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Essay - Negative feedback – Hypothalamus, maintains homeostasis, ie balance of hormonal controls. Diabetes
example, glucagon and insulin –
Oxytocin – Primary function is uterine contraction, 2nd function is to stimulate milk production
Q- Sympathetic system - What are the only two hormones posterior hormones that activate.
A. ADH and Oxytocin – Neurological, they don’t inhibit they just release
Q. Hypothyroid – Decrease in production of T3 and T4, which will increase the TSH hormone decrease the metabolic
rate, decrease energy, bp and pulse = weight gain , contstipation
Q. Hyperthyroidism – Increase of the T3 and T4 which will decrease the TSH hormone = Increase metabolism,
increase in energy and increase bp and pulse = diarrhea and weight loss
Q. Clinically, there are three possible conditions to check for A. Pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and target cells
Addison’s Disease –Low thyroid production caused by a decrease in cortisol and aldosterone
Three parts(Cortisol =increase blood glucose and anti-inflammatory, mineralcorticoids, regulate electrolytes,
androgens)
1# sign and symptom for vascular blockage – PAIN and cold extremities
HEART
Right side of heart is the posterior side – pumping deoxygenated blood into the lungs
CO=SVXHR
Essay – Inferior and Superior vena cava – the right atrium, through tricuspid valve, right ventricle,
Pulmonary valve - lungs -= left atrium via bicuspid valve, left ventricle – aortic arch – systemic circuit
Left anterior descending artery (LAD) if this blocked you are dead due to both arteries being blocked
Essay – The more the heart works, the more the O2 demand, which increases the workload of the heart, which
increases, myocardial o2 consumption.
Beta 1 – heart
Beta 2 – lungs
Preload – Veins, venous return blood carrying from body to heart inferior/superior vena cava
3 Take offs in Aortic arch – Left common carotid, brachicephalic, left subclavian
Starlings Law– In then the right side must go out the left, = to change Starlings Law must change pre-load and
afterload
Laplace – If diameter is decreased resistance increased
(CO=SVxHR)
Blood
Rh – If a woman has negative rh and 1st child is +, ok, if the 2nd child is +, they will be at risk
Q. Bilirubin transported to the liver and secreted in the bile causing jaundice or hemolysis of rbc
becomes jaundice
PTT – Heparin
D-dimers – only have this if you have a clot, can lab value
Respiratory
Respiratory
Q. Type 2 cells lungs surfactant, lubricant increasing surface area, assist the alveoli and
prevents collapsing of them
Q. Tidal Volume – 500ml amount of gas inspired and expired in normal breathing
Q. If you give 100% oxygen, cause blindness than you kill them
TERMINOLOGY
1. Chief cells – Cell that releases an enzyme(gastric, pepsinogin and rennin and parathyroid
releases-parathyroid hormone)
2. Parietal Cells – Produce HCL in response to histamine, acethylcholine, and gastin – contain
secretory caniculli, and for active transport, H+, K+, ATPase
6. Pro Drugs = Require a healthy liver – active after first pass effect
Hypertension classifications
Primary = Ideopathic
7. Thiazide diuretics = Work in the distal tubules Na and K exchange, H2O,K+,Na+ loss
8. Adrengergenic Drugs – Alpha 1 blood vessels 2nd = prostate and uterine bleeding
(ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING – Enzyme inhibitors)ACE DRUGS (END IN IL, captopril, enalapril, lisinopril)
ACE – Drugs of choice for (hypertensive and diabetics) Are cardio and renal protective
Relax smooth muscle blocks Calcium binding to receptors. Decreases muscle tone and vascular
resistance.
• Varapamil – 1#SVT
• Amlodipine, nicardipine,nifedipnine
• Angina
• Hypertension
• dysrythmias
Drug of choice Thiazide Diuretics – Loop diuretics, (IV, Lasix, Bumix) Heart failure = VERY POTENT
Antiganginal Drugs
1# Nitrates/Nitrites (sublingual=immediate)or(IV)
Alpha + Beta
Alpha 2 =
Beta 1 – Heart
Beta 2 – Lungs
Agonist = vascoconstriction = sympathetic
Blockers = Vasodilation
Case Study –
• Increased O2 supply
Pharmacology
Thiazide type diuretics – Should be the initial drug therapy for most patients with hypertension (alone
or with other drugs)
ACE Inhibitors = have been found more effective in white patients than African American patients