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Modern chemistry evolved out of alchemy following the chemical revolution (1773) chemistry is typically divided into several major subdisciplines. Biochemistry is the study of the chemicals, chemical reactions and chemical interactions in living organisms. Materials chemistry is the preparation, characterization, and understanding of substances with a useful function.
Modern chemistry evolved out of alchemy following the chemical revolution (1773) chemistry is typically divided into several major subdisciplines. Biochemistry is the study of the chemicals, chemical reactions and chemical interactions in living organisms. Materials chemistry is the preparation, characterization, and understanding of substances with a useful function.
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Modern chemistry evolved out of alchemy following the chemical revolution (1773) chemistry is typically divided into several major subdisciplines. Biochemistry is the study of the chemicals, chemical reactions and chemical interactions in living organisms. Materials chemistry is the preparation, characterization, and understanding of substances with a useful function.
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Descărcați ca DOC, PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions.[2] It is a physical science for studies of various atoms, molecules, crystals and other aggregates of matter whether in isolation or combination, which incorporates the concepts of energy and entropy in relation to the spontaneity of chemical processes. Modern chemistry evolved out of alchemy following the chemical revolution (1773). Disciplines within chemistry are traditionally grouped by the type of matter being studied or the kind of study. These include inorganic chemistry, the study of inorganic matter; organic chemistry, the study of organic matter; biochemistry, the study of substances found in biological organisms; physical chemistry, the energy related studies of chemical systems at macro, molecular and submolecular scales; analytical chemistry, the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure. Many more specialized disciplines have emerged in recent years, e.g. neurochemistry the chemical study of the nervous system Chemistry is typically divided into several major sub- disciplines. There are also several main cross- disciplinary and more specialized fields of chemistry. [44]
• Analytical chemistry is the analysis of
material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure. Analytical chemistry incorporates standardized experimental methods in chemistry. These methods may be used in all subdisciplines of chemistry, excluding purely theoretical chemistry. • Biochemistry is the study of the chemicals, chemical reactions and chemical interactions that take place in living organisms. Biochemistry and organic chemistry are closely related, as in medicinal chemistry or neurochemistry. Biochemistry is also associated with molecular biology and genetics. • Inorganic chemistry is the study of the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds. The distinction between organic and inorganic disciplines is not absolute and there is much overlap, most importantly in the sub-discipline of organometallic chemistry. • Materials chemistry is the preparation, characterization, and understanding of substances with a useful function. The field is a new breadth of study in graduate programs, and it integrates elements from all classical areas of chemistry with a focus on fundamental issues that are unique to materials. Primary systems of study include the chemistry of condensed phases (solids, liquids, polymers) and interfaces between different phases. • Neurochemistry is the study of neurochemicals; including transmitters, peptides, proteins, lipids, sugars, and nucleic acids; their interactions, and the roles they play in forming, maintaining, and modifying the nervous system. • Nuclear chemistry is the study of how subatomic particles come together and make nuclei. Modern Transmutation is a large component of nuclear chemistry, and the table of nuclides is an important result and tool for this field. • Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, mechanisms, and reactions of organic compounds. An organic compound is defined as any compound based on a carbon skeleton. • Physical chemistry is the study of the physical and fundamental basis of chemical systems and processes. In particular, the energetics and dynamics of such systems and processes are of interest to physical chemists. Important areas of study include chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, electrochemistry, statistical mechanics, and spectroscopy. Physical chemistry has large overlap with molecular physics. Physical chemistry involves the use of infinitesimal calculus in deriving equations. It is usually associated with quantum chemistry and theoretical chemistry. Physical chemistry is a distinct discipline from chemical physics. • Theoretical chemistry is the study of chemistry via fundamental theoretical reasoning (usually within mathematics or physics). In particular the application of quantum mechanics to chemistry is called quantum chemistry. Since the end of the Second World War, the development of computers has allowed a systematic development of computational chemistry, which is the art of developing and applying computer programs for solving chemical problems. Theoretical chemistry has large overlap with (theoretical and experimental) condensed matter physics and molecular physics. 1.Robert Boyle(1627-1691) English physicist and chemist, Experimented in pneumatics (the study of mechanical properties of air and other gases), Through research he rejected the accepted definition of matter and Proposed Boyle's Law (1662)
2.Dmitri Ivanovich Mendelev (1834-1907), Russian
chemist who created the Periodic Table of Elements. Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev(1834-1907) Russian chemist, Developed the periodic table by placing the elements in order of increasing atomic weight (1869), Predicted the existence and properties of elements that would fill the gaps left in his chart (1871), These elements were discovered between 1875 and 1885 3.Joseph John Thomson(1856-1940) English physicist, Researched atomic structure, Discovered that atoms contained particles which he called "electrons" by testing the ratio of cathode ray particles to their mass and found out that they were always equal. he Received Nobel Prize for physics (1907) and developed the mass spectrograph with Francis William Ason (1919) 4.Ernest Rutherford(1871-1937) British physicist from New Zealand, Discovered several radioactive isotopes with colleagues (1899-1905), Classified forms of radiation as alpha, beta, and gamma; received Nobel Prize for chemistry (1908)
5.John Dalton(1766-1844) English chemist and
physicist,(1793), Developed atomic theory, His theory (1805) accounts for the law of conservation of mass, law of definite proportions, and law of multiple proportions, he also roduced the first table of atomic weight. 1. Dr. Baldomero Olivera, Jr. elected as Academician in 2003, provide as an encouragement to Filipino biochemists and other scientists. From the time of the early stages of his career, he has contributed notably to the development of molecular biology and biotechnology with his isolation and description of the key enzymes such as DNA ligase and the DNA polymerase. 2.Dr. Alfredo Santos is known for his studies in the chemistry of natural harvest. He has completed a lot of work in the segregation and elucidation of the phaeantharine and other alkaloids from Philippine medical plants. He was elected as Academician in 1978 and conferred as National Scientist in 1978. 3.Evelyn Mae T. Mendoza. She was recognized because of her continuous basic studies in plant biochemistry particularly, one the biochemical basis of the makapuno phenotype of coconut; on the factors affecting the nutritional worth and suitability of cowpea, mungbean and numerous under utilized Philippine indigenous legumes, cassava and sweet potato; and on the biochemical source of resistance of preferred plants to pest or illness. Dr. Evelyn Mae Mendoza was born on August 7, 1947. 4.Dr. Lourdes Cruz researches led in part to the biochemical classification of more than 50 biologically dynamic peptides from Conus venom, and the improvement of conotoxins as biochemical probes for testing the behavior of the brain. W-Conotoxin is now one of the most extensively used apparatus for studying neuronal calcium channels, and u-conotoxin is the reagent of option in neuroscience when muscular movement must be prohibited to inspect actions at the synapse. 5.Luz Belardo uses up five decades of her life researching on the chemistry of natural products and essential oils from Philippine plants. She has haul out new Philippine essential oils and considered their chemical and physical assets. Outcome of her effort establish application in the formation of new flavors and in herbal drugs.
Scientific method refers to bodies of techniques
for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.[1] A scientific method consists of the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.[2]
Steps of the Scientific Method
Ask a Question: The scientific method starts
when you ask a question about something that you observe: How, What, When, Who, Which, Why, or Where? And, in order for the scientific method to answer the question it must be about something that you can measure, preferably with a number.
Do Background Research: Rather than starting
from scratch in putting together a plan for answering your question, you want to be a savvy scientist using library and Internet research to help you find the best way to do things and insure that you don't repeat mistakes from the past.
Construct a Hypothesis: A hypothesis is an
educated guess about how things work:"If _____[I do this] _____, then _____[this]_____ will happen." You must state your hypothesis in a way that you can easily measure, and of course, your hypothesis should be constructed in a way to help you answer your original question.
Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment:
Your experiment tests whether your hypothesis is true or false. It is important for your experiment to be a fair test. You conduct a fair test by making sure that you change only one factor at a time while keeping all other conditions the same. You should also repeat your experiments several times to make sure that the first results weren't just an accident.
Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion:
Once your experiment is complete, you collect your measurements and analyze them to see if your hypothesis is true or false. Scientists often find that their hypothesis was false, and in such cases they will construct a new hypothesis starting the entire process of the scientific method over again. Even if they find that their hypothesis was true, they may want to test it again in a new way.
Communicate Your Results: To complete your
science fair project you will communicate your results to others in a final report and/or a display board. Professional scientists do almost exactly the same thing by publishing their final report in a scientific journal or by presenting their results on a poster at a scientific meeting.
Hypothesis- consists either of a suggested
explanation for an observable phenomenon or of a reasoned proposal predicting a possible causal correlation among multiple phenomena. The term derives from the Greek, hypotithenai meaning "to put under" or "to suppose."
Theory- A theory, in the general sense of the
word, is an analytic structure designed to explain a set of observations. A theory does two things: 1. it identifies this set of distinct observations as a class of phenomena, and 2. makes assertions about the underlying reality that brings about or affects this class scientific law- A scientific law or scientific principle is a concise verbal or mathematical statement of a relation that is always applies under the same conditions.
Chemical technology- chemical technology
"definition of chemical technology" "it is technology that involves chemicals."
6.) Chemistry is the central science. It is the
science about substances, their composition, structure, properties, and interactions. Chemistry helps explain the physical world and its workings, and plays an important role in our lives. Chemists have contributed a great deal to technical advances of society and have made many important contributions to modern life. Everything is made from one or more chemical elements that occur in nature. Chemists use different kinds of chemical processes to make the elements more useful, and they create countless products that make our lives healthier, easier, and more enjoyable. Chemistry is a powerful springboard to launch you into a fascinating career. Chemistry courses combine general education with preparation for immediate employment. A person with a bachelor's level education in chemistry is prepared to assume a wide variety of positions in industry, government, and academia. The more obvious positions for which a background in chemistry is important are those in the chemical industry or in chemical education. Those with a significant knowledge of chemistry are also employed in a wide variety of related professions such as molecular biology and biotechnology, material science, forensic science, hazardous waste management, textile science, and information management. There are as many specialties as there are areas of application of chemical principles. An undergraduate chemistry degree may be combined with advanced studies in other fields and lead to work in areas such as law or higher management. Chemists are challenged, excited, and satisfied with their profession. Though chemists may change employers several times during their careers, the majority in the field stay in it their entire careers. The career information in this resource has been assembled to help students majoring in chemistry and related sciences prepare for careers in the chemical sciences by describing a wide variety of chemistry careers and illustrating options available to those who obtain degrees in the chemical sciences.