Lo g in / create acco unt

Article Talk

Read Edit View history

Extraversion and introversion

Fro m Wikipedia, the free encyclo pedia

Navigatio n
Main page
Co ntents
Featured co ntent
Current events
Rando m article
Do nate to Wikipedia
Interactio n
Help
Abo ut Wikipedia
Co mmunity po rtal
Recent changes
Co ntact Wikipedia
To o lbo x
What links here
Related changes

"Introversion" redirects here. For the video game developer, see Introversion Software.
The trait of ext raversion- int roversion is a central dimension of human personality theories.
In Western popular usage, extraverts (also spelled extroverts [1]) are thought to be gregarious,
assertive, and interested in seeking out external stimulus. Introverts, in contrast, are seen as
introspective, quiet and less sociable. They are not necessarily loners but they tend to have a
smaller number of friends. Introversion does not describe social discomfort but rather social
preference: an introvert may not be shy but may merely prefer fewer social activities.
From the perspective of psychological research, however, these concepts are understood
differently. Rather than being seen as two sides of a coin, introversion/extraversion is measured in
terms of a scale or spectrum, where most people (about 68% of the population) fall in the middle
ranges, showing varying degrees of extraverted or introverted traits. This middle ground has been
called "ambiversion." Research subjects characteriz ed as extraverts and introverts represent the
extremes on the scale, with about 16% representation for each.[2]
The terms introversion and extraversion were first populariz ed by Carl Jung, [3] Virtually all
comprehensive models of personality include these concepts in various forms. Examples include
Jung's analytical psychology, Eysenck's three- factor model, Cattell's 16 personality factors, the Big
Five personality traits, the four temperaments , the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the
Myers Briggs Type Indicator, and Socionics.

Psychology

History Subfields

Basic scie nce

Abnormal Biological Cognitive
Comparative Cultural Differential
Developmental Evolutionary
Experimental Mathematical
Personality Positive Social

Applie d scie nce

Applied behavior analysis Clinical
Community Consumer Educational
Health Industrial and organiz ational
Legal Military Occupational health
Political Religion School Sport

List s

Print/expo rt

Extraversion and introversion are typically viewed as a single continuum. Thus, to be high on one is
necessarily to be low on the other. Carl Jung and the authors of the Myers- Briggs provide a
different perspective and suggest that everyone has both an extraverted side and an introverted
side, with one being more dominant than the other. Rather than focusing on interpersonal behavior,
however, Jung defined introversion as an "attitude- type characterised by orientation in life through
subjective psychic contents" (focus on one's inner psychic activity); and extraversion as "an attitude
type characterised by concentration of interest on the external object," (the outside world).[4]

Create a bo o k

In any case, people fluctuate in their behavior all the time, and even extreme introverts and extraverts do not always act according to

Uplo ad file
Special pages
Permanent link
Cite this page

Disciplines Organiz ations Outline

Psychologists Psychotherapies
Publications Research methods
Theories Timeline Topics

Po rt al
V T E

PDFmyURL.com

Create a bo o k
Do wnlo ad as PDF

their type.

Printable versio n
Languages

Co nt e nt s
1 Varieties
1.1 Extraversio n

1.2 Intro versio n

Azrbaycanca

1.3 Ambiversio n

2 Measurement

Catal

3 Causes
3.1 Eysenck's theo ry

esky
Dansk

3.2 Bio lo gical facto rs

Deutsch

4 Behavio r

Espao l

5 Implicatio ns

6 Regio nal Variatio n

Franais

7 Extraversio n, Intro versio n and Happiness

8 Po ssible reaso ns

Hrvatski
Italiano

Kiswahili
Kurd
Latvieu
Lietuvi

8 .1 Instrumental View
8 .2 Temperamental View
8 .3 Well-being Measures as a So urce o f Mo re Happiness Repo rted by Extraverts
9 References
10 See also
11 External links

Varieties

[edit]

No rsk (bo kml)

Extraversion

[edit]

Po lski

Extraversion is "the act, state, or habit of being predominantly concerned with and obtaining gratification from what is outside the self". [5]
Extraverts tend to enjoy human interactions and to be enthusiastic, talkative, assertive, and gregarious. They take pleasure in activities
that involve large social gatherings, such as parties, community activities, public demonstrations, and business or political groups.
Politics, teaching, sales, managing and brokering are fields that favor extraversion. An extraverted person is likely to enjoy time spent
with people and find less reward in time spent alone. They tend to be energiz ed when around other people, and they are more prone to
boredom when they are by themselves.

Nederlands

Simple English
/ Srpski
Suo mi

Ting Vit

Introversion

[edit]

Introversion is "the state of or tendency toward being wholly or predominantly concerned with and interested in one's own mental life". [5]
Some popular writers have characteriz ed introverts as people whose energy tends to expand through reflection and dwindle during
PDFmyURL.com

interaction.[6] This is similar to Jung's view, although he focused on psychic energy rather than physical energy. Few modern conceptions
make this distinction.
The common modern perception is that introverts tend to be more reserved and less outspoken in groups. They often take pleasure in
solitary activities such as reading, writing, using computers, hiking and fishing. The archetypal artist, writer, sculptor, engineer, composer,
and inventor are all highly introverted. An introvert is likely to enjoy time spent alone and find less reward in time spent with large groups
of people, though he or she may enjoy interactions with close friends. Trust is usually an issue of significance: a virtue of utmost
importance to an introvert choosing a worthy companion. They prefer to concentrate on a single activity at a time and like to observe
situations before they participate, especially observed in developing children and adolescents.[7] They are more analytical before
speaking.[8] Introverts are easily overwhelmed by too much stimulation from social gatherings and engagement, introversion having even
been defined by some in terms of a preference for a quiet, more minimally stimulating environment. [9]
Introversion is not seen as being identical to shy or to being a social outcast. Introverts prefer solitary activities over social ones, whereas
shy people (who may be extraverts at heart) avoid social encounters out of fear, [10] and the social outcast has little choice in the matter
of his or her solitude.

Ambiversion

[edit]

Although many people view being introverted or extraverted as a question with only two possible answers, most contemporary trait
theories (e.g. the Big Five) measure levels of extraversion- introversion as part of a single, continuous dimension of personality, with some
scores near one end, and others near the half- way mark.[11] Ambiversion is a term used to describe people who fall more or less directly
in the middle and exhibit tendencies of both groups.[5][12] An ambivert is normally comfortable with groups and enjoys social interaction,
but also relishes time alone and away from the crowd.

Measurement

[edit]

Assessing extraversion and introversion is normally accomplished through self- reporting. A questionnaire might ask if the test- taker
agrees or disagrees with statements such as I am the life of the party or I think before I talk .
The following is an example of such a questionnaire. It consists of ten "agree or disagree" statements. For the first five statements,
agreement indicates a tendency towards extraversion. For the last five statements, agreement indicates introversion. Included in the table
are hypothetical responses from five different people:
Nat han

Beat rice

Dave

Spencer

Anne

I am the life of the party.

Agree

Agree

Agree

Disagree

Disagree

I enjoy being the center of attention.

Agree

Disagree

Agree

Disagree

Disagree

I am skilled in handling social situations. Agree

Agree

Agree

Disagree

Disagree

I like to be where the action is.

Agree

Agree

Disagree

Agree

Disagree

I make new friends easily.

Agree

Agree

Disagree

Agree

Disagree
PDFmyURL.com

I am quiet around strangers.

Disagree

Disagree

Agree

Disagree

Agree

I don't like to draw attention to myself.

Disagree

Agree

Agree

Agree

Agree

I don't like to party.

Disagree

Disagree

Disagree

Agree

Agree

I like to work independently.

Disagree

Agree

Agree

Agree

Agree

I often enjoy spending time by myself.

Disagree

Disagree

Disagree

Agree

Agree

Score

50% Extravert
100% Ext ravert 70% Ext ravert 50% Introvert 70% Int rovert 100% Int rovert
(Ambivert )

In this example, Nathan and Beatrice are extraverted, Spencer and Anne are introverted, and Dave is ambiverted.
Self- report questionnaires have obvious limitations in that people may misrepresent themselves either intentionally or through lack of
self- knowledge. As such, it is also common to use peer reporting or third- party observation.
Another approach is to present test takers with various sets of adjectives (e.g., thoughtful, talkative, energetic, independent ) and ask which
describes them most and least. Psychological measures of this trait may break it down into subfactors including warmth, affiliation,
positive affect, excitement seeking, and assertiveness/dominance seeking.

Causes

[edit]

Eysenck's theory

[edit]

Hans Eysenck described extraversion- introversion as the degree to which a person is outgoing and interactive with other people. These
behavioral differences are presumed to be the result of underlying differences in brain physiology.[13] Extraverts seek excitement and
social activity in an effort to heighten their arousal level, whereas introverts tend to avoid social situations in an effort to keep such arousal
to a minimum. Eysenck designated extraversion as one of three major traits in his P- E- N model of personality, which also includes
psychoticism and neuroticism.
Eysenck originally suggested that extraversion was a combination of two major tendencies, impulsiveness and sociability. He later added
several other more specific traits, namely liveliness, activity level, and excitability. These traits are further linked in his personality
hierarchy to even more specific habitual responses, such as partying on the weekend.
Eysenck compared this trait to the four temperaments of ancient medicine, with choleric and sanguine temperaments equating to
extraversion, and melancholic and phlegmatic temperaments equating to introversion.[14]

Biological factors

PDFmyURL.com

Biological factors

[edit]

The relative importance of nature versus environment in determining the level of extraversion is
controversial and the focus of many studies. Twin studies find a genetic component of 39% to
58%. In terms of the environmental component, the shared family environment appears to be far
less important than individual environmental factors that are not shared between siblings.[15]
Eysenck proposed that extraversion was caused by variability in cortical arousal. He
hypothesiz ed that introverts are characteriz ed by higher levels of activity than extraverts and so
are chronically more cortically aroused than extraverts. The fact that extraverts require more
external stimulation than introverts has been interpreted as evidence for this hypothesis. Other
evidence of the "stimulation" hypothesis is that introverts salivate more than extraverts in
response to a drop of lemon juice.[16]

Twin studies find that

extraversion/introversion has a genetic
component.

Extraversion has been linked to higher sensitivity of the mesolimbic dopamine system to
potentially rewarding stimuli.[17] This in part explains the high levels of positive affect found in extraverts, since they will more intensely
feel the excitement of a potential reward. One consequence of this is that extraverts can more easily learn the contingencies for positive
reinforcement, since the reward itself is experienced as greater.
One study found that introverts have more blood flow in the frontal lobes of their brain and the anterior or frontal thalamus, which are areas
dealing with internal processing, such as planning and problem solving. Extraverts have more blood flow in the anterior cingulate gyrus,
temporal lobes, and posterior thalamus, which are involved in sensory and emotional experience. [18] This study and other research
indicates that introversion- extraversion is related to individual differences in brain function.
Extraversion has also been linked to physiological factors such as respiration, through its association with surgency.[19]

Behavior

[edit]

Extraverts and introverts have a variety of behavioral differences. According to one study, extraverts tend to wear more decorative
clothing, whereas introverts prefer practical, comfortable clothes.[20] Extraverts are likely to prefer more upbeat, conventional, and
energetic music than introverts.[21] Personality also influences how people arrange their work areas. In general, extraverts decorate their
offices more, keep their doors open, keep extra chairs nearby, and are more likely to put dishes of candy on their desks. These are
attempts to invite co- workers and encourage interaction. Introverts, in contrast, decorate less and tend to arrange their workspace to
discourage social interaction.[22]
Although extraverts and introverts have real personality and behavior differences, it is important to avoid pigeonholing or stereotyping by
personality. Humans are complex and unique, and because extraversion varies along a continuum, they may have a mixture of both
orientations. A person who acts introverted in one scenario may act extraverted in another, and people can learn to act against type in
certain situations. Jung's theory states that when someone's primary function is extraverted, his secondary function is always introverted
(and vice versa).[3]

PDFmyURL.com

Implications

[edit]

Acknowledging that introversion and extroversion are normal variants of behavior can help in self- acceptance and understanding of
others. For example, an extravert can accept her introverted partners need for space, while an introvert can acknowledge his extroverted
partners need for social interaction.
Researchers have found a correlation between extroversion and happiness. That is, more extroverted people tend to report higher levels
of happiness than introverts.[23][24] Other research has shown that being instructed to act in an extroverted manner leads to increases in
positive affect, even for people who are trait- level introverts. [25]
This does not mean that introverts are unhappy. Extraverts simply report experiencing more positive emotions, whereas introverts tend to
be closer to neutral. This may be due to the fact that extroversion is socially preferable in Western culture and thus introverts feel less
desirable. In addition to the research on happiness, other studies have found that extraverts tend to report higher levels of self- esteem
than introverts.[26][27] Others suggest that such results reflect socio- cultural bias in the survey itself.[28] [29] Dr. David Meyers has claimed
that happiness is a matter of possessing three traits: self- esteem, optimism and extraversion. Meyers bases his conclusions on studies
that report extraverts to be happier; these findings have been questioned in light of the fact that the "happiness" prompts given to the
studies' subjects, such as "I like to be with others" and "I'm fun to be with," only measure happiness among extraverts.[30] Also, according
to Carl Jung, introverts acknowledge more readily their psychological needs and problems, whereas extraverts tend to be oblivious to
them because they focus more on the outer world.[3]
Extraversion is perceived as socially desirable in Western culture, but it is not always an advantage. For example, extraverted youths are
more likely to engage in delinquent behavior.[31] Conversely, while introversion is perceived as less socially desirable, it is strongly
associated with positive traits such as intelligence [32] and "giftedness." [33][34] For many years, researchers have found that introverts tend
to be more successful in academic environments, which extraverts may find boring.[35]
Career counselors often use personality traits, along with other factors such as skill and interest, to advise their clients. [36] Some careers
such as computer programming may be more satisfying for an introverted temperament, while other areas such as sales may be more
agreeable to the extraverted type.
Although neither introversion nor extraversion is pathological, psychotherapists can take temperament into account when treating clients.
Clients may respond better to different types of treatment depending on where they fall on the introversion/extraversion spectrum.
Teachers can also consider temperament when dealing with their pupils, for example acknowledging that introverted children need more
encouragement to speak in class while extraverted children may grow restless during long periods of quiet study.

Regional Variation

[edit]
The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily wit h t he U.S and do not
represent a worldwide view of t he subject . Please improve this article and discuss the
issue on the talk page. (January 2012)

PDFmyURL.com

It is asserted that Americans live in an "extraverted society" [37] that rewards extravert behavior and rejects introversion. [38] "American
culture values extraverted qualities more, and people often feel like they've been given the 'short end of the stick' after receiving their
results on extraversion/introversion tests." [39] Other cultures, such as Central Europe, Japan or regions where Buddhism, Sufism etc.
prevail, priz e introversion.[8] These cultural differences predict individuals' happiness such that people who score higher in extraversion
are happier, on average, in particularly extraverted cultures and vice versa.[40]
Researchers have found that people who live on islands tend to be less extraverted (more introverted) than those living on the mainland,
and that people whose ancestors had inhabited the island for twenty generations tend to be less extraverted than more recent arrivals.
Furthermore, people who emigrate from islands to the mainland tend to be more extraverted than people that stay on islands, and those
that immigrate to islands.[41]
In the United States, researchers have found that people living in the midwestern states of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska,
Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Illinois score higher than the U.S. average on extraversion. Utah and the southeastern states of Florida and
Georgia also score high on this personality trait. The most introverted states in the United States are Maryland, New Hampshire , Alaska,
Washington, Oregon and Vermont. People who live in the northwestern states of Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming are also relatively
introverted.[42]

Extraversion, Introversion and Happiness

[edit]

Extraverts are found to have higher levels of happiness and positive affect than introverts.[43][44][45] Specifically, Argyle and Lu (1990) [46]
found that the trait of extraversion, as measured by Extraversion Scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), was positively
and significantly correlated with happiness, as measured by the Oxford Happiness Inventory. Using the same happiness and extraversion
scales, Hills and Argyle (2001) [47] found that happiness was again significantly correlated with extraversion. Also, the study by Emmons
and Diener (1986) [48] showed that extraversion correlates positively and significantly with positive affect but not with negative affect.
Similar results were found in a large longitudinal study by Diener, Sandvik, Pavot, and Fujita (1992) [49] , which assessed 14,407
participants from 100 areas of continental United States. Using the abbreviated General Well- Being Schedule, which tapped positive and
negative affects, and Costa and McCrae's (1986) [50] short version of the NE0's Extraversion scale, the authors reported that extraverts
experienced greater well- being at two points in time, during which data were collected: first between 1971 and 1975, and later between
1981 and 1984. Furthermore, Larsen and Ketelaar (1991) [51] showed that extraverts respond more to positive affect than to negative
affect, since they exhibit more positive- affect reactivity to the positive- affect induction, yet they do not react more negatively to the
negative- affect induction.[52]

Possible reasons

[edit]

Instrumental View

[edit]

The instrumental view proposes that personality traits give rise to conditions and actions, which have affective consequences, and thus
generate individual differences in emotionality.[53][52]
Personality trait as a cause of higher sociability
PDFmyURL.com

According to the instrumental view, one explanation for greater subjective well- being among extraverts could be the fact that extraversion
helps in the creation of life circumstances, which promote high levels of positive affect. Specifically, the personality trait of extraversion is
seen as a facilitator of more social interactions [54][43][52], since the low cortical arousal among extraverts results in them seeking more
social situations in order to increase their arousal. [55]
The social participation theory
According to the social participation theory, more frequent participation in social situations creates more frequent, and higher levels, of
positive affect. Therefore, it is believed that since extraverts are characteriz ed as more sociable than introverts, they also possess higher
levels of positive affect brought on by social interactions. [56][57][58] Specifically, the results of Furnham and Brewin's study (1990) [45]
suggest that extraverts enjoy and participate more in social activities than introverts, and as a result extraverts report higher level of
happiness. Also, in the study of Argyle and Lu (1990) [46] extraverts were found to be less likely to avoid participation in noisy social
activities, and to be more likely to participate in social activities such as: party games, jokes, or going to the cinema. Similar results were
reported by Diener, Larsen , and Emmons (1984) [59] who found that extraverts seek social situations more often than introverts,
especially when engaging in recreational activities.
However, a variety of findings contradict the claims of the social participation theory. Firstly, it was found that extraverts were happier than
introverts even when alone. Specifically, extraverts tend to be happier regardless of whether they live alone or with others, or whether
they live in a vibrant city or quiet rural environment. [44] Similarly, study by Diener, Sandvik, Pavot, and Fujita (1992) [49] showed that
although extraverts chose social jobs relatively more frequently (51%) than nonsocial jobs compared to introverts (38%), they are happier
than introverts regardless of whether their occupations had social or nonsocial character. Secondly, it was found that extraverts only
sometimes reported greater amounts of social activity than introverts [59], but in general extraverts and introverts do not differ in the
quantity of their socializ ation. [44] Similar finding was reported by Srivastava, Angelo, and Vallereux (2008) [60], who found that extraverts
and introverts both enjoy participating in social interactions, but extraverts participate socially more. Thirdly, studies have shown that both
extraverts and introverts participate in social relations, but that the quality of this participation differs. The more frequent social participation
among extraverts could be explained by the fact that extraverts know more people, but those people are not necessarily their close
friends, while introverts, when participating in social interactions, are more selective and have only few close friends with whom they have
special relationships. [47]
The social reactivity theory
The social reactivity theory alleges that all humans, whether they like it or not, are required to participate in social situations. Since
extraverts prefer engaging in social interactions more than introverts, they also derive more positive affect from such situations than
introverts do. [46][59][44] However, it was also found that extraverts did not respond stronger to social situations than introverts, nor did
they report bigger boosts of positive affect during such interactions. [54][60]
The social attention theory
Yet another explanation of the high correlation between extraversion and happiness comes from the study by Ashton , Lee, and
Paunonen (2002) [61]. They suggested that the core element of extraversion is a tendency to behave in ways that attract, hold, and enjoy
social attention, and not reward sensitivity. They claimed that one of the fundamental qualities of social attention is its potential of being
PDFmyURL.com

rewarding. Therefore, if a person shows positive emotions of enthusiasm, energy, and excitement, that person is seen favorably by others
and he or she gains others attention. This favorable reaction from others likely encourages extraverts to engage in further extraverted
behavior.[62] Ashton , Lee, and Paunonens (2002) [63] study showed that their measure of social attention, the Social Attention Scale,
was much more highly correlated with extraversion than were measures of reward sensitivity.

Temperamental View

[edit]

Temperamental view is based on the notion that there is a direct link between people's personality traits and their sensitivity to positive
and negative affects.[51][43][52]
The affective reactivity model
The affective reactivity model states that the strength of a person's reactions to affect- relevant events are caused by people's differences
in affect.[64][51] This model is based on the reinforcement sensitivity theory by Jeffrey Alan Gray , which states that people with stronger
behavioral activation system (BAS) are high in reward responsiveness and are predisposed to the personality trait of extraversion, while
people with a stronger behavioral inhibition system (BIS) are lower in reward responsiveness and are more predisposed to personality
trait of neuroticism and introversion. [65] Therefore, extraverts are seen as having a temperamental predisposition to positive affect since
positive mood induction has a greater effect on them than on introverts, thus extraverts are more prone to react to pleasant effects.
[66][67][51][68][64] For example, Gable, Reis, and Elliot (2000). [69] found in two consecutive studies that people with more sensitive BIS
reported higher levels of average negative affect, while people with more sensitive BAS reported higher higher levels of positive affect.
Also Zelenski and Larsen (1999) [52] found that people with more sensitive BAS reported more positive emotions during the positive
mood induction, while people with more sensitive BIS reported more negative emotions during the negative mood induction.
The affective regulation
Another possible explanation for more happiness among extraverts comes from the fact that extraverts are able to better regulate their
affective states. This means that in ambiguous situations (situations where positive and negative moods are introduced and mixed in
similar proportions) extraverts show a slower decrease of positive affect, and, as a result, they maintained a more positive affect balance
than introverts. [70]
The set-point model aka affect-level model
According to the set- point model, levels of positive and negative affects are more or less fixed within each individual, hence, after a
positive or negative event, people's moods tend to go back to the pre- set level. According to the set- point model, extraverts' experience
more happiness because their pre- set level of positive affect is set higher than the pre- set point of positive affect in introverts, therefore
extraverts require less positive reinforcement in order to feel happy.[68]
Pleasure-arousal relation
A study by Kuppens (2008) [71] showed that extraverts and introverts engage in different behaviors when feeling pleasant, which could
be a potential explanation for underestimating the frequency and intensity of happiness exhibited by introverts. Specifically, Kuppens
(2008) [71] found that arousal and pleasantness are positively correlated for extraverts, which means that pleasant feelings are more likely
to be accompanied by high arousal for extraverts. On the other hand, arousal and pleasantness are negatively correlated for introverts,
PDFmyURL.com

resulting in introverts exhibiting low arousal when feeling pleasant. In other words, if everything is going well in an extravert's life, which is a
source of pleasant feelings, extraverts see such situation as an opportunity to engage in active behavior and goal pursuit, which brings
about an active, aroused pleasant state. Yet, when everything is going good for introverts, they see it as an opportunity to let down their
guards, resulting in them feeling relaxed and content. [71]

Well-being Measures as a Source of More Happiness Reported by Extraverts

[edit]

In the majority of studies, positive affect is defined as a high- arousal state and is measured with scales assessing high arousal positive
affect and high arousal happiness.[72] For example, Sophia Dembling (2010) [73] in her contribution to the Introvert's Corner of the
Psychology Today, pointed out that in the study of Fleeson , Malanos, and Achille (2002). [74], which concluded that everybody
(introverts included) are happier when they act in an extroverted way, the set of words used to describe happiness (e.g. excited,
enthusiastic, proud, alert, interested, strong, inspired, determined, attentive, active) were all "extrovert- centric", high- arousal words for
happiness. However, a variety of sources point to the ability of gaining positive well- being also through low arousal, e.g. most religious
experiences occur in solitude, yet religion is positively associated with happiness and well- being. [47] Studies have actually found that
when types of happiness characteriz ed by lower arousal were taken into consideration, a more positive association between happiness
and introversion was observed, since introverts prefer pleasant, yet low- arousal states [60], brought by their intense inner lives full of
intellectual, musical or religious activities.[75] This relation was well- portrayed in the study of Tsai, Knutson, and Fung (2006) [76], which
found that people in individualistic cultures , i.e. cultures which priz e extraverted personality trait, value high- arousal positive states (e.g.,
enthusiastic, excited, energetic). On the other hand, people in collectivist cultures , cultures which appreciate introverted personality trait,
value low- arousal positive states (e.g., calm, relaxed, serene). The calm and relaxed nature of introverts, combined with their vibrant
inner lives gives them yet another advantage: they seem to be emotionally stable, and emotional stability has been found to be the
strongest predictor of happiness and life satisfaction.[77][47]

References

[edit]

1. ^ The spelling extrovert is co mmo n in general use (Merriam-Webster has extravert as a variant o f extrovert), but extravert is mo re typical in
psycho lo gy (The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology and Co rsini's Encyclopedia of Psychology use the term "extravert").
2. ^ Barto l & Barto l (20 0 8 ). "Criminal Behavio r: A Psycho so cial Appro ach". Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: (8 th Editio n)
3. ^ a b c Jung, C.J. (19 21) altho ugh bo th the po pular understanding and psycho lo gical usage differ fro m his o riginal intent. Psychologischen
Typen. Rascher Verlag, Zurich translatio n H.G. Baynes, 19 23.
4. ^ Jung, Carl (19 9 5). Memories, Dreams, Reflections. Lo ndo n: Fo ntana Press. pp. 414-415. ISBN 0 -0 0 -6 540 27-9 .
5. ^ a b c Merriam Webster Dictio nary.
6 . ^ Helgo e, Laurie (20 0 8 ). "Intro vert Po wer: Why Yo ur Inner Life is Yo ur Hidden Strength". Naperville, Illino is: So urcebo o ks, Inc.
7. ^ Intro versio n

Gale Encyclopedia of Childhood & Adolescence . Gale Research, 19 9 8 .

8 . ^ a b Laney, Marti Olsen (20 0 2). The Intro vert Advantage: Ho w to Thrive in an Extro vert Wo rld. Wo rkman Publishing. ISBN 0 -76 11-236 9 -5.
9 . ^ Cain, Susan, Quiet: The Po wer o f Intro verts in a Wo rld That Can't Sto p Talking , Cro wn Publishing 20 12: quo ted by Szalavitz, Maia, "Mind
Reading: Q&A with Susan Cain o n the Po wer o f Intro verts" (WebCite archive ), Time Healthland, January 27, 20 12; and Co o k, Gareth, "The
Po wer o f Intro verts: A Manifesto fo r Quiet Brilliance" (WebCite archive ), Scientific American , January 24, 20 12.
10 . ^ All Abo ut Shyness

Meredith Whitten, Psych Central, 21 Aug 20 0 1; Accessed 20 0 7-0 8 -0 2

PDFmyURL.com

11. ^ The OCEAN o f Perso nality

Perso nality Syno psis, Chapter 4: Trait Theo ry. AllPsych Online. Last updated March 23, 20 0 4

12. ^ Co hen D. and Schmidt J.P. (19 79 ) Ambiversio n: characteristics o f midrange respo nders o n the Intro versio n-Extraversio n co ntinuum.
Califo rnia Scho o l o f Pro fessio nal Psycho lo gy, Berkeley, USA. Jo urnal o f Perso nality Assessment 19 79 Oct;43(5):5146
13. ^ Eysenck, H. J. (19 6 7). The biological basis of personality . Springfield, IL: Tho mas Publishing.
14. ^ Eysenck, H. J. and Eysenck, S. G. B. (19 6 5). The Eysenck Personality Inventory . British Journal of Educational Studies , Vo l. 14, No . 1 (No v.,
19 6 5), p. 140 do i:10 .230 7/3119 0 50 .
15. ^ Auke Tellegen, David T Lykken, Tho mas J. Bo uchard, Jr., Kimberly J. Wilco x, Nancy L Segal, Stephen Rich (19 8 8 ). Perso nality Similarity in
Twins Reared Apart and To gether Jo urnal o f Perso nality and So cial Psycho lo gy Vo l. 54, no . 6 . 10 3110 39 .
16 . ^ Lemo n juice experiment
reviewed jo urnals.

Wired-up March 18 , 20 0 5, issue: 22. No te that this is an o nline demo nstratio n o f research published in peer

17. ^ Depue, R. A., & Co llins, P. F. (19 9 9 ). Neuro bio lo gy o f the structure o f perso nality: Do pamine, facilitatio n o f incentive mo tivatio n, and
extraversio n. Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 22, 49 1517.
18 . ^ Jo hnso n, D. L., Wiebe, J. S., Go ld, S. M., Andreasen, N. C. (19 9 9 ). Cerebral blo o d flo w and perso nality: A po sitro n emissio n to mo graphy
study. American Jo urnal o f Psychiatry, 156 , 252257.
19 . ^ Shiner, Rebecca; Avshalo m Caspi (20 0 3). "Perso nality differences in childho o d and ado lescence: Measurement, develo pment, and
co nsequences.". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 4 4 (1): 2-32. do i:10 .1111/146 9 -76 10 .0 0 10 1 .
20 . ^ Sharma, R. S. (19 8 0 ). Clo thing behavio ur, perso nality, and values: A co rrelatio nal study. Psychological Studies , 25, 137142.
21. ^ Rentfro w, P. J., & Go sling, S. D. (20 0 3). The do re mi's o f everyday life: The structure and perso nality co rrelates o f music preference. Journal
of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1236 1256 .
22. ^ Go sling, S. (20 0 8 ). Snoop. New Yo rk: Basic Bo o ks.
23. ^ Myers, David G (19 9 2). The Secrets o f Happiness

Psycho lo gy To day.

24. ^ Pavo t, W., Diener, E., & Fujita, F. (19 9 0 ). Extro versio n and happiness. Perso nality and Individual Differences, 11, 129 9 130 6 .
25. ^ Fleeso n, W., Malano s, A.B., & Achille, N.M. (20 0 2) An intraindividual pro cess appro ach to the relatio nship between extraversio n and po sitive
affect: Is acting extraverted as "go o d" as being extraverted? Jo urnal o f Perso nality and So cial Psycho lo gy, 8 3(6 ), 140 9 -1422.
26 . ^ Swickert, R., Hittner, J. B., Kito s, N., & Co x-Fuenzalida, L. E. (20 0 4). Direct o r indirect, that is the questio n: A re-evaluatio n o f extraversio n's
influence o n self-esteem. Perso nality and Individual Differences, 36 , 20 7217.
27. ^ Cheng, H. & Furnham, A. (20 0 3). Perso nality, self-esteem, and demo graphic predictio ns o f happiness and depressio n. Personality and
Individual Differences, 34, 9 219 42.
28 . ^ Laney, Marti Olsen (20 0 2). The Intro vert Advantage: Ho w to Thrive in an Extravert Wo rld. Wo rkman Publishing. ISBN 0 -76 11-236 9 -5.
29 . ^ http://blindprivilege.co m/extraversio n-privilege/
30 . ^ Laney, Marti Olsen (20 0 2). The Intro vert Advantage: Ho w to Thrive in an Extravert Wo rld. Wo rkman Publishing. ISBN 0 -76 11-236 9 -5.
31. ^ Ryckman, R. (20 0 4). Theo ries o f Perso nality. Belmo nt, CA: Tho mso n/Wadswo rth.
32. ^ Furnham, A., L. Fo rde and T. Co tter (19 9 8 ). Perso nality and intelligence. Perso nality and Individual Differences 24:2, 18 719 2.
33. ^ Gallagher, S.A. (19 9 0 ). Perso nality patterns o f the gifted. Understanding o ur Gifted, 3, 113.
34. ^ Ho ehn, L. & Birely, M.K. (19 8 8 ). Mental pro cess preferences o f gifted children. Illino is Co uncil fo r the Gifted Jo urnal, 7, 28 31.
35. ^ Eysenck, H. J. (19 71). Readings in Extraversio n-Intro versio n. New Yo rk: Wiley.
36 . ^ Ateel, Saqib Ali (20 0 5). Perso nality Career Tests

37. ^ Diamo nd, Stephen A. (No vember 7, 20 0 8 ). "The Therapeutic Po wer o f Sleep"
38 . ^ "Quiet, Please: Unleashing 'The Po wer Of Intro verts'"

. Psychology Today . Retrieved February 4, 20 12.

. NPR. January 30 , 20 12. Retrieved February 4, 20 12.

PDFmyURL.com

39 . ^ "Extraversio n / Intro versio n" . so cio nics.us. Retrieved February 4, 20 12.

40 . ^ Fulmer, A. C., et al. (20 10 ). On "feeling right" in cultural co ntexts: Ho w perso n-culture match affects self-esteem and subjective well-being.
Psycho lo gical Science, 21(11), 156 3-156 9 .
41. ^ Camperio Ciani, A. S., Capiluppi, C., Vero nese, A., Sarto ri, G. (20 0 6 ). The adaptive value o f perso nality differences revealed by small island
po pulatio n dynamics , European Journal of Personality , 21, 322. DOI: 10 .1177/0 9 56 79 76 10 38 4742
42. ^ Stephanie Simo n (20 0 8 -0 9 -23). "The United States o f Mind. Researchers Identify Regio nal Perso nality Traits Acro ss America" . WSJ.com.
Original research article: Peter J. Rentfro w, Samuel D. Go sling and Jeff Po tter (20 0 8 ). "A Theo ry o f the Emergence, Persistence, and
Expressio n o f Geo graphic Variatio n in Psycho lo gical Characteristics" . Perspectives on Psychological Science 3 (5): 339 36 9 .
do i:10 .1111/j.1745-6 9 24.20 0 8 .0 0 0 8 4.x .
43. ^ a b c McCrae, R. R., & Co sta, P. T. (19 9 1). Adding Liebe und Arbeit: the full five-facto r mo del and well-being. Personality and Social Psychology
Bulletin, 17 , 227-232.
44. ^ a b c d Pavo t, W., Diener, E., & Fujita, F. (19 9 0 ). Extraversio n and happiness. Personality and Individual Differences, 11 , 129 9 -130 6 .
45. ^ a b Furnham, A., & Brewin, C. R. (19 9 0 ). Perso nality and happiness. Personality and Individual Differences, 11 , 10 9 3-10 9 6 .
46 . ^ a b c Argyle, M., & Lu, L. (19 9 0 ). The happiness o f extraverts. Personality and Individual Difference, 11 , 10 11-10 17.
47. ^ a b c d Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (20 0 1). Emo tio nal stability as a majo r dimensio n o f happiness. Personality and Individual Differences, 31 , 1357136 4.
48 . ^ Emmo ns, R. A., & Diener, E. (19 8 6 ). Influence o f impulsivity and so ciability o n subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 50, 1211-1215.
49 . ^ a b Diener, E., Sandvik, E., Pavo t, W., & Fujita, F. (19 9 2). Extraversio n and subjective well-being in U.S. natio nal pro bability sample. Journal of
Research and Personality, 26, 20 5-215.
50 . ^ Co sta, P., & McCrae, R. (19 8 6 ). Cro ss-sectio nal studies o f perso nality in a natio nal sample. Develo pment and validatio n o f survey
measures. Psychology and Aging, 1 , 140 -143.
51. ^ a b c d Larsen, R.J., & Ketelaar, T. (19 9 1). Perso nality and susceptibility to po sitive and negative emo tio nal states. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 61, 132-140 .
52. ^ a b c d e Zelenski, J. M., & Larsen, J. R. (19 9 9 ). Susceptibility to affect: A co mpariso n o f three perso nality taxo no mies. Journal of Personality,
67 , 76 1-79 1.
53. ^ Watso n, D. (20 0 0 ). Mood and Temperament . New Yo rk, NY: Guilfo rd Press.
54. ^ a b Lucas, R. E., Le, K., & Dyrenfo rth, P. S. (20 0 8 ). Explaining the extraversio n/ po sitive affect relatio n: So ciability canno t acco unt fo r extraverts
greater happiness. Journal of Personality, 76 , 38 7-414.
55. ^ Eysenck, H. J. (19 6 7). The biological basis of personality. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Tho mas.
56 . ^ Campbell, A., Co nverse, P., & Ro dgers, W. (19 76 ). The quality of American life. New Yo rk, NY: Sage.
57. ^ Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, M. W. (19 8 5). Personality and individual differences. New Yo rk, NY: Plenum Press.
58 . ^ Snyder, M. (19 8 1). On the influence o f individuals o n situatio ns. In N. Canto r & J. Kihlstro m (Eds.), Personality, cognition and social
interaction(pp. 30 9 -329 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
59 . ^ a b c Diener, E., Larsen, R. J., & Emmo ns, R. A. (19 8 4). Perso n x situatio n interactio ns: Cho ice o f situatio n and co ngruence respo nse mo dels.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47 , 58 0 -59 2.
6 0 . ^ a b c Srivastava, S., Angelo , K. M, & Vallereux, S. R. (20 0 8 ). Extraversio n and po sitive affect: A day reco nstructio n study o f perso nenviro nment transactio ns. Journal of Research in Personality, 42 , 16 13-16 18 .
6 1. ^ Ashto n, M. C., Lee, K., & Pauno nen, S. V. (20 0 2). What is the central feature o f extraversio n? So cial attentio n versus reward sensitivity. Journal
PDFmyURL.com

of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 245252.

6 2. ^ Ashto n, M. C., Lee, K., & Pauno nen, S. V. (20 0 2). What is the central feature o f extraversio n? So cial attentio n versus reward sensitivity. Journal
of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 245252.
6 3. ^ Ashto n, M. C., Lee, K., & Pauno nen, S. V. (20 0 2). What is the central feature o f extraversio n? So cial attentio n versus reward sensitivity. Journal
of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 245252.
6 4. ^ a b Tellegen, A. (19 8 5). Structures o f mo o d and perso nality and their relevance to assessing anxiety, with an emphasis o n self-repo rt. In A. H.
Tuma & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders (pp. 6 8 1-70 6 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
6 5. ^ Gray, J. A. (19 9 4). Perso nality dimensio ns and emo tio n systems. In P. Ekman & R. Davidso n (Eds.), The nature of emotions: Fundamental
questions (pp. 329 -331). New Yo rk, NY: Oxfo rd University Press.
6 6 . ^ Carver, C. S., Sutto n, S. K., & Scheier, M. F. (20 0 0 ). Actio n, emo tio n and perso nality: Emerging co nceptual integratio n. Personality and Social
Psychology Bulletin, 26, 741-751.
6 7. ^ Depue, R. A., & Co llins, P. F. (19 9 9 ). Neuro bio lo gy o f the structure o f perso nality: Do pamine facilitatio n o f incentive mo tivatio n and
extraversio n. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22 , 49 1-56 9 .
6 8 . ^ a b Rusting, C. L., & Larsen, R. J. (19 9 5). Mo o ds as so urces o f stimulatio n: Relatio nships between perso nality and desired mo o d states.
Personality and Individual Differences, 18 , 321-329 .
6 9 . ^ Gable, S. L., Reis, H. T., & Ellio t, A. J. (20 0 0 ). Behavio ral activatio n and inhibitio n in everyday life. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 78, 1135-1149 .
70 . ^ Lischetzke, T., & Eid, M. (20 0 6 ). Why extraverts are happier than intro verts: The ro le o f mo o d regulatio n, Journal of Personality, 74 , 1127-116 2.
71. ^ a b c Kuppens, P. (20 0 8 ). Individual differences in the relatio nship between pleasure and aro usal. Journal of Research in Personality, 42 , 10 5310 59 .
72. ^ Argyle, M., Martin, M., & Cro ssland, J. (19 8 9 ). Happiness as a functio n o f perso nality and so cial enco unters. In J.P. Fo rgas & J.M. Innes
(Eds.), Recent advances in social psychology: An international perspective (pp. 18 9 - 20 3). Amsterdam: No rth Ho lland, Elsevier Science.
73. ^ Dembling, S. (20 10 , Sept. 18 ). Is our definition of "happiness" extrovert-centric? Do introverts and extroverts pursue different types of
happiness? Retrieved March 18 , 20 12, fro m http://www.psycho lo gyto day.co m/blo g/the-intro verts-co rner/20 10 0 9 /is-o ur-definitio n-happinessextro vert-centric
74. ^ Fleeso n, W., Malano s, A. B., Achille, N. M. (20 0 2). An intraindividual pro cess appro ach to the relatio nship between extraversio n and po sitive
affect: Is acting extraverted as "go o d" as being extraverted? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83 , 140 9 -1422.
75. ^ Sto rr, A. (19 8 8 ). Solitude: A return to the self. New Yo rk, NY: Free Press.
76 . ^ Tsai, J. L., Knutso n, B., & Fung, H. H. (20 0 6 ). Cultural variatio n in affect valuatio n. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90 , 28 8 -30 7.
77. ^ DeNeve, K., & Co o per, H. (19 9 8 ). The happy perso nality: A meta-analysis o f 137 perso nality traits and subjective well-being. Psychological
Bulletin, 124, 19 7-229 .

See also

[edit]

Analytical Psychology
Big Five personality traits

Psychology portal

Myers- Briggs Type Indicator

Personality
PDFmyURL.com

Trait theory
Reinforcement sensitivity theory

External links

[edit]

TED talks - Susan Cain: The power of introverts

talk by Susan Cain, author of Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't
Stop Talking (January 2012), talks about reasons we should celebrate and encourage introversion
Revenge of the Introvert

Laurie Helgoe's article about introversion published in Psychology Today (2010)

General description of the types

Jung's original article (1921)

BBC The Human Mind Personality

Changing Minds
Extroversion
Introversion

Description of introversion and extraversion, focusing on reward- seeking behavior

Another description of introversion and extraversion, taking a Jungian view

Gale Encyclopedia of Childhood & Adolescence . Gale Research, 1998.

Gale Encyclopedia of Childhood & Adolescence . Gale Research, 1998.

USA Today article about CEO introverts/extroverts

Caring for Your Introvert

Article in the Atlantic, March 2003

Online personality tests indexed by concept: Extroversion, Introversion

Ten Myths About Introverts
Categories: MBTI types

Article by Carl King, 2009.

Personality traits

Personality typologies

This page was last modified on 1 April 2012 at 18:10.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution- ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details.
Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non- profit organiz ation.
Contact us
Privacy policy

About Wikipedia

Disclaimers

Mobile view

PDFmyURL.com