Mechanical fan

Household electric box fan with a propeller style blade

A mechanical fan is a machine used to create ow within

a uid, typically a gas such as air.[1] The fan consists of a
rotating arrangement of vanes or blades which act on the
uid. The rotating assembly of blades and hub is known
as an impeller, a rotor, or a runner. Usually, it is contained within some form of housing or case.[2] This may
direct the airow or increase safety by preventing objects
from contacting the fan blades. Most fans are powered
by electric motors, but other sources of power may be
used, including hydraulic motors and internal combustion engines. Fans produce ows with high volume and
low pressure (although higher than ambient pressure), as
opposed to compressors which produce high pressures at
a comparatively low volume. A fan blade will often rotate
when exposed to a uid stream, and devices that take advantage of this, such as anemometers and wind turbines,
often have designs similar to that of a fan.

A household electric oor fan

extraction, winnowing (e.g., separating cha of cereal

grains), removing dust (e.g. in a vacuum cleaner), drying (usually in combination with heat) and to provide
draft for a re. While fans are often used to cool people, they do not actually cool air (if anything, electric
fans warm it slightly due to the warming of their motors),
but work by evaporative cooling of sweat and increased
heat convection into the surrounding air due to the airow from the fans. Thus, fans may become ineective at
cooling the body if the surrounding air is near body temperature and contains high humidity. In addition to their
utilitarian function, vintage or antique fans, and in particular electric fans manufactured from the late 19th century
through the 1950s, have become a recognized collectible
category; for example, in the U.S.A. there is the Antique
Fan Collectors Association.[3]

For more details on this topic, see Centrifugal compressor.

Typical applications include climate control and personal
thermal comfort (e.g., an electric table or oor fan), vehicle and machinery cooling systems, ventilation, fume
1

3 TYPES OF FANS

Etymology

Wales. The model was exhibited at the Great Exhibition of 1851. Improvements in the technology were made
The word fan comes from Middle English, winnowing by James Nasmyth, Frenchman Theophile Guibal and J.
R. Waddle.[6] Between the years 1882 and 1886, New
fan, from Old English fann and from Latin vannus.[1]
Orleans resident Schuyler Skaats Wheeler invented a fan
powered by electricity.[7] It was commercially marketed
by the American rm Crocker & Curtis electric motor
2 History
company. In 1882, Philip Diehl introduced the electric
ceiling fan. Heat-convection fans fueled by alcohol, oil,
The punkah fan was used in India in the early 500 BC. or kerosene were common around the turn of the 20th
It was a handheld fan made from bamboo strips or other century.
plant bre, that could be rotated or fanned. During British
rule, the word came to be used in a special sense by
Anglo-Indians to mean a large swinging fan, xed to the
ceiling, and pulled by a servant, called the punkawallah.

A 6 blade HVLS fan.

Patent drawing for a Fan Moved by Mechanism, 27 November

1830

In the 17th century, the experiments of scientists like

Otto von Guericke, Robert Hooke and Robert Boyle, elucidated the principles of vacuum and airow. The English
architect Sir Christopher Wren applied an early ventilation system in the Houses of Parliament that used bellows
to circulate the air. The Houses of Parliament would be
the catalyst for much later improvement and innovation.
John Theophilus Desaguliers, a British engineer, demonstrated a successful use of a fan system to draw out stagnant air from the coal mines in 1727 and soon afterwards
he installed a similar apparatus in Parliament.[4] Good
ventilation was particularly important in the coal mines
to reduce miner casualties from gas asphyxiation. The
civil engineer John Smeaton, and later John Buddle installed reciprocating air pumps in the mines in the North
of England. However, this arrangement was not ideal as
the machinery was liable to breaking down. With the advent of practical steam power, fans could nally be used
for ventilation. David Boswell Reid, a Scottish physician, installed four steam powered fans in the ceiling of
St Georges Hospital in Liverpool, so that the pressure
produced by the fans would force the incoming air upward and through vents in the ceiling.[5] In 1849 a 6m
radius steam driven fan, designed by William Brunton,
was made operational in the Gelly Gaer Colliery of South

In the 1920s, industrial advances allowed steel fans to be

mass-produced in dierent shapes, bringing fan prices
down and allowing more homeowners to aord them. In
the 1930s, the rst art deco fan (the swan fan) was designed. In the 1950s, fans were manufactured in colors
that were bright and eye catching. Central air conditioning in the 1960s caused many companies to discontinue
production of fans.[8] In the 1970s, Victorian-style ceiling
fans became popular. In 1998, Walter K. Boyd invented
the HVLS ceiling fan. Boyd developed a slow moving fan
with a very large 8-feet diameter. Due to its size, the fan
moved a large column of air down and out 360 degrees
and continuously mixed fresh air with the stale air inside
the barn. They are used in many industrial settings, because of their energy eciency.[9]

3 Types of fans
Mechanical revolving blade fans are made in a wide range
of designs. In a home you can nd fans that can be put
on the oor or a table, or hung from the ceiling, or are
built into a window, wall, roof, chimney, etc. They can
be found in electronic systems such as computers where
they cool the circuits inside, and in appliances such as hair
dryers and portable space heaters and mounted/installed
wall heaters. They are also used for moving air in airconditioning systems, and in automotive engines, where
they are driven by belts or by direct motor. Fans used for
comfort create a wind chill, but do not lower temperatures directly. Fans used to cool electrical equipment or

3.2

Centrifugal fan

3
to the shaft about which the blades rotate. Axial fans blow
air along the axis of the fan, linearly, hence their name.
This type of fan is used in a wide variety of applications,
ranging from small cooling fans for electronics to the giant
fans used in wind tunnels. Axial ow fans are applied
for air conditioning and industrial process applications.
Standard axial ow fans have diameters from 300400
mm or 1800 to 2000 mm and work under pressures up to
800 Pa. Examples of axial fans are:

Two c. 1980 box fans

Ceiling fan with lamp

in engines or other machines do cool the equipment directly by forcing hot air into the cooler environment outside the machine. There are three main types of fans used
for moving air, axial, centrifugal (also called radial) and
cross ow (also called tangential).

3.1

Axial-ow fans

Table fan: Basic elements of a typical table fan include the fan blade, base, armature and lead wires,
motor, blade guard, motor housing, oscillator gearbox, and oscillator shaft. The oscillator is a mechanism that moves the fan from side to side. The axle
comes out on both ends of the motor, one end of the
axle is attached to the blade and the other is attached
to the oscillator gearbox. The motor case joins to the
gearbox to contain the rotor and stator. The oscillator shaft combines to the weighted base and the gearbox. A motor housing covers the oscillator mechanism. The blade guard joins to the motor case for
safety.
Ceiling fan: A fan suspended from the ceiling of a
room is a ceiling fan. Ceiling fans can be found in
both residential and industrial/commercial settings.
In automobiles, a mechanical fan provides engine
cooling and prevents the engine from overheating
by blowing or sucking air through a coolant-lled
radiator. It can be driven with a belt and pulley o
the engine's crankshaft or an electric fan switched
on or o by a thermostatic switch.
Computer cooling fan for cooling electrical components
Variable Pitch Fan: A variable-pitch fan is used
where precise control of static pressure within supply ducts is required. The blades are arranged to
rotate upon a control-pitch hub. The fan wheel will
spin at a constant speed. As the hub moves toward
the rotor, the blades increase their angle of attack
and an increase in ow results.

3.2 Centrifugal fan

Main article: centrifugal fan
Often called a squirrel cage (because of its similarity in appearance to exercise wheels for pet rodents) or
scroll fan, the centrifugal fan has a moving component
(called an impeller) that consists of a central shaft about
which a set of blades, or ribs, are positioned. Centrifugal fans blow air at right angles to the intake of the fan,
and spin the air outwards to the outlet (by deection and
An axial box fan for cooling electrical equipment
centrifugal force). The impeller rotates, causing air to enter the fan near the shaft and move perpendicularly from
Axial-ow fans have blades that force air to move parallel the shaft to the opening in the scroll-shaped fan casing.

Typical centrifugal fan

A centrifugal fan produces more pressure for a given air

volume, and is used where this is desirable such as in
leaf blowers, blowdryers, air mattress inators, inatable
structures, climate control, and various industrial purposes. They are typically quieter than comparable axial
fans.

3.3

Cross-ow fan

UNCOMMON TYPES OF FAN

tubular fan was patented in 1893 by Paul Mortier,[10] and

is used extensively in the HVAC industry. The fan is usually long in relation to the diameter, so the ow approximately remains two-dimensional away from the ends.
The CFF uses an impeller with forward curved blades,
placed in a housing consisting of a rear wall and vortex
wall. Unlike radial machines, the main ow moves transversely across the impeller, passing the blading twice.
The ow within a cross-ow fan may be broken up into
three distinct regions: a vortex region near the fan discharge, called an eccentric vortex, the through-ow region, and a paddling region directly opposite. Both the
vortex and paddling regions are dissipative, and as a result, only a portion of the impeller imparts usable work on
the ow. The cross-ow fan, or transverse fan, is thus a
two-stage partial admission machine. The popularity of
the crossow fan in the HVAC industry comes from its
compactness, shape, quiet operation, and ability to provide high pressure coecient. Eectively a rectangular
fan in terms of inlet and outlet geometry, the diameter
readily scales to t the available space, and the length is
adjustable to meet ow rate requirements for the particular application. Common household tower fans are also
cross-ow fans.
Much of the early work focused on developing the crossow fan for both high and low-ow-rate conditions, and
resulted in numerous patents. Key contributions were
made by Coester, Ilberg and Sadeh, Porter and Markland,
and Eck.
One phenomenon particular to the cross-ow fan is that,
as the blades rotate, the local air incidence angle changes.
The result is that in certain positions the blades act as
compressors (pressure increase), while at other azimuthal
locations the blades act as turbines (pressure decrease).

4 Uncommon types of fan

Cross-section of cross-ow fan, from the 1893 patent. The rotation is clock-wise. The stream guide F is usually not present in
modern implementations.

Cross-ow fan

The cross-ow or tangential fan, sometimes known as a

4.1 Bellows
Main article: Bellows
Bellows are also used to move air, although not generally
considered fans. A hand-operated bellows is essentially a
bag with a nozzle and handles, which can be lled with air
by one movement, and the air expelled by another. Typically it would comprise two rigid at surfaces hinged at
one end, where a nozzle is tted, and with handles at the
other. The sides of the surfaces are joined by a exible
and air-proof material such as leather; the surfaces and
joining material comprise a bag sealed everywhere but at
the nozzle. (The joining material typically has a characteristic pleated construction that is so common that similar expanding fabric arrangements not used for moving
air, such as on a folding camera, are called bellows.) Separating the handles expands the bag, which lls with air;
squeezing them together expels the air. A simple valve
(e.g., a ap) may be tted so that air enters without hav-

4.3

Convective

An open-face supermarket freezer with an air curtain. Cooling

air circulates across the food through the dark slot seen at the
rear of the freezer, and through another grille not visible along
the front.

that lacks a cover or door. Air curtains are commonly

used on open-face dairy, freezer, and vegetable displays
to help retain chilled air within the cabinet using a lamiing to come from the nozzle, which may be close to a re. nar airow circulated across the display opening, usually
Bellows produce a directed pressurized stream of air; the generated by a fan in the base of the cabinet.
airow volume is typically low with moderate pressure.
They are an older technology, used mainly to produce a
strong and directed airow unlike non-electric bladed me- 4.3 Convective
chanical fans, before the introduction of electricity.
Dierences in air temperature will aect the density of
air and can be used to induce air circulation through the
A single-acting bellows will only produce airow
mere act of heating or cooling an air mass. This eect is
during the exhaust stroke.
so subtle and works at such low air pressures that it does
A double-acting bellows is a pair of bellows capable not appear to t the denition of a fan technology. Howof blowing out air from one while inhaling air into ever, prior to the development of electricity, convective
the other, but airow still temporarily ceases when airow was the primary method of inducing airow in living spaces. Old fashioned oil and coal furnaces were not
the stroke direction is reversed.
electric and operated simply on the principle of convec Combining multiple bellows at third-cycle or tion to move the warm air. Very large volume air ducts
quarter-cycle arrangements on a crank arm allows were sloped upwards away from the top of the furnace
for nearly continuous airow from several bellows towards oor and wall registers above the furnace. Cool
at once; each is in a dierent phase of inhaling and air was returned through similar large ducts leading to the
bottom of the furnace. Older houses from before electriexhausting during the cycle.
cation often had open duct grilles leading from the ceiling of a lower level to the oor of an upper level, to allow
4.2 Coand eect
convective airow to slowly rise up the building from one
oor to the next. Outhouses commonly rely on a simThe Dyson Air Multiplier fans, and the Imperial C2000 ple enclosed air channel in a corner of the structure to
series range hood fans,[11] have no exposed fan blades or exhaust oensive odors. Exposed to sunlight, the chanother visibly moving parts. The airow is generated us- nel is warmed and a slow convective air current is vented
ing the Coand eect; a small quantity of air from a high- out the top of the building, while fresh air enters the pit
pressure bladed impeller fan, contained in the base rather through the seat hole.
than exposed, drives a large airmass via a low-pressure
area created by the airfoil.[12][13][14] The US Patent &
Trademark Oce initially ruled that Dysons patent was 4.4 Electrostatic
not an improvement on the Toshiba patent on a nearly
identical bladeless desktop fan granted in 1981.[12] Air An electrostatic uid accelerator propels airow by induccurtains and air doors also utilize this eect to help re- ing motion in airborne charged particles. A high voltage
tain warm or cool air within an otherwise exposed area electric eld (commonly 25,000 to 50,000 volts) formed
Diagram of a single-acting hand bellows

FAN DRIVE METHODS

between exposed charged anode and cathode surfaces is

capable of inducing airow through a principle referred
to as ionic wind. The airow pressure is typically very
low but the air volume can be large. However, a suciently high voltage potential can also cause the formation of ozone and nitrogen oxides, which are reactive and
irritating to mucous membranes.

Noise

Fans generate noise from the rapid ow of air around

blades and obstacles, and sometimes from the motor. Fan Large electric motors may have a cooling fan either on the back
or inside the case. (Shown with black rear cover removed.)
noise has been found to be roughly proportional to the
fth power of fan speed; halving speed reduces noise by
about 15dB.[15]
OUTDOORS
INDOORS

Fan drive methods

Fan axle

Compressor

Blower

Condenser coils
Fan
Hot air

Outdoor air
Cooled
air
Expansion valve
Cooling coils Temperature
sensing bulb

Indoor air

Dual shaft fan motor in a window air conditioner.

or belts. The motor is either hidden in the fans center

hub or extends behind it. For big industrial fans, threeBuilding heating and cooling systems commonly use a squirrel phase asynchronous motors are commonly used, placed
cage fan driven by belt from a separate electric motor.
near the fan and driving it through a belt and pulleys.
Smaller fans are often powered by shaded pole AC motors, or brushed or brushless DC motors. AC-powered
fans usually use mains voltage, while DC-powered fans
use low voltage, typically 24, 12, or 5 V. Cooling fans
for computer equipment always use brushless DC motors, which generate much less electromagnetic interference than other types. In machines with a rotating part,
the fan is often connected to it rather than being powered
separately. This is commonly seen in motor vehicles with
internal combustion engines, where the fan is connected
to the drive shaft directly or through a belt and pulleys. A
common conguration is a dual-shaft motor, where one
end of the shaft drives a mechanism, while the other has
a fan mounted on it to cool the motor itself. Window
air conditioners commonly use a dual-shaft fan to operate separate blowers for the interior and exterior parts of
Internal combustion engines sometimes drive an engine cooling the device. Where electrical power or rotating parts are
fan directly, or may use a separate electric motor.
not available, fans may be drive by other methods. Highpressure gases such as steam can be used to drive a small
Standalone fans are usually powered by electric motors, turbine, and high-pressure liquids can be used to drive a
often attached directly to the motors output with no gears pelton wheel, which can provide the rotational drive for a

7
fan. Large, slow-moving energy sources such as a owing
river can also power a fan using a water wheel and a train
of gears or pulleys.

See also
Anity laws
Axial fan design
Air cooler
Balancing machine
Fan death
Industrial fans
Pump
Specic fan power
Waddle fan
Whole-house fan

References

[1] Fan. The Free Dictionary By Farlex. Retrieved 201205-19.

[2] Fan. Britannica. Retrieved 2012-05-19.
[3] Antique Fan Collectors Association website
[4] A Short History of Mechanical Fans. The Worshipful
Company of Fan Makers.
[5] Robert Bruegmann. Central Heating and Ventilation:
Origins and Eects on Architectural Design.
[6] Cory, William (2010). Fans and Ventilation: A practical
guide. Elsevier.
[7] B. A. C. (Before Air Conditioning)". New Orleans Bar
Association.
[8] Fancollectors.org - A Brief History of Fans Information
Provided by Steve Cunningham - retrieved July 5, 2010.
[9] Information provided by Dianna Hu - retrieved May 18,
2011.
[10] Paul Mortier. Fan or Blowing apparatus. US Pat. No.
507,445
[11]
[12] Wallop, Harry (20 October 2009). Dyson fan: was it
invented 30 years ago?". The Daily Telegraph (London).
[13]
[14] Video
[15] UK Health and Safetey Executive: Top 10 noise control
techniques

9 External links
Media related to Fans (mechanical) at Wikimedia
Commons

10

10
10.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Mechanical fan Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical%20fan?oldid=634049435 Contributors: Europrobe, Jpatokal, Hankwang, Auric, DocWatson42, Antandrus, Kaldari, Klaas van Aarsen, Discospinster, Adam850, Meggar, Mdd, OGoncho, Alansohn, Atlant,
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NeilN, SmackBot, Melchoir, Sea diver, Hengsheng120, Keith Lehwald, Snowmanradio, Bobbie4, Crd721, KLLvr283, John, Retromaniac,
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Funandtrvl, Vranak, Philip Trueman, Mkoronowski, Andy Dingley, Synthebot, Lova Falk, Sesshomaru, Michael Frind, S8333631, SieBot,
Krfx, Mik93, Martarius, The Thing That Should Not Be, CharlesYin96, Remag Kee, Auntof6, Pointillist, Quercus basaseachicensis, Eeekster, Dfsghjkgfhdg, Iohannes Animosus, Thingg, Holav, DumZiBoT, Bridies, Delicious carbuncle, Dthomsen8, LakeAtNight, Alexius08,
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