.47826
316.4348
414.087
511.7391
609.3913
707.0435
804.6957
902.3478
1000
1000
1000

44.64285714
40.19564641
36.90487204
33.43361938
30.20797291
27.24930999
24.52959349
21.96376195
19.67703146
17.5256239
15.58234024
13.80801603
12.21602222
10.24331934
8.591870887
7.20885364
2.767128619
1.333856825
0.573739327
0.474915589
0.35812616
0.126254276
0.067501445
0.050561789
0.038045868
0.028778277
0.021900954
0.016786831
0.01297729
0.010136898
0.00802076
0.002408981
0.000769954
0.000256044
5.12709E-07
6.971E-08
9.67345E-09
1.36347E-09
6.90337E-11
3.53029E-12
1.82029E-13
9.45101E-15
9.45101E-20
9.45101E-25

troposphere
troposphere
troposphere
troposphere
troposphere
troposphere
troposphere
troposphere
troposphere
troposphere
troposphere
troposphere
tropopauze
stratosphere
stratosphere
stratosphere
stratosphere
stratosphere
stratosphere
stratosphere
stratosphere
stratosphere
stratopauze
mesosphere
mesosphere
mesosphere
mesosphere
mesosphere
mesosphere
mesosphere
mesopauze
thermosphere
thermosphere
thermosphere
thermosphere
thermosphere
thermosphere
thermosphere
thermosphere
thermosphere
thermosphere
thermopauze
metasphere
metasphere

1000

9.45101E-30

2.73732E-28 5.69153E-06 metasphere

1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000

2.98867E-32
9.45101E-35
2.98867E-37
9.45101E-40
2.98867E-42
9.45101E-45
2.98867E-47
9.45101E-50
2.98867E-52
0

8.65615E-31
2.73732E-33
8.65615E-36
2.73732E-38
8.65615E-41
2.73732E-43
8.65615E-46
2.73732E-48
8.65615E-51
0

1.79982E-08
5.69153E-11
1.79982E-13
5.69153E-16
1.79982E-18
5.69153E-21
1.79982E-23
5.69153E-26
1.79982E-28
0

exosphere
exosphere
exosphere
exosphere
exosphere
exosphere
exosphere
exosphere
exosphere
exosphere

Appreciation(velocity)
Air pollution (tentative)

Ventilation losses
0

kW Ventilation losses per dwelling

Air pollution removed (tentative)

4
3
2

1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
0

10

15

20

m/sec Wind velocity

Air pollution slowly dispersed

Wind velocity
50

-1

-2

-3

Insulated

-4

Badly insulated
-5
0

10

15

m/sec Wind velocity

People close their windows

5 m/sec
18 km/uur
matige wind
2.218876 2.60955391 -0.57804 -1.26098 0.5532006

http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaal_van_Beaufort
snelheid in m/s*
benaming KNMI
kracht uitwerking boven land en bij mens
from
0
0
Air pollution Wind
remains
turbines
People
do not
open
work
their
No coolingstill
windows
rook stijgt recht of bijna recht omhoog
0.3
1
Air pollution Wind
remains
turbines
People
do not
open
work
their
Moderate
windows
cooling
zwakk
windrichting goed af te leiden uit rookpluime
1.6
2
Air pollution Wind
remains
turbines
People
do not
open
work
their
Nicewindows
cooling
zwakk
wind voelbaar in gezicht, weerhanen tonen
3.4
3
Air pollution Wind
slowlyturbines
dispersed
People
start close
operating
their
Moderate
windows
cooling
matig
opwaaiend stof, vlaggen wapperen, spinne
5.5
4
Air pollution Wind
disperses
turbines
People
start close
operating
their
Cooling
windows
matig
papier waait op, haar raakt verward, geen la
8
5
Air pollution Wind
fastly turbines
dispersed
People
at half
close
of maximum
their
Irritating
windows
vrij krachtig
bladeren van bomen ruisen, gekuifde golve
10.8
6
Air pollution Wind
fastly turbines
dispersed
Ventitation
above half
losses
Difficult
of maximum
increase
krachtig
problemen met paraplu's en hoeden waaien
13.9
7 difficult
Air pollution Wind
fastly turbines
dispersed
Ventitation
at maximum
losses
Walking
increase
and
hard
cycling become
het is lastig tegen de wind in te lopen of te f
17.2
8
Air pollution Wind
fastly turbines
dispersed
Ventitation
over their
losses
maximum
Walking
increase
and
stormachtig
cycling very difficult,
breaking
twijgen breken
branches
van bomen, voortbewegen z
20.8
9
Air pollution Wind
fastly turbines
dispersed
Ventitation
stop operating
losses
increase
storm
schoorsteenkappen en dakpannen waaien
24.5
10
Air pollution Wind
fastly turbines
dispersed
Ventitation
stop operating
losses
increase
zware storm
grote schade aan gebouwen, volwassenen
28.5
11 orkaanachtig
Air pollution Wind
fastly turbines
dispersed
Ventitation
stop operating
losses
increase
zeer zware storm/
grote schade aan bossen
>32,7
12
Air pollution Wind
fastly turbines
dispersed
Ventitation
stop operating
losses
increase
orkaan
verwoestingen

close their windows

Comfort (tentative)

Yield of wind turbines (example)

kW Power harvested by a normal wind
turbine

Comfort appreciation (tentative)

5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
20

10

15

20

70

60
50

40
30
20
10
0
0

10

15

m/sec Wind velocity

m/sec Wind velocity

Moderate cooling

Wind turbines start operating

opwaaiend stof, vlaggen wapperen, spinnen lopen niet meer

uitwerking boven land en bij mens

rook stijgt recht of bijna recht omhoog
windrichting goed af te leiden uit rookpluimen
wind voelbaar in gezicht, weerhanen tonen nu juiste richting, blad ritselt
opwaaiend stof, vlaggen wapperen, spinnen lopen niet meer
papier waait op, haar raakt verward, geen last van muggen meer
bladeren van bomen ruisen, gekuifde golven op meren en kanalen, vuilnisbakken waaien om
problemen met paraplu's en hoeden waaien af
het is lastig tegen de wind in te lopen of te fietsen
twijgen breken van bomen, voortbewegen zeer moeilijk
schoorsteenkappen en dakpannen waaien weg, kinderen waaien om, takken breken af, alleen zwaluwen en eenden vliegen nog
grote schade aan gebouwen, volwassenen waaien om, bomen raken ontworteld, vogels blijven aan de grond
grote schade aan bossen
verwoestingen

rbines (example)

15

20

m/sec Wind velocity

Wind turbines start operating

nnen lopen niet meer

wen en eenden vliegen nog

uitwerking boven zee

spiegelglad
kleine golfjes, geschubd oppervlak
kleine, korte golven
kleine golven, breken, schuimkopjes
golven iets langer, veel schuimkoppen
matige golven, aanschietende zee (overal schuimkoppen, af en toe opwaaiend schuim)
grotere golven, schuimplekken, vrij veel opwaaiend schuim
golven worden hoger, beginnende schuimstrepen
matig hoge golven, schuimstrepen
hoge golven, rollers, zicht wordt slechter door schuimvlagen
zeer hoge golven, zee wordt wit van het schuim, overslaande rollers, verminderd zicht
extreem hoge golven, zee geheel bedekt met schuim, sterk verminderd zicht
lucht is vol met verwaaid water en schuim, zee volkomen wit, vrijwel geen zicht meer

Air pollution
removed
Velocity v
-5 to 5
0
-5.0
0.5
-2.4
1.5
-0.2
2.5
0.8
3.5
1.5
4.5
2.0
5.5
2.4
6.5
2.7
7.5
3.0
8.5
3.3
9.5
3.5
10.5
3.7
11.5
3.9
12.5
4.1
13.5
4.2
15.5
4.5
16.5
4.6
17.5
18.5
19.5
20.5

4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0

Turbine Insulated
Not insulated Comfort
harvest ventilations loss
appreciation
kW
kW
kW
-5 to 5
0.0
0.1
0.0
-0.6
-0.8
2.7
0.0
-0.6
-0.8
5.0
0.0
-0.6
-1.0
4.7
0.0
-0.7
-1.2
3.3
1.2
-0.7
-1.3
1.4
4.5
-0.5
-1.3
-0.3
9.4
-0.5
-1.4
-1.6
15.7
-0.5
-1.6
-2.5
22.6
-0.5
-1.9
-3.1
29.9
-0.5
-2.1
-3.4
37.0
-0.6
-2.4
-3.6
43.4
-0.6
-2.6
-3.8
48.8
-0.6
-2.9
-4.1
53.1
-0.6
-3.1
-4.3
58.1
-0.7
-3.6
-4.7
58.7
-0.7
-3.9
-4.8
58.2
56.4
53.1
47.8

-0.7
-0.8
-0.8

-4.1
-4.4
-4.6

-4.7
-4.7
-5.1
-6.5

af en toe opwaaiend schuim)

de rollers, verminderd zicht

wit, vrijwel geen zicht meer

benaming zeevaart
windstil
flauw en stil
flauwe koelte
lichte koelte
matige koelte
frisse bries
stijve bries
harde wind

snelheid in km/h*
until
from
0
1
1
5
6
11
12
19
20
28
29
38
39
49
50
61
62
74
75
88
89
102
103
117
>117

Windpower(velocity)
m/sec
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

3
1.29 kg/m
Passing Mass
Force
2

kg/m *sec
0
1
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
12
13
14
15
17
18
19
21
22
23
25
26

N/m
0
1
5
12
21
32
46
63
83
104
129
156
186
218
253
290
330
373
418
466
516

Force := Velocity

Power

Specific Mass

W/m
0
1
10
35
83
161
279
442
660
940
1290
1717
2229
2834
3540
4354
5284
6338
7523
8848
10320

600

500

400
N/m2 Force

Specific mass
Velocity

300

200

100

0
0

5
m/sec Velocity

169

16.9 m/sec wind velocity

22

during
368

6227

750
velocity
it delivers

However, a wind turbine can harvest only 2

In that case you need
44

to harvest
That is approximately the electricity require

orce := Velocity

Specific Mass

Power := Velocity

Specific Mass

12000

10000

W/m2 Power

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
10

15

20

m/sec Velocity

527046

10

15

m/sec Velocity

minutes, 8784 hours or

366

days per year,

W/m2 during a year. That equals

6244

Wa/m2 (litres petrol/m2).

Wa/m2 (litres petrol/m2 saved).

In that case you need

1686
x
0.4

That is approximately the electricity requirement of

742
2

Wa or litres petrol saved.

households, supposed you can store it without energy losses.

6244

However, a wind turbine can harvest only 27%, or:

m2 turbine surface, a radius of

0.4

You can see the power of wind is raising faster

than every increase of wind velocity.
So, try to find out if wind with a higher velocity
during a part of the year could harvest more
energy than the average during the whole year.

20

duration

m
surface

posed you can store it without energy losses.

The power yield of a 10m high wind turbine in grass land rou
General

Average wind velocity at 10m altit

kg/m3 air density

m/sec average windvelocity
2
W/m windpower available

1.29
5
161

50

see>

A wind turbine
% efficiency
m radius of turbine
m2 surface
W yield
sec/year
Gjoule/year

27%
5
79
3405
31556926
107

50
sailtips

5 m above ground level

=kW 3

=MW 0.0

=hr/year 8766
=kWhr/year 29851

=Wyr 3405

Electricity supply for dwellings (approx. 10% of total energy use)

Wyr/yrdwelling electricity
375
Storage
efficiency
Wyr/m3 m3 space needed
700 water

40%

63

5000 rock

40%

32

12

fly wheel

85%

32

12

delivery back to electricity web

efficiency chosen
Electricity per turbine for
Dwellings to be served
Number of turbines needed

90% ?

90%
8
1000
123

dwellings

However, how to calculate wind reducing obstacles (roughness) in different directions with different velocities at different
see next tabs >

bine in grass land roughly calculated

Average wind velocity at 10m altitude in grass land
20

x
0
9
10
11
20
20
25
30
30

15

y
0
0
10
0
0
6
9
6
0

0
0.05
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
1.95
2

10

x
15
14.9
13.5
10
6.46
5
6.46
10
13.5
14.9
15

y
10
10.8
13.5
15
13.5
10
6.46
5
6.46
9.22
10

ctions with different velocities at different altitudes of turbines other than 10m high?

10

15

15

20

25

Simulation at different altitudes influenced by obstacles

Choose a wind velocity at 10m standard altitude to calculate velocities at other altitudes (see the graph below).

227
8%

probability to occur at 10 m altitude at Schiphol according to the Weibull-distribution.

prob.

20%
10%
0%
0

10

15

m/sec v

20

roughness class

250

boundary layer
wall layer
viscose layer

200

r = 50m turbine

m Altitude

r = 10m turbine
17.1

fresh breeze

x 0,1 MW yield

150
16.5

15.8
100

15.1

82

14.2
13.1

50

12.0
12.1

10m standard
0

9.8
8.0
5.8

Roughness
50

100

150

200

250

300

350

m/sec Velocity
Look:
Roughness influences wind velocity until high altitudes.

Paramaters used for roughness

exponent

Yield of wind turbines decreases at high wind velocities.

Then roughness can increase the yield.

visc

d1
parabolic simulation logaritmic simulation
viscose layer wall layer
wall bound.
2
4.5
4.5
10
20

d2

45

R
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

0.273

0.500

4.5

45

450

4.0

5.8

5.8

8.0

9.8

12.0

alfa
0.104
0.144
0.181
0.213
0.245
0.273
0.313
0.363

d0
0.0002
0.0050
0.0300
0.1000
0.2500
0.5000
1.0000
2.0000

d1
2.5
2.8
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
4.8
5.0

d2
25.0
27.5
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
47.5
50.0

d3
250
275
300
350
400
450
475
500

v1
13.7
11.0
8.8
6.8
5.2
4.0
2.9
1.8

v1
5.2
7.1
7.4
7.7
6.9
5.8
4.4
2.7

v2
15.2
12.8
10.8
9.0
7.3
5.8
4.3
2.4

v2
16.4
14.3
12.5
10.8
9.3
8.0
6.5
4.8

v2
17.5
15.6
14.0
12.5
11.1
9.8
8.5
6.9

v2
18.7
17.1
15.7
14.4
13.1
12.0
10.8
9.4

v1( z1 )

v2 d1r .

z1
2.
d1r

http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaal_van_Beaufort
m/sec
until
KNMI km/h until
calm
0
0
0 stil
0
1
light air
1
0
1 zwak
1
5
light breeze
2
2
3 zwak
6
11
gentle breeze
3
3
5 matig
12
19
moderate breeze
4
6
8 matig
20
28
fresh breeze
5
8
11 vrij krachtig
29
38
strong breeze
6
11
14 krachtig 39
49
moderate gale
7
14
17 hard
50
61
fresh gale
8
17
21 stormachtig
62
74
strong gale
9
21
24 storm
75
88
whole gale
10
25
28 zware storm
89
102
storm
11
29
33 zeer zware
103
storm117
hurricane
12
33
100 orkaan >117
obstacles drawn in the graph
x
y
roughness
0
0
7.5
1
1
25
7.5
2
1
25
0
3
2
50
0
4
2
50
7.5
5
3
75
7.5
6
3
75
0
7
4
100
0
8
4
100
7.5
5
125
7.5
5
125
0
6
150
0
6
150
7.5
7
175
7.5
7
175
0
8
200
0
8
200
7.5
9
225
7.5
9
225
0
10
250
0

z1

d1r

vd3

v2( z2)
2

log

d3r

. log z2
d0r

d0r

uitwerking boven land en bij mens

rook stijgt recht of bijna recht omhoog
windrichting goed af te leiden uit rookpluimen
wind voelbaar in gezicht, weerhanen tonen nu juiste richting, blad r
opwaaiend stof, vlaggen wapperen, spinnen lopen niet meer
papier waait op, haar raakt verward, geen last van muggen meer
bladeren van bomen ruisen, gekuifde golven op meren en kanalen
problemen met paraplu's en hoeden waaien af
het is lastig tegen de wind in te lopen of te fietsen
twijgen breken van bomen, voortbewegen zeer moeilijk
schoorsteenkappen en dakpannen waaien weg, kinderen waaien o
grote schade aan gebouwen, volwassenen waaien om, bomen rake
grote schade aan bossen
verwoestingen

altitude width
0
25
1
25
2
25
3
25
5
25
7.5
25
15
25
30
25

10

250
100

7.5
7.5

ed by obstacles

(see the graph below).

m/sec

10m above village

fresh breeze

windpower class 5

Choose a roughness class according to these pictures:

2
m altitude m/sec kW/m

A wind turbine

2
eff. kW/m

radius

m2

MW

450

22.7

15.1

will have different

5%

0.8

225 #####

121.3

160

17.1

6.5

efficiencies at

17%

1.1

80 20106

21.6

140

16.5

5.8

different altitudes,

19%

1.1

70 15394

16.6

120

15.8

5.1

possible radiuses

21%

1.1

60 11310

12.1

24%
27%
31%
36%
43%

1.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.5

50
40
30
22.5
10

7854
5027
2827
1590
314

8.2
5.0
2.6
1.3
0.2

45%
0.3
##### #NUM!

5
1

79
3

0.0
#NUM!

and
100
80
60
45
20

15.1
14.2
13.1
12.0
9.8

10
2

8.0
4.0

4.4
3.7
2.9
2.2
1.2

possible velocities

0.7 standard altitude

0.1

ecreases at high wind velocities.

d3
exponential simulation
boundary layer
45
60
80

100

120

140

160

300

500 m altitude z

12.1

13.1

14.2

15.1

15.8

16.5

17.1

20.3

v3
19.0
17.5
16.1
14.7
13.3
12.1
10.9
9.5

v3
19.6
18.2
17.0
15.6
14.3
13.1
11.9
10.5

v3
20.2
19.0
17.9
16.6
15.3
14.2
13.0
11.7

v3
20.6
19.6
18.6
17.4
16.2
15.1
13.9
12.7

v3
21.0
20.1
19.2
18.1
16.9
15.8
14.8
13.5

v3
21.4
20.6
19.8
18.7
17.6
16.5
15.5
14.3

v3
21.7
21.0
20.3
19.2
18.1
17.1
16.1
15.0

v3
23.1
23.0
22.7
22.0
21.2
20.3
19.7
18.9

v3( z3)

z3
vd3 .
d3r

23.4 m/sec velocity

v3
24.4
open sea
24.7
open land
24.9 standard grass land
24.5
farm land with regular crops
24.0
farm land with alternating high and low crops
23.4
village
23.1
town
22.7 m/sec
city

alfa
r

uitwerking boven zee

spiegelglad
eiden uit rookpluimen
kleine golfjes, geschubd oppervlak
t, weerhanen tonen nu juiste richting, blad ritselt
kleine, korte golven
n wapperen, spinnen lopen niet meer
kleine golven, breken, schuimkopjes
akt verward, geen last van muggen meer
golven iets langer, veel schuimkoppen
sen, gekuifde golven op meren en kanalen, vuilbakken waaien om
matige golven, overal schuimkoppen, af en toe opwaaiend schuim
s en hoeden waaien af
grotere golven, schuimplekken, vrij veel opwaaiend schuim
nd in te lopen of te fietsen
golven worden hoger, beginnende schuimstrepen
en, voortbewegen zeer moeilijk
matig hoge golven, schuimstrepen
dakpannen waaien weg, kinderen waaien om, takken breken af, alleen zwaluwen
hogeen
golven,
eenden
rollers,
vliegen
zicht
nogwordt slechter door schuimvlagen
uwen, volwassenen waaien om, bomen raken ontworteld, vogels blijven aan de
zeer
grond
hoge golven, zee wordt wit van het schuim, overslaande rollers, vermin
extreem hoge golven, zee geheel bedekt met schuim, sterk verminderd zicht
lucht is vol met verwaaid water en schuim, zee volkomen wit, vrijwel geen zic

Weibull graph
dwellings

323513

0%

57644

6%

44178

10%

32162

12%

13%

21799
13295
6837
3354
437

5
6
7
8
9

13%
11%
10%
8%
6%

61
#NUM!

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

4%
3%
2%
1%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%

19
20

0%
0%

d with alternating high and low crops

oppen, af en toe opwaaiend schuim

, vrij veel opwaaiend schuim

t slechter door schuimvlagen

t van het schuim, overslaande rollers, verminderd zicht
eel bedekt met schuim, sterk verminderd zicht
en schuim, zee volkomen wit, vrijwel geen zicht meer

values at 100m?
0.0
0.3
2.2
4.7
7.6
11.0
15.0
19.2
23.7
28.7
33.7
39.3
44.9

0.3
2.2
4.7
7.6
11.0
15.0
19.2
23.7
28.7
33.7
39.3
44.9
200.0

Circles

Standard altitude

50

350

10

100

260

20

10

0.05

349

108

260

22

350

10

0.25

335

135

257

27

0.5

300

150

250

30

0.75

265

135

243

27

1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2

250
265
300
335
350

100
65
50
65
100

240
243
250
257
260

20
13
10
13
20

2.15
2.2

345
340

123
129

259
258

25
26

Harvest
x

300
300

0
82

250
250

0
2

Wind observations (velocity, direction) at 10m altitude (Schip

Velocity
class*
m/sec
vk
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
10.5
11.5
12.5
13.5
14.5
15.5
16.5
17.5
18.5
19.5
20.5
21.5
22.5
TOTAAL

Calm

0
w
348
78
15
2

12

14
55
102
107
87
71
66
42
26
15
7
4
3
2

10
39
59
88
86
82
74
46
38
21
13
8
4
1
1

8
43
82
118
132
110
112
88
59
44
29
14
8
3
2
1

11
50
98
133
136
101
82
52
29
17
14
6
3
1
1

10
51
80
94
86
55
46
22
8
5
3
1

12
58
97
118
124
86
71
47
27
17
10
4
2
1

16
72
132
155
150
121
100
73
51
32
21
13
8
4
1
1

14
53
111
160
170
157
163
113
92
68
52
32
25
15
8
6
3
2
2
1

601

570

853

734

461

674

443

O**

W
8

16
66
119
125
113
113
119
123
90
84
70
53
45
30
20
12
8
8
5
2
2
1
1
950 1247 1225

10

11

15
51
84
106
110
112
109
98
77
59
45
32
26
17
9
6
4
4
3
1
1
1

9
36
68
84
77
74
73
58
48
40
30
19
14
7
4
3
3
2
1
1

13
44
79
94
87
76
76
62
37
29
17
10
7
4
3
1
1

970

651

640

* Hier staat alleen het midden van de klasse vermeld.

** Hieronder is de windrichting in 'uren van de klok' gegeven, waarbij 12 uur overeenkomt met het noorden.
'12 uur' staat voor alle windrichtingen tussen -10 en 10 graden uit het noorden.

on) at 10m altitude (Schiphol)

134
563
1009
1275
1271
1087
1025
782
556
416
304
192
142
83
49
30
19
16
11
5
3
2
1
10000

10 000 Hour average observations in 12 directions

200

100

Total observations per direction

12
1500

11

vereenkomt met het noorden.

1000

640

10
651
9 970

1
601

570

500

853

734

461
1225
8

674
1247
7

950
6

Observations hour average

TOTAL

% Probability in any direction by a Weibull simulation

0

m/sec v

10

Observations North
Observations East
Observations South

15

Observations West
Observations Total
Simulation Weibull
20

0%

5%

10%

Chance P

15%

20%

Weibull graph Observations

North
East
y
x
0
0%
2%
1%
1
6%
9%
7%
2
10%
17%
13%
3
12%
18%
18%
4
13%
14%
19%
5
13%
12%
14%
6
11%
11%
11%
7
10%
7%
7%
8
8%
4%
4%
9
6%
2%
2%
10
4%
1%
2%
11
3%
1%
1%
12
2%
0%
0%
13
1%
0%
0%
14
1%
0%
0%
15
0%
0%
0%
16
0%
0%
0%
17
0%
0%
0%
18
0%
0%
0%

South
2%
8%
14%
16%
16%
13%
11%
8%
5%
3%
2%
1%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

West
2%
5%
9%
11%
11%
12%
11%
10%
8%
6%
5%
3%
3%
2%
1%
1%
0%
0%
0%

Total
1%
6%
10%
13%
13%
11%
10%
8%
6%
4%
3%
2%
1%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

Weibull simulation of wind velocity probability at 10m altitude

form

schale

Windstation
Beek
Den Helder
Eelde
Eindhoven
Schiphol
Vlissingen

C
2.01
2.00
1.74
1.86
1.86
1.95

a
0.042
0.014
0.059
0.052
0.032
0.025

Schiphol

1.86

0.032

Choice:

Beek

Den Helder

Eelde

Eindhoven

Schiphol

Vlissingen

Chosen

11

20

12
1

15
10

10

5
9

4
7

5
6

% from direction (hours from North, 0 is calm or variable):

North
East
0
12
1
2
3
4
2
4
7
9
7
3
1
7
6
7
8
6
3
4
6
8
8
7
8
4
7
8
5
6
4
6
6
9
7
5
1
7
9
9
6
4
4

6
North

Velocity v Chance
0
0.0%
1
0.3%
2
0.6%
3
0.7%
4
0.8%
5
0.8%
6
0.7%
7
0.6%
8
0.5%
9
0.4%
10
0.3%
11
0.2%
12
0.1%
13
0.1%
14
0.0%
15
0.0%
16
0.0%
17
0.0%
18
0.0%
19
0.0%
20
0.0%
6%

7
East

0.0%
0.3%
0.6%
0.7%
0.8%
0.8%
0.7%
0.6%
0.5%
0.4%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
6%

0.0%
0.5%
0.9%
1.1%
1.2%
1.1%
1.0%
0.9%
0.7%
0.5%
0.4%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
9%

0.0%
0.4%
0.7%
0.8%
0.9%
0.9%
0.8%
0.7%
0.5%
0.4%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
7%

0.0%
0.3%
0.5%
0.6%
0.6%
0.6%
0.6%
0.5%
0.4%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
5%

robability at 10m altitude

rth, 0 is calm or variable):

5
4
5
5
6
7
5

South
6
10
10
9
7
10
9

7
20
13
14
13
12
13

8
17
12
14
16
12
13

12

12

West
9
8
10
10
9
10
11

10
4
8
7
6
7
6

11
4
8
5
5
6
7

total
%
99
101
100
100
101
100

10
West

101 %

0.0%
0.6%
1.0%
1.2%
1.3%
1.3%
1.1%
1.0%
0.8%
0.6%
0.4%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
10%

0.0%
0.4%
0.7%
0.8%
0.9%
0.9%
0.8%
0.7%
0.5%
0.4%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
7%

Try to simulate the windvelocity distribu

0.0%
0.4%
0.7%
0.8%
0.9%
0.9%
0.8%
0.7%
0.5%
0.4%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
7%

10
South
0.0%
0.6%
1.0%
1.2%
1.3%
1.3%
1.1%
1.0%
0.8%
0.6%
0.4%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
10%

0.0%
0.7%
1.2%
1.4%
1.5%
1.5%
1.4%
1.2%
0.9%
0.7%
0.5%
0.4%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
12%

0.0%
0.7%
1.2%
1.4%
1.5%
1.5%
1.4%
1.2%
0.9%
0.7%
0.5%
0.4%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
12%

C
0.0%
0.3%
0.6%
0.7%
0.8%
0.8%
0.7%
0.6%
0.5%
0.4%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
6%

total
0.0%
5.8%
9.6%
12.0%
12.9%
12.5%
11.3%
9.6%
7.7%
5.9%
4.2%
2.9%
1.9%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
99%

graph
0.0%
5.8%
9.6%
12.0%
12.9%
12.5%
11.3%
9.6%
7.7%
5.9%
4.2%
2.9%
1.9%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
99%

m/sec v

10

15

20
0%

P( v , C, a )

a. C. v

Try to simulate the windvelocity distribution at the chosen location

186

1.86

32
Weibull total
North
1
2
East
4
5
South
7
8
West
10
11
5%

10%

15%

20%

0.032

Chance P

P( v , C, a )

C
a. C. v

1.

C
a. v

Cumulative

v
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

12
0.0%
0.3%
0.6%
0.7%
0.8%
0.8%
0.7%
0.6%
0.5%
0.4%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%

1
0.0%
0.7%
1.2%
1.4%
1.5%
1.5%
1.4%
1.2%
0.9%
0.7%
0.5%
0.4%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%

2
0.0%
1.2%
2.0%
2.5%
2.7%
2.6%
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.9%
0.6%
0.4%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%

3
0.0%
1.6%
2.7%
3.3%
3.6%
3.5%
3.2%
2.7%
2.2%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.5%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%

4
0.0%
1.9%
3.2%
3.9%
4.2%
4.1%
3.7%
3.2%
2.5%
1.9%
1.4%
1.0%
0.6%
0.4%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%

5
0.0%
2.3%
3.8%
4.8%
5.1%
5.0%
4.5%
3.8%
3.1%
2.3%
1.7%
1.2%
0.8%
0.5%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%

6
0.0%
2.9%
4.8%
6.0%
6.4%
6.3%
5.7%
4.8%
3.9%
2.9%
2.1%
1.5%
1.0%
0.6%
0.4%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%

7
0.0%
3.6%
6.0%
7.4%
8.0%
7.8%
7.0%
6.0%
4.8%
3.6%
2.6%
1.8%
1.2%
0.8%
0.5%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%

8
0.0%
4.3%
7.1%
8.9%
9.5%
9.3%
8.4%
7.1%
5.7%
4.3%
3.1%
2.2%
1.4%
0.9%
0.6%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%

9
0.0%
4.8%
8.1%
10.0%
10.8%
10.5%
9.5%
8.1%
6.5%
4.9%
3.6%
2.5%
1.6%
1.0%
0.6%
0.4%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%

10
0.0%
5.2%
8.8%
10.9%
11.7%
11.4%
10.3%
8.7%
7.0%
5.3%
3.9%
2.7%
1.8%
1.1%
0.7%
0.4%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%

11
0.0%
5.6%
9.3%
11.6%
12.5%
12.2%
11.0%
9.3%
7.5%
5.7%
4.1%
2.9%
1.9%
1.2%
0.7%
0.4%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%

0.0%
5.8%
9.6%
12.0%
12.9%
12.5%
11.3%
9.6%
7.7%
5.9%
4.2%
2.9%
1.9%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%

Yield of a wind turbine at

Schiphol

0.5

location can be changed at tab page Weibull

Altitude
Radius
Efficiency

85 m
35 m
31%

35
312

Roughness per wind direction

kW yield per wind direction

11
10

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

12
1

11
2

10

8
7

12
1
2

100

200

4
7

Parameters used
North
Direction
12
Roughness
3
2
m/sec
Velocity v at
v
10m 85m
1
2
2
3
3
5
4
6
5
8
6
9
7
11
8
13
9
14
10
16
alfa
17
r 11
z3
12
19
vd3 .
13
20
d3r
14
22
15
23
alfa 16
25
3 17
27
10
18
28
vd3 .

d33

1
2
part

turbine

of

efficien-

time

cy

0.00%
0.35%
0.58%
0.72%
0.77%
0.75%
0.68%
0.58%
0.46%
0.35%
0.25%
0.18%
0.12%
0.07%
0.05%
0.03%
0.01%
0.01%

0%
0%
19%
39%
44%
44%
39%
34%
27%
22%
16%
12%
9%
6%
4%
3%
2%
1%

yield
kW
0
1
2
3
4
5
4
3
3
2
1
1
0
0
0
0

v
85m
2
3
5
6
8
9
11
13
14
16
17
19
20
22
23
25
27
28

2
2
part

turbine

of

efficien-

time

cy

0.00%
0.35%
0.58%
0.72%
0.77%
0.75%
0.68%
0.58%
0.46%
0.35%
0.25%
0.18%
0.12%
0.07%
0.05%
0.03%
0.01%
0.01%

0%
0%
19%
39%
44%
44%
39%
34%
27%
22%
16%
12%
9%
6%
4%
3%
2%
1%

part

yield
kW
0
1
2
3
4
5
4
3
3
2
1
1
0
0
0
0

v
85m
2
3
5
6
8
9
11
13
14
16
17
19
20
22
23
25
27
28

of
time
0.00%
0.52%
0.87%
1.08%
1.16%
1.13%
1.02%
0.87%
0.69%
0.53%
0.38%
0.26%
0.18%
0.11%
0.07%
0.04%
0.02%
0.01%

z3

vd3 .

d3r
10

vd3 .

alfa
3

d33

19
20

30
31

0.00%
0.00%

1%
0%

469 kW

0
0

30
31

0.00%
0.00%

1%
0%

29

0
0

30
31

0.01%
0.00%

29

Parameters
alfa
d0
d1
d2
d3

0.181
0.03
3
30
300

0.144
0.005
2.75
27.5
275

0.144
0.005
2.75
27.5
275

alfa

0.104

0.144

0.181

0.213

0.245

0.273

0.313

0.363

0.0002 0.0050

d0

Eficiency of turbine

0.144
0.005
2.75
27.5
275

0.0300

0.1000

d1

2.5

2.8

3.0

3.5

0.2500 0.5000 1.0000 2.0000

4.0

4.5

4.8

5.0

d2

25.0

27.5

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

47.5

50.0

d3

250

275

300

350

400

450

475

500

The efficiency of a wind turbine according to

That efficiency could also be simulated by a Weibull functio

50.0%

However, the zero value starts at 4 m/sec, so the graph sho

40.0%

Moreover, to make the graph fitting the height and width sh

30.0%

Efficiency( v ) height . a. C. ( width. v shift )

=H$49*(A$49*C$49*(W$49*V49+S$49)^(C$49=6.5*(0.028*1.5*(1.3*V49-5.6)^(1.5-1))*EXP(-0.0

20.0%

Parameters

10.0%

best fit

0.0%
0

10

15

m/sec Velocity v
m/sec v
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Efficiency
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
24.9%
36.5%
42.0%
44.1%
43.9%
42.0%
39.1%
35.6%
31.7%
27.8%

20

25

0.028

1.5

0.028
1.5

shift

-5.6

-5.6

height

6.5

6.5

width

1.3

1.3

15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32

24.0%
20.4%
17.2%
14.3%
11.7%
9.6%
7.7%
6.1%
4.9%
3.8%
3.0%
2.3%
1.8%
1.3%
1.0%
0.8%
0.6%
0.4%

MW estimated by exponential simulation

or

supplying electricity for

469

kW

1252 dwellings

For example Siemens types

80
53.5
3.6

East
3
2

80
41.2
2.8

80
80
46.5 41.2
2.3 2.3

8
2

West
9
2

10
2

v
e
v fficienv
v
v
v
85m 85mcy85m 85m 85m 85m

v
85m

v
85m

v
85m

2
3
5
6
8
9
11
13
14
16
17
19
20
22
23
25
27
28

2
3
5
6
8
9
11
13
14
16
17
19
20
22
23
25
27
28

2
3
5
6
8
9
11
13
14
16
17
19
20
22
23
25
27
28

4
2

5
2

South
6
2

m
Zoetermeer
85
1250 dwellings
m
35
MW nominal max. at 12-14 m/sec
Roughness classes

68
31
1.3

7
2

11
2 Fill in your roughness classes

turbine
efficiency
0%
0%
19%
39%
44%
44%
39%
34%
27%
22%
16%
12%
9%
6%
4%
3%
2%
1%

You can change any direction separately

yield
kW
0
1
3
5
6
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
0
0

2
3
5
6
8
9
11
13
14
16
17
19
20
22
23
25
27
28

2
3
5
6
8
9
11
13
14
16
17
19
20
22
23
25
27
28

2
3
5
6
8
9
11
13
14
16
17
19
20
22
23
25
27
28

2
3
5
6
8
9
11
13
14
16
17
19
20
22
23
25
27
28

2
3
5
6
8
9
11
13
14
16
17
19
20
22
23
25
27
28

2
3
5
6
8
9
11
13
14
16
17
19
20
22
23
25
27
28

1%
0%

0
0

30
31

30
31

30
31

30
31

30
31

30
31

30
31

30
31

30
31

44

0.144
0.005
2.75
27.5
275

0.144
0.005
2.75
27.5
275

0.14
0.01
2.75
27.5
275

0.144 0.144
0.005 0.005
2.75 2.75
27.5 27.5
275
275

0.144
0.005
2.75
27.5
275

0.144
0.005
2.75
27.5
275

0.144
0.005
2.75
27.5
275

0.144
0.005
2.75
27.5
275

The efficiency of a wind turbine according to

http://www.windpower.org/en/tour/wres/cp.htm
That efficiency could also be simulated by a Weibull function, drawn in red.
However, the zero value starts at 4 m/sec, so the graph should be shifted.
Moreover, to make the graph fitting the height and width should be adaptable.
C

a. ( widt h. v

shift)

.e
Efficiency( v ) height . a. C. ( width. v shift )
=H$49*(A$49*C$49*(W$49*V49+S$49)^(C$49-1))*EXP(-A$49*(W$49*V49+S$49)^C$49)
=6.5*(0.028*1.5*(1.3*V49-5.6)^(1.5-1))*EXP(-0.028*(1.3*V49-5.6)^1.5)
try yourself to find a better fit
276
150
560
650
130

Roughness classes

n your roughness classes

an change any direction separately

12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

29
29
44
34
24
34
48
58
58
48
34
29

Roughness 3
m/sec Turbine
Velocity v at efficiency
10m
at 10m
1
0%
2
0%
3
0%
4
0%
5
25%
6
37%
7
43%
8
45%
9
44%
10
42%
11
39%
12
36%
13
32%
14
28%
15
24%
16
20%
17
17%
18
14%

total
27%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
3.3%
4.6%
4.8%
4.3%
3.4%
2.5%
1.7%
1.0%
0.6%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%

19
20

12%
9%

0.0%
0.0%