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MATERIALS
AND ENGINEERING
1.1
Properties
1.1.2
Structure
1.1.3
Processing
1.1.4
Performance
1.2
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
1.3
1-1
Properties
properties
may
be
affected
by
extreme
(Fig. 1.1-2)
1-3
1.1.2
Structure
scale
structure,
also
known
as
Fig. 1.1-3 Length scale of structures in metals and the properties which they determine.
Each interval on the length scale is a factor of 1000.
1-4
1-5
1.1.3
Processing
Processing/synthesis methods
(Fig.
1.1-4)
and conditions
(d)
when new processes now produce carbon fibres, carboncarbon composites and carbon nanotubes
600
Hardness (BHN)
500
400
30 m
(c)
(b)
(a)
4 m
300
200
100
0.01
30 m
0.1
30 m
1
10
100
Cooling Rate (C/s)
1000
Fig. 1.1-5 Cooling the same steel at different rates will produce
different microstructures and hardness.
1-6
1-7
1.1.4
Performance
(b) Graphite
1-8
1-9
1-10
1-11
10 000
Ceramics
StrengthDensity
1000
Strength, y or el (MPa)
Si3N4
Composites
CFRP
Polymers and
elastomers
100
Natural
materials
10
Woods, ll
SiC
Al alloys
Al2O3
Ti alloys
Metals
Steels
Ni alloys
Tungsten
alloys
Mg alloys
Tungsten
carbide
GFRP
PEEK
PET
PA
PC
PMMA
Copper
alloys
PP
PE
Rigid polymer
foams
Woods,
Zinc alloys
Lead alloys
Foams
Butyl
rubber
Concrete
Silicone
elastomers
Cork
0.1
Flexible polymer
foams
MFA, 07
0.01
0.01
0.1
10
Density, (Mg/m3)
1-13