BNBC Part 6-Chap 2 - 26-08-2012

Chapter 2
LOADSONBUILDINGSANDSTRUCTURES
2.1
INTRODUCTION
2.1.1
SCOPE
This chapter specifies the minimum design forces including dead load, live load, wind and earthquake loads,
miscellaneousloadsandtheirvariouscombinations.Theseloadsshallbeapplicableforthedesignofbuildings
andstructuresinconformancewiththegeneraldesignrequirementsprovidedinChapter1.
2.1.2
LIMITATIONS
Provisionsofthischaptershallgenerallybeappliedtomajorityofbuildingsandotherstructurescoveredinthis
code subject to normally expected loading conditions. For those buildings and structures having unusual
geometricalshapes,responsecharacteristicsorsitelocations,orforthosesubjecttospecialloadingincluding
tornadoes, special dynamic or hydrodynamic loads etc., sitespecific or casespecific data or analysis may be
required to determine the design loads on them. In such cases, and all other cases for which loads are not
specifiedinthischapter,loadinginformationmaybeobtainedfromreliablereferencesorspecialistadvicemay
besought.However,suchloadsshallbeappliedincompliancewiththeprovisionsofotherpartsorsectionsof
thisCode.
2.2
DEADLOADS
2.2.1
GENERAL
Theminimumdesigndeadloadforbuildingsandportionsthereofshallbedeterminedinaccordancewiththe
provisionsofthissection.Inaddition,designoftheoverallstructureanditsprimaryloadresistingsystemsshall
conformtothegeneraldesignprovisionsgiveninChapter1.
2.2.2
DEFINITION
DeadLoadistheverticalloadduetotheweightofpermanentstructuralandnonstructuralcomponentsand
attachmentsofabuildingsuchaswalls,floors,ceilings,permanentpartitionsandfixedserviceequipmentetc.
2.2.3
ASSESSMENTOFDEADLOAD
Deadloadforastructuralmembershallbeassessedbasedontheforcesdueto:
weightofthememberitself,
weightofallmaterialsofconstructionincorporatedintothebuildingtobesupportedpermanentlyby
themember,
weightofpermanentpartitions,
weightoffixedserviceequipment,and
neteffectofprestressing.
Part6
2.2.4
WEIGHTOFMATERIALSANDCONSTRUCTIONS
Inestimatingdeadloads,theactualweightsofmaterialsandconstructionsshallbeused,providedthatinthe
absenceofdefiniteinformation,theweightsgiveninTables2.2.1and2.2.2shallbeassumedforthepurposes
ofdesign.
Table2.2.1:UnitWeightofBasicMaterials
Material
Unitweight
(kN/m3)
Material
Aluminium
27.0
Granite,Basalt
Asphalt
21.2
Ironcast
Brass
83.6
wrought
Bronze
87.7
Lead
Brick
18.9
Limestone
Cement
14.7
Marble
Coal,loose
8.8
Sand,dry
Concretestoneaggregate(unreinforced) 22.8*
Sandstone
brickaggregate(unreinforced) 20.4*
Slate
Copper
86.4
Steel
Cork,normal
1.7
StainlessSteel
Cork,compressed
3.7
Timber
Glass,window(sodalime)
25.5
Zinc
*forreinforcedconcrete,add0.63kN/m3foreach1%byvolumeofmainreinforcement
2.2.5
Unit
Weight
(kN/m3)
26.4
70.7
75.4
111.0
24.5
26.4
15.7
22.6
28.3
77.0
78.75
5.911.0
70.0
WEIGHTOFPERMANENTPARTITIONS
When partition walls are indicated on the plans, their weight shall be considered as dead load acting as
concentratedlineloadsintheiractualpositionsonthefloor.Theloadsduetoanticipatedpartitionwalls,which
arenotindicatedontheplans,shallbetreatedasliveloadsanddeterminedinaccordancewithSec2.3.2.4.
2.2.6
WEIGHTOFFIXEDSERVICEEQUIPMENT
Weights of fixed service equipment and other permanent machinery, such as electrical feeders and other
machinery,heating,ventilatingandairconditioningsystems,liftsandescalators,plumbingstacksandrisersetc.
shallbeincludedasdeadloadwheneversuchequipmentaresupportedbystructuralmembers.
2.2.7
ADDITIONALLOADS
In evaluating the final dead loads on a structural member for design purposes,allowances shall be made for
additional loads resulting from the (i) difference between the prescribed and the actual weights of the
membersandconstructionmaterials;(ii)inclusionoffutureinstallations;(iii)changesinoccupancyoruseof
buildings;and(iv)inclusionofstructuralandnonstructuralmembersnotcoveredinSec2.2.2and2.2.3.
2.3
LIVELOADS
2.3.1
GENERAL
Theliveloadsusedforthestructuraldesignoffloors,roofandthesupportingmembersshallbethegreatest
appliedloadsarisingfromtheintendeduseoroccupancyofthebuilding,orfromthestackingofmaterialsand
the use of equipment and propping during construction, but shall not be less than the minimum design live
loads set out by the provisions of this section. For the design of structural members for forces including live
loads,requirementsoftherelevantsectionsofChapter1shallalsobefulfilled.
Chapter2
Table2.2.2DeadLoad
Material/Component/Member
Weightper
UnitArea
(kN/m2)
Material
Floor
Asphalt,25mmthick
0.526
Claytiling,13mmthick
0.268
Concreteslab(stoneaggregate)*
solid,100mmthick
2.360
solid,150mmthick
3.540
Galvanizedsteelfloordeck(excl.topping)
0.1470.383
Magnesiumoxychloride
normal(sawdustfiller),25mmthick
0.345
heavyduty(mineralfiller),25mmthick 0.527
Terrazzopaving16mmthick
0.431
Roof
Acrylicresinsheet,corrugated
3mmthick,standardcorrugations
0.043
3mmthick,deepcorrugations
0.062
Asbestoscement,corrugatedsheeting
(incl.lapandfastenings)
6mmthick(standardcorrugations)
0.134
6mmthick(deepcorrugations)
0.158
Aluminium,corrugatedsheeting
1.2mmthick
0.048
0.8mmthick
0.028
0.6mmthick
0.024
Aluminiumsheet(plain)
1.2mmthick
0.033
1.0mmthick
0.024
0.8mmthick
0.019
Bituminousfelt(5ply)andgravel
0.431
Slates
4.7mmthick
0.335
9.5mmthick
0.671
Steelsheet,flatgalvanized
1.00mmthick
0.082
0.80mmthick
0.067
0.60mmthick
0.053
Steel,galvanizedstd.corrugatedsheeting
1.0mmthick
0.120
0.8mmthick
0.096
0.6mmthick
0.077
Tiles
terracotta(Frenchpattern)
0.575
concrete,25mmthick
0.527
claytiles
0.60.9
*forbrickaggregate,90%ofthelistedvaluesmaybeused.
2.3.2
WallsandPartitions
Acrylic resin sheet, flat, per mm
thickness
Asbestoscementsheeting
4.5mmthick
6.0mmthick
Brickmasonrywork,excl.plaster
burnt clay, per 100 mm

thickness
sandlime, per 100 mm

thickness
Concrete(stoneaggregate)*
100mmthick
150mmthick
250mmthick
Fibre insulation board, per 10 mm
thickness
Fibrous plaster board, per 10 mm
thickness
Glass,per10mmthickness
Hardboard,per10mmthickness
Particle or flake board, per 10 mm
thickness
Plasterboard,per10mmthickness
Plywood,per10mmthickness
Ceiling
Fibrousplaster,10mmthick
Cementplaster,13mmthick
Suspendedmetallathandplaster
(twofacedincl.studding)
Miscellaneous
Felt(insulating),per10mmthickness
Plaster
cement,per10mmthickness
lime,per10mmthickness
PVCsheet,per10mmthickness
Rubberpaving,per10mmthickness
TerracottaHollowBlockMasonry
75mmthick
100mmthick
150mmthick
Weight
per
UnitArea
(kN/m2)
0.012
0.072
0.106
1.910
1.980
2.360
3.540
5.900
0.034
0.092
0.269
0.961
0.075
0.092
0.061
0.081
0.287
0.480
0.019
0.230
0.191
0.153
0.151
0.671
0.995
1.388
DEFINITION
Live load is the load superimposed by the use or occupancy of the building not including the environmental
loadssuchaswindload,rainload,earthquakeloadordeadload.
2.3.3
MINIMUMFLOORLIVELOADS
The minimum floor live loads shall be the greatest actual imposed loads resulting from the intended use or
occupancyofthefloor,andshallnotbelessthantheuniformlydistributedloadpatternsspecifiedinSec2.3.4
ortheconcentratedloadsspecifiedinSec2.3.5whicheverproducesthemostcriticaleffect.Theliveloadsshall
beassumedtoactverticallyupontheareaprojectedonahorizontalplane.
Part6
Table2.3.1 MinimumUniformlyDistributedLiveLoads,AndMinimumConcentratedLiveLoads
Uniform
OccupancyorUse
kN/m2
Apartments(seeResidential)
Accessfloorsystems
2.4
Officeuse
4.79
Computeruse
Armoriesanddrillrooms
Assemblyareasandtheaters
Fixedseats(fastenedtofloor)
Lobbies
Movableseats
Platforms(assembly)
Stagefloors
7.18
2.87
4.79
4.79
4.79
7.18
Balconies(exterior)
Ononeandtwofamilyresidencesonly,andnotexceeding19.3m2
4.79
2.87
Bowlingalleys,poolrooms,andsimilarrecreationalareas
Catwalksformaintenanceaccess
Corridors
Firstfloor
Otherfloors,sameasoccupancyservedexceptasindicated
3.59
1.92
4.79
Dancehallsandballrooms
Decks(patioandroof)
Sameasareaserved,orforthetypeofoccupancyaccommodated
Diningroomsandrestaurants
Dwellings(seeResidential)
Elevatormachineroomgrating(onareaof2,580mm2)
4.79
Conc.
kN
8.9
8.9
1.33
4.79
1.33
0.89
Fireescapes
Onsinglefamilydwellingsonly
4.79
1.92
Fixedladders
Garages(passengervehiclesonly)Trucksandbuses
SeeSection2.3.11
1.92a,b
Grandstands(seeStadiumsandarenas,Bleachers)
Gymnasiumsmainfloorsandbalconies
Handrails,guardrails,andgrabbars
Hospitals
Operatingrooms,laboratories
Patientrooms
Corridorsabovefirstfloor
4.79
SeeSection2.3.11
2.87
4.45
1.92
4.45
3.83
4.45
Hotels(seeResidential)
Libraries
Readingrooms
Stackrooms
2.87
7.18c
3.83
4.45
4.45
4.45
Manufacturing
Light
Heavy
6.00
11.97
8.90
13.40
Marquees
OfficeBuildings
Fileandcomputerroomsshallbedesignedforheavierloads basedonanticipated
occupancy
3.59
Finishlightfloorplateconstruction (onareaof645mm2)
4.79
2.40
3.83
Lobbiesandfirstfloorcorridors
Offices
8.90
8.90
8.90
Chapter2
Table2.3.1 MinimumUniformlyDistributedLiveLoads,AndMinimumConcentratedLiveLoads(Contd.)
PenalInstitutions
Cellblocks
1.92
Corridors
4.79
Residential
Dwellings(oneandtwofamily)
Uninhabitableatticswithoutstorage
Uninhabitableatticswithstorage
Habitableatticsandsleepingareas
Allotherareasexceptstairsandbalconies
0.48
0.96
1.44
1.92
Hotelsandmultifamilyhouses
Privateroomsandcorridorsservingthem
Publicroomsandcorridorsservingthem
1.92
4.79
Reviewingstands,grandstands,andbleachers
4.79d
Roofs
Ordinaryflat,pitched,andcurvedroofs
Roofsusedforpromenadepurposes
Roofsusedforroofgardensorassemblypurposes
Roofsusedforotherspecialpurposes
Awningsandcanopies
Fabricconstructionsupportedbyalightweightrigidskeletonstructure
Allotherconstruction
Primaryroofmembers,exposedtoaworkfloor
Singlepanelpointoflowerchordofrooftrussesoranypointalongprimary
structuralmemberssupportingroofsovermanufacturing,storage
warehouses,andrepairgarages
Allotheroccupancies
Allroofsurfacessubjecttomaintenance workers
Schools
Classrooms
Firstfloorcorridors
0.96h
2.87
4.79
i
Scuttles,skylightribs,andaccessibleceilings
Sidewalks,vehiculardriveways,andyardssubjecttotrucking
Stadiumsandarenas
Bleachers
Fixedseats(fastenedtofloor)
Stairsandexitways
Oneandtwofamilyresidencesonly
0.24(nonreduceable)
0.96
1.92
3.83
4.79
8.9
1.33
1.33
4.45
4.45
4.45
0.89
11.97e
4.79d
2.87d
4.79
1.92
35.60f
0.96
Storageareasaboveceilings
Storagewarehouses(shallbedesignedforheavierloadsifrequiredfor
anticipatedstorage)
Light
Heavy
6.00
11.97
Stores
Retail
Firstfloor
Upper loors
Wholesale,allfloors
4.79
3.59
6.00
Vehiclebarriers
SeeSection2.3.11
4.45
4.45
4.45
Walkwaysandelevatedplatforms(otherthanexitways)
2.87
Yardsandterraces,pedestrian
4.79
aFloorsingaragesorportionsofabuildingusedforthestorageofmotorvehiclesshallbedesignedfortheuniformly
distributedliveloadsofTable2.3.1orthefollowingconcentratedload:(1)forgaragesrestrictedtopassengervehicles
accommodatingnotmorethanninepassengers,13.35kNactingonanareaof114mmby114mmfootprintofajack;
and(2)formechanicalparkingstructureswithoutslabordeckthatareusedforstoringpassengercaronly,10kNper
wheel.
Part6
bGaragesaccommodatingtrucksandbusesshallbedesignedinaccordancewithanapprovedmethod,whichcontains
provisionsfortruckandbusloadings.
cTheloadingappliestostackroomfloorsthatsupportnonmobile,doublefacedlibrarybookstackssubjecttothe
followinglimitations:(1)Thenominalbook stackunitheightshallnotexceed2290mm;(2)thenominalshelfdepth
shallnotexceed305mmforeachface;and(3)parallelrowsof doublefacedbookstacksshallbeseparatedbyaisles
notlessthan914mmwide.
dInadditiontotheverticalliveloads,thedesignshallincludehorizontalswayingforcesappliedtoeachrowofthe
seatsasfollows:0.350kNperlinearmeterofseatappliedinadirectionparalleltoeachrowofseatsand0.15kNper
linearmeterofseatappliedinadirectionperpendiculartoeachrowofseats.Theparallelandperpendicular
horizontalswayingforcesneednotbeappliedsimultaneously.
eOtheruniformloadsinaccordancewithanapprovedmethod,whichcontainsprovisionsfortruckloadings,shallalso
beconsideredwhereappropriate.
fTheconcentratedwheelloadshallbeappliedonanareaof114mmby114mmfootprintofajack.
gMinimumconcentratedloadonstairtreads(onareaof2,580mm2)is1.33kN.
hWhereuniformroofliveloadsarereducedtolessthan1.0kN/m2inaccordancewithSection2.3.14.1andare
appliedtothedesignofstructural membersarrangedsoastocreatecontinuity,thereducedroofliveloadshallbe
appliedtoadjacentspansortoalternatespans,whicheverproducesthegreatest unfavorableeffect.
iRoofsusedforotherspecialpurposesshallbedesignedforappropriateloadsasapprovedbytheauthorityhaving
jurisdiction.
2.3.4
UNIFORMLYDISTRIBUTEDLOADS
The uniformly distributed live load shall not be less than the values listed in Table 2.3.1, reduced as may be
specifiedinSec2.3.13,applieduniformlyovertheentireareaofthefloor,oranyportionthereoftoproduce
themostadverseeffectsinthememberconcerned.
2.3.5
CONCENTRATEDLOADS
The concentrated loadto beappliednonconcurrently with the uniformly distributed load givenin Sec 2.3.4,
shall not be less than that listed in Table 2.3.1. Unless otherwise specified in Table 2.3.1 or in the following
paragraph,theconcentratedloadshallbeappliedoveranareaof300mmx300mmandshallbelocatedsoas
toproducethemaximumstressconditionsinthestructuralmembers.
Inareaswherevehiclesareusedorstored,suchascarparkinggarages,ramps,repairshopsetc.,provisionshall
bemadeforconcentratedloadsconsistingoftwoormoreloadsspacednominally1.5moncentresinabsence
oftheuniformliveloads.Eachloadshallbe40percentofthegrossweightofthemaximumsizevehicletobe
accommodated and applied over an area of 750 mm x 750 mm. For the storage of private or pleasuretype
vehicles without repair or fuelling, floors shall be investigated in the absence of the uniform live load, for a
minimumconcentratedwheelloadof9kNspaced1.5moncentres,appliedoveranareaof750mmx750
mm. The uniform live loads for these cases are provided in Table 2.3.1 The condition of concentrated or
uniformliveloadproducingthegreaterstressesshallgovern.
2.3.6
PROVISIONFORPARTITIONWALLS
Whenpartitions,not indicatedonthe plans,areanticipatedtobeplacedonthefloors,theirweightshallbe

included as an additional live load acting as concentrated line loads in an arrangement producing the most
severeeffectonthefloor,unlessitcanbeshownthatamorefavourablearrangementofthepartitionsshall
prevailduringthefutureuseofthefloor.
Inthecaseoflightpartitions,whereinthetotalweightpermetrerunisnotgreaterthan5.5kN,auniformly
distributedliveloadmaybeappliedonthefloorinlieuoftheconcentratedlineloadsspecifiedabove.Such
uniformliveloadpersquaremetreshallbeatleast33%oftheweightpermetrerunofthepartitions,subject
toaminimumof1.2kN/m2.
Chapter2
2.3.7
MORETHANONEOCCUPANCY
Whereanareaofafloorisintendedfortwoormoreoccupanciesatdifferenttimes,thevaluetobeusedfrom
Table2.3.1shallbethegreatestvalueforanyoftheoccupanciesconcerned.
2.3.8
MINIMUMROOFLIVELOADS
Roofliveloadsshallbeassumedtoactverticallyovertheareaprojectedbytherooforanyportionofitupona
horizontalplane,andshallbedeterminedasspecifiedinthefollowingsections:
2.3.8.1
REGULARPURPOSEFLAT,PITCHEDANDCURVEDROOFS
Liveloadsonregularpurposeroofsshallbethegreatestappliedloadsproducedduringusebymovableobjects
suchasplantersandpeople,andthoseinducedduringmaintenancebyworkers,equipmentandmaterialsbut
shallnotbelessthanthosegiveninTable2.3.2.
2.3.8.2
SPECIALPURPOSEROOFS
Forspecialpurposeroofs,liveloadsshallbeestimatedbasedontheactualweightdependingonthetypeof
use,butshallnotbelessthanthefollowingvalues:
a)roofsusedforpromenadepurposes
3.0kN/m2
b)roofsusedforassemblypurposes
5.0kN/m2
c)roofsusedforgardens
5.0kN/m2
d)roofsusedforotherspecialpurposestobedeterminedasperSec2.3.9
2.3.8.3
ACCESSIBLEROOFSUPPORTINGMEMBERS
Rooftrussesoranyotherprimaryroofsupportingmemberbeneathwhichafullceilingisnotprovided,shallbe
capableofsupportingsafely,inadditiontootherroofloads,aconcentratedloadatthelocationsasspecified
below:
a)
b)
2.3.9
Industrial, Storage and Garage Buildings Any single panel point of the
lowerchordofarooftruss,oranypointofotherprimaryroofsupporting
member
BuildingwithOtherOccupanciesAnysinglepanelpointofthelowerchord
ofarooftruss,oranypointofotherprimaryroofsupportingmember
9.0kN
1.3kN
LOADSNOTSPECIFIED
Liveloads,notspecifiedforusesoroccupanciesinSec2.3.3,2.3.4and2.3.5,shallbedeterminedfromloads
resultingfrom:
a)
weightoftheprobableassemblyofpersons;
b)
weightoftheprobableaccumulationofequipmentandfurniture,and
c)
weightoftheprobablestorageofmaterials.
2.3.10
PARTIALLOADINGANDOTHERLOADINGARRANGEMENTS
The full intensity of the appropriately reduced live load applied only to a portion of the length or area of a
structure or member shall be considered, if it produces a more unfavourable effect than the same intensity
appliedoverthefulllengthorareaofthestructureormember.
Where uniformly distributed live loads are used in the design of continuous members and their supports,
considerationshallbegiventofulldeadloadonallspansincombinationwithfullliveloadsonadjacentspans
andonalternatespanswhicheverproducesamoreunfavourableeffect.
Part6
Table2.3.2:MinimumRoofLiveLoads(1)
TypeandSlopeofRoof
Distributed
Load,kN/m2
1.5
Flatroof(slope=0)
II
III
IV
VI
1.Pitchedorslopedroof(0<slope<1/3)
2Archedroofordome(rise<1/8span)
1.0
Concentrated
Load,kN
1.8
0.9
1.Pitchedorslopedroof(1/3slope<1.0)
2.Archedroofordome(1/8rise<3/8span)
0.8
0.9
1.Pitchedorslopedroof(slope1.0)
2.Archedroofordome(rise3/8span)
0.6
0.9
Greenhouse,andagriculturebuildings
0.5
0.9
Canopiesandawnings,exceptthosewith
clothcovers
sameasgiveninIthroughIV
abovebasedonthetypeand
slope.
Note:(1) GreaterofthisloadandrainloadasspecifiedinSec2.6.3shallbetakenasthedesignliveload
forroof.Thedistributedloadshallbeappliedovertheareaoftheroofprojecteduponahorizontalplane
and shall not be applied simultaneously with the concentrated load. The concentrated load shall be
assumedtoactupona300mmx300mmareaandneednotbeconsideredforroofscapableoflaterally
distributingtheload,e.g.reinforcedconcreteslabs.
2.3.11
OTHERLIVELOADS
Liveloadsonmiscellaneousstructuresandcomponents,suchashandrailsandsupportingmembers,parapets
and balustrades, ceilings, skylights and supports, and the like, shall be determined from the analysis of the
actualloadsonthem,butshallnotbelessthanthosegiveninTable2.3.3.
2.3.12
IMPACTANDDYNAMICLOADS
The live loads specifiedin Sec 2.3.3shall be assumed to include allowances for impacts arising from normal
usesonly.However,forcesimposedbyunusualvibrationsandimpactsresultingfromtheoperationofinstalled
machineryandequipmentshallbedeterminedseparatelyandtreatedasadditionalliveloads.Liveloadsdueto
vibrationorimpactshallbedeterminedbydynamicanalysisofthesupportingmemberorstructureincluding
foundations, or from the recommended values supplied by the manufacture of the particular equipment or
machinery.Inabsenceofadefiniteinformation,valueslistedinTable2.3.4forsomecommonequipment,shall
beusedfordesignpurposes.
2.3.13
REDUCTIONOFLIVELOADS
Exceptforroofuniformliveloads,allotherminimumuniformlydistributedliveloads,LoinTable2.3.1,maybe
reducedaccordingtothefollowingprovisions.
2.3.13.1 GENERAL
SubjecttothelimitationsofSections2.3.13.2through2.3.13.5,membersforwhichavalueofKLLATis37.16m2
ormorearepermittedtobedesignedforareducedliveloadinaccordancewiththefollowingformula:
0.25
(2.3.1)
where,L=reduceddesignliveloadperm ofareasupportedbythemember;L0=unreduceddesignliveload
perm2ofareasupportedbythemember(seeTable2.3.1);KLL=liveloadelementfactor(seeTable2.3.5);AT=
tributaryareainm2.Lshallnotbelessthan0.50L0formemberssupportingonefloorandLshallnotbelessthan
0.40L0formemberssupportingtwoormorefloors.
Chapter2
Table2.3.3:MiscellaneousLiveLoads
StructuralMemberorComponent
1.
Handrails,parapetsandsupports:
a)Lightaccessstairs,gangwaysetc.
i)
width0.6m
ii)
width>0.6m
b)Staircasesotherthanin(a)above,ramps,balconies:
i)
Singledwellingandprivate
ii)
Staircasesinresidentialbuildings
iii)
Balconiesorportionthereof,standsetc.having
fixedseatswithin0.55mofthebarrier
vi)
Publicassemblybuildingsincludingtheatres,
cinemas,assemblyhalls,stadiums,mosques,
churches,schoolsetc.
vi)
Buildingsandoccupanciesotherthan(i)through(iv)above
2.
Vehiclebarriersforcarparksandramps:
a)
Forvehicleshavinggrossmass2500kg
b)
Forvehicleshavinggrossmass>2500kg
c)
Forrampsofcarparksetc.
Note:
(1)
(2)
(3)
LiveLoad(1)
(kN/m)
0.25
0.35
0.35
0.35
1.5
3.0
0.75
100(2)
165(2)
seenote(3)
Theseloadsshallbeappliednonconcurrentlyalonghorizontalandverticaldirections,
exceptasspecifiedinnote(2)below.
Theseloadsshallbeappliedonlyinthehorizontaldirection,uniformlydistributedover
anylengthof1.5mofabarrierandshallbeconsideredtoactatbumperheight.Forcase
2(a)bumperheightmaybetakenas375mmabovefloorlevel.
Barrierstoaccessrampsofcarparksshallbedesignedforhorizontalforcesequalto
50%ofthosegivenin2(a)and2(b)appliedatalevelof610mmabovetheramp.
Barrierstostraightexitrampsexceeding20minlengthshallbedesignedfor
horizontalforcesequaltotwicethevaluesgivenin2(a)and2(b).
Table2.3.4:MinimumLiveLoadsonSupportsandConnectionsofEquipmentduetoImpact(1)
EquipmentorMachinery
Additionalloadduetoimpactaspercentage
ofstaticloadincludingselfweight
Vertical
Horizontal
1.
Lifts,hoistsandrelatedoperating
100%
machinery
2.
Lightmachinery(shaftormotordriven)
20%
3.
Reciprocatingmachinery,orpowerdriven
50%
units.
4.
Hangerssupportingfloorsandbalconies
33%
5.
Cranes:
a)Electricoverheadcranes
25%of
i)Transversetotherail:
maximum
20%oftheweightoftrolley
wheelload
andliftedloadonly,applied
onehalfatthetopofeachrail
ii)Alongtherail:
10%ofmaximumwheelload
appliedatthetopofeachrail
b)Manuallyoperatedcranes
50%ofthe
50%ofthe
valuesin(a) valuesin(a)above
above
c)Caboperatedtravellingcranes
25%
Notapplicable
Note:(1)
Alltheseloadsshallbeincreasedifsorecommendedbythemanufacturer.For
machineryandequipmentnotlisted,impactloadsshallbethoserecommendedby
themanufacturers,ordeterminedbydynamicanalysis.
Part6
2.3.13.2 HEAVYLIVELOADS.
2
Liveloadsthatexceed4.79kN/m shallnotbereduced.
EXCEPTION:Liveloadsformemberssupportingtwoormorefloorsmaybereducedby20percent.
2.3.13.3 PASSENGERCARGARAGES.
Theliveloadsshallnotbereducedinpassengercargarages.
EXCEPTION:Liveloadsformemberssupportingtwoormorefloorsmaybereducedby20percent.
2.3.13.4 SPECIALOCCUPANCIES.
Liveloadsof4.79kN/m2orlessshallnotbereducedinpublicassemblyoccupancies.
Thereshallbenoreductionofliveloadsforcycloneshelters.
2.3.13.5 LIMITATIONSONONEWAYSLABS.
Thetributaryarea,AT,foronewayslabsshallnotexceedanareadefinedbytheslabspantimesawidthnormal
tothespanof1.5timestheslabspan.
2.3.14
REDUCTIONINROOFLIVELOADS
Theminimumuniformlydistributedroofliveloads,LoinTable2.3.1,arepermittedtobereducedaccordingto
thefollowingprovisions.
2.3.14.1 FLAT,PITCHED,ANDCURVEDROOFS.
Ordinaryflat,pitched,andcurvedroofsarepermittedtobedesignedforareducedroofliveload,asspecified
inEq.2.3.2 orothercontrolling combinationsof loads, as discussed laterin this chapter, whichever produces
the greater load. In structures such as greenhouses, where special scaffolding is used as a work surface for
workmenandmaterialsduringmaintenanceandrepairoperations,alowerroofloadthanspecifiedinEq.2.3.2
shallnotbeusedunlessapprovedbytheauthorityhavingjurisdiction.Onsuchstructures,theminimumroof
liveloadshallbe0.58kN/m2.
Lr=LoR1R2where0.58Lr0.96
where
Lr=reducedroofliveloadperm2ofhorizontalprojectioninkN/m2
ThereductionfactorsR1andR2shallbedeterminedasfollows:
R1=1forAt18.58m2
=1.20.011Atfor18.58m2<At<55.74m2
=0.6forAt55.74m2
whereAt=tributaryareainm2supportedbyanystructuralmemberand
R2=1forF4
=1.20.05Ffor4<F<12
=0.6forF12
10
(2.3.2)
Chapter2
where,forapitchedroof,F=0.12slope,withslopeexpressedinpercentagepointsand,foranarchordome,
F=risetospanratiomultipliedby32.
2.3.14.2 SPECIALPURPOSEROOFS.
Roofsthathaveanoccupancyfunction,suchasroofgardens,assemblypurposes,orotherspecialpurposesare
permittedtohavetheiruniformlydistributedliveloadreducedinaccordancewiththerequirementsofSection
2.3.13.
Table2.3.5LiveLoadElementFactor,KLL
Element
KLL
Interiorcolumns
Exteriorcolumnswithoutcantileverslabs
4
4
Edgecolumnswithcantileverslabs
Cornercolumnswithcantileverslabs
Edgebeamswithoutcantileverslabs
Interiorbeams
2
2
2
Allothermembersnotidentifiedincluding:
Edgebeamswithcantileverslabs
Cantileverbeams
Onewayslabs
Twowayslabs
Memberswithoutprovisionsforcontinuous
sheartransfernormaltotheirspan
aInlieuoftheprecedingvalues,KL L ispermittedtobecalculated.
2.4
WINDLOADS
2.4.1
GENERAL
Scope: Buildings and other structures, including the Main WindForce Resisting System (MWFRS) and all
componentsandcladdingthereof,shallbedesignedandconstructedtoresistwindloadsasspecifiedherein.
Allowed Procedures: The design wind loads for buildings and other structures, including the MWFRS and
componentandcladdingelementsthereof,shallbedeterminedusingoneofthefollowingprocedures:
(1) Method1Simplified Procedure as specified in Section 2.4.4 for buildings and structures meeting the
requirementsspecifiedtherein;
(2) Method 2Analytical Procedure as specified in Section 2.4.5 for buildings and structures meeting the
requirementsspecifiedtherein;
(3)Method3WindTunnelProcedureasspecifiedinSection2.4.18.
WindPressures:Actingonoppositefacesofeachbuildingsurface.Inthecalculationofdesignwindloadsfor
the MWFRS and for components and cladding for buildings, the algebraic sum of the pressures acting on
oppositefacesofeachbuildingsurfaceshallbetakenintoaccount.
2.4.1.1
MINIMUMDESIGNWINDLOADING
Thedesignwindload,determinedbyanyoneoftheproceduresspecifiedinSection2.4.1,shallbenotlessthan
specifiedinthissection.
MainWindForceResistingSystem:ThewindloadtobeusedinthedesignoftheMWFRSforanenclosedor
partially enclosed building or other structure shall not be less than 0.5kN/m2 multiplied by the area of the
11
Part6
building or structure projected onto a vertical plane normalto the assumed wind direction. Thedesign wind
forceforopenbuildingsandotherstructuresshallbenotlessthan0.5kN/m2)multipliedbytheareaAf.
ComponentsandCladding:Thedesignwindpressureforcomponentsandcladdingofbuildingsshallnotbeless
thananetpressureof0.5kN/m2actingineitherdirectionnormaltothesurface.
2.4.2
DEFINITIONS
ThefollowingdefinitionsapplyonlytotheprovisionsofSection2.4:
APPROVED:Acceptabletotheauthorityhavingjurisdiction.
BASICWINDSPEED,V:Threesecondgustspeedat10mabovethegroundinExposureB(seeSection2.4.8.3)
havingareturnperiodof50years.
BUILDING, ENCLOSED: A building that does not comply with the requirements for open or partially enclosed
buildings.
BUILDING ENVELOPE: Cladding, roofing, exterior walls, glazing, door assemblies, window assemblies, skylight
assemblies,andothercomponentsenclosingthebuilding.
BUILDINGANDOTHERSTRUCTURE,FLEXIBLE:Slenderbuildingsandotherstructuresthathaveafundamental
naturalfrequencylessthan1Hz.
BUILDING,LOWRISE:Enclosedorpartiallyenclosedbuildingsthatcomplywiththefollowingconditions:
1.Meanroofheighthlessthanorequalto18.3m.
2.Meanroofheighthdoesnotexceedleasthorizontaldimension.
BUILDING,OPEN:Abuildinghavingeachwallatleast80percentopen.Thisconditionisexpressedforeachwall
bytheequationAo0.8Agwhere
Ao=totalareaofopeningsinawallthatreceivespositiveexternalpressure(m2).
Ag=thegrossareaofthatwallinwhichAoisidentified(m2).
BUILDING,PARTIALLYENCLOSED:Abuildingthatcomplieswithbothofthefollowingconditions:
1.Thetotalareaofopeningsinawallthatreceivespositiveexternalpressureexceedsthesumoftheareasof
openingsinthebalanceofthebuildingenvelope(wallsandroof)bymorethan10percent.
2.Thetotalareaofopeningsinawallthatreceivespositiveexternalpressureexceeds0.37m2or1percentof
the area of that wall, whichever is smaller, and the percentage of openings in the balance of the building
envelopedoesnotexceed20percent.
Theseconditionsareexpressedbythefollowingequations:
1.Ao>1.10Aoi
2.Ao>0.37m2or>0.01Ag,whicheverissmaller,
andAoi/Agi0.20
where
Ao,AgareasdefinedforOpenBuilding
Aoi=thesumoftheareasofopeningsinthebuildingenvelope(wallsandroof)notincludingAo,inm2.
Agi=thesumofthegrosssurfaceareasofthebuildingenvelope(wallsandroof)notincludingAg,inm2.
12
Chapter2
BUILDING OR OTHER STRUCTURE, REGULAR SHAPED: A building or other structure having no unusual
geometricalirregularityinspatialform.
BUILDING OR OTHER STRUCTURES, RIGID: A building or other structure whose fundamental frequency is
greaterthanorequalto1Hz.
BUILDING, SIMPLE DIAPHRAGM: A building in which both windward and leeward wind loads are transmitted
throughfloorandroofdiaphragmstothesameverticalMWFRS(e.g.,nostructuralseparations).
COMPONENTSANDCLADDING:ElementsofthebuildingenvelopethatdonotqualifyaspartoftheMWFRS.
DESIGNFORCE,F:Equivalentstaticforcetobeusedinthedeterminationofwindloadsforopenbuildingsand
otherstructures.
DESIGNPRESSURE,p:Equivalentstaticpressuretobeusedinthedeterminationofwindloadsforbuildings.
EAVE HEIGHT, h: The distance from the ground surface adjacent to the building to the roof eave line at a
particularwall.Iftheheightoftheeavevariesalongthewall,theaverageheightshallbeused.
EFFECTIVE WIND AREA, A: The area used to determine GCp. For component and cladding elements, the
effectivewindareainFigs.2.4.11through2.4.17and2.4.19isthespanlengthmultipliedbyaneffectivewidth
thatneednotbelessthanonethirdthespanlength.Forcladdingfasteners,theeffectivewindareashallnotbe
greaterthantheareathatistributarytoanindividualfastener.
ESCARPMENT:Alsoknownasscarp,withrespecttotopographiceffectsinSection2.4.9,aclifforsteepslope
generallyseparatingtwolevelsorgentlyslopingareas(seeFig.2.4.4).
FREEROOF:Roof(monoslope,pitched,ortroughed)inanopenbuildingwithnoenclosingwallsunderneaththe
roofsurface.
GLAZING:Glassortransparentortranslucentplasticsheetusedinwindows,doors,skylights,orcurtainwalls.
GLAZING, IMPACT RESISTANT: Glazing that has been shown by testing in accordance with ASTM E1886 and
ASTM E1996 or other approved test methods to withstand the impact of windborne missiles likely to be
generatedinwindbornedebrisregionsduringdesignwinds.
HILL:WithrespecttotopographiceffectsinSection2.4.9,alandsurfacecharacterizedbystrongreliefinany
horizontaldirection(seeFig.2.4.4).
HURRICANE PRONE REGIONS: Areas vulnerable to hurricanes; in Bangladesh these areas include the
Sundarbans,southernpartsofBarisalandPatuakhali,Hatia,Bhola,easternpartsofChittagongandCoxsBazar
IMPACT RESISTANT COVERING: A covering designed to protect glazing, which has been shown by testing in
accordance with ASTM E1886 and ASTM E1996 or other approved test methods to withstand the impact of
windbornedebrismissileslikelytobegeneratedinwindbornedebrisregionsduringdesignwinds.
IMPORTANCEFACTOR,I:Afactorthataccountsforthedegreeofhazardtohumanlifeanddamagetoproperty.
MAIN WINDFORCE RESISTING SYSTEM (MWFRS): An assemblage of structural elements assigned to provide
supportandstabilityfortheoverallstructure.Thesystemgenerallyreceiveswindloadingfrommorethanone
surface.
MEANROOFHEIGHT,h:Theaverageoftheroofeaveheightandtheheighttothehighestpointontheroof
surface,exceptthat,forroofanglesoflessthanorequalto10o,themeanroofheightshallbetheroofheave
height.
OPENINGS:Aperturesorholesinthebuildingenvelopethatallowairtoflowthroughthebuildingenvelopeand
thataredesignedasopenduringdesignwindsasdefinedbytheseprovisions.
RECOGNIZEDLITERATURE:Publishedresearchfindingsandtechnicalpapersthatareapproved.
13
Part6
RIDGE:WithrespecttotopographiceffectsinSection2.4.9,anelongatedcrestofahillcharacterizedbystrong
reliefintwodirections(seeFig.2.4.4).
WINDBORNEDEBRISREGIONS:Areaswithinhurricaneproneregionslocated:
1.Within1.6kmofthecoastalmeanhighwaterlinewherethebasicwindspeedisequaltoorgreaterthan180
km/hor
2.Inareaswherethebasicwindspeedisequaltoorgreaterthan200km/h.
2.4.3
SYMBOLSANDNOTATION
ThefollowingsymbolsandnotationapplyonlytotheprovisionsofSection2.4:
A=effectivewindarea,inm2
Af=areaofopen buildings andotherstructureseither normaltothe winddirectionorprojected ona plane
normaltothewinddirection,inm2.
Ag=thegrossareaofthatwallinwhichAoisidentified,inm2.
Agi=thesumofthegrosssurfaceareasofthebuildingenvelope(wallsandroof)notincludingAg,inm2
Ao=totalareaofopeningsinawallthatreceivespositiveexternalpressure,inm2.
Aoi=thesumoftheareasofopeningsinthebuildingenvelope(wallsandroof)notincludingAo,inm2
Aog=totalareaofopeningsinthebuildingenvelopeinm2
As=grossareaofthesolidfreestandingwallorsolidsign,inm2
a=widthofpressurecoefficientzone,inm.
B=horizontaldimensionofbuildingmeasurednormaltowinddirection,inm.
b=meanhourlywindspeedfactorinEq.2.4.14fromTable2.4.3
=3sgustspeedfactorfromTable2.4.3
Cf=forcecoefficienttobeusedindeterminationofwindloadsforotherstructures
CN=netpressurecoefficienttobeusedindeterminationofwindloadsforopenbuildings
Cp=externalpressurecoefficienttobeusedindeterminationofwindloadsforbuildings
c=turbulenceintensityfactorinEq.2.4.5fromTable2.4.3
D=diameterofacircularstructureormemberinm.
D=depthofprotrudingelementssuchasribsandspoilersinm.
F=designwindforceforotherstructures,inN.
G=gusteffectfactor
Gf=gusteffectfactorforMWFRSsofflexiblebuildingsandotherstructures
GCpn=combinednetpressurecoefficientforaparapet
GCp=productofexternalpressurecoefficientandgusteffectfactortobeusedindeterminationofwindloads
forbuildings
GCpf=productoftheequivalentexternalpressurecoefficientandgusteffectfactortobeusedindetermination
ofwindloadsforMWFRSoflowrisebuildings
14
Chapter2
GCpi=productofinternalpressurecoefficientandgusteffectfactortobeusedindeterminationofwindloads
forbuildings
gQ=peakfactorforbackgroundresponseinEqs.2.4.4and2.4.8
gR=peakfactorforresonantresponseinEq.2.4.8
gv=peakfactorforwindresponseinEqs.2.4.4and2.4.8
H=heightofhillorescarpmentinFig.2.4.4,inm.
h=meanroofheightofabuildingorheightofotherstructure,exceptthateaveheightshallbeusedforroof
o
angleoflessthanorequalto10 ,inm.
he=roofeaveheightataparticularwall,ortheaverageheightiftheeavevariesalongthewall
I=importancefactor
Iz=intensityofturbulencefromEq.2.4.5
K1,K2,K3=multipliersinFig.2.4.4toobtainKzt
Kd=winddirectionalityfactorinTable2.4.5
Kh=velocitypressureexposurecoefficientevaluatedatheightz=h
Kz=velocitypressureexposurecoefficientevaluatedatheightz
Kzt=topographicfactorasdefinedinSection2.4.9
L=horizontaldimensionofabuildingmeasuredparalleltothewinddirection,inm.
Lh=distanceupwindofcrestofhillorescarpmentinFig.2.4.4towherethedifferenceingroundelevationis
halftheheightofhillorescarpment,inm.
L=integrallengthscaleofturbulence,inm.
Lr=horizontaldimensionofreturncornerforasolidfreestandingwallorsolidsignfromFig.2.4.20,inm.
l=integrallengthscalefactorfromTable2.4.3inm.
N1=reducedfrequencyfromEq.2.4.12
n1=buildingnaturalfrequency,Hz
p=designpressuretobeusedindeterminationofwindloadsforbuildings,inN/m2
pL=windpressureactingonleewardfaceinFig.2.4.9,inN/m2
Pnet=netdesignwindpressurefromEq.2.4.2,inN/m2
Pnet30=netdesignwindpressureforExposureAath=9.1mandI=1.0fromFig.2.4.3,inN/m2.
Pp=combinednetpressureonaparapetfromEq.2.4.20,inN/m2.
Ps=netdesignwindpressurefromEq.2.4.1,inN/m2.
Ps30=simplifieddesignwindpressureforExposureAath=9.1mandI=1.0fromFig.2.4.2,inN/m2.
PW=windpressureactingonwindwardfaceinFig.2.4.9,inN/m2.
Q=backgroundresponsefactorfromEq.2.4.6
q=velocitypressure,inN/m2.
qh=velocitypressureevaluatedatheightz=h,inN/m2
15
Part6
qi=velocitypressureforinternalpressuredetermination,inN/m2.
qp=velocitypressureattopofparapet,inN/m2.
qz=velocitypressureevaluatedatheightzaboveground,inN/m2.
R=resonantresponsefactorfromEq.2.4.10
RB,Rh,RL=valuesfromEq.2.4.13
Ri=reductionfactorfromEq.2.4.16
Rn=valuefromEq.2.4.11
s=verticaldimensionofthesolidfreestandingwallorsolidsignfromFig.2.4.20,inm.
r=risetospanratioforarchedroofs.
V= basicwindspeedobtainedfromFig.2.4.1orTable2.4.1,inm/s.Thebasicwindspeedcorrespondstoa3s
gustspeedat10mabovegroundinExposureCategoryBhavinganannualprobabilityofoccurrenceof
0.02.
Vi=unpartitionedinternalvolumem3
V Z =meanhourlywindspeedatheight ,m/s.
W=widthofbuildinginFigs.2.4.12and2.4.14AandBandwidthofspaninFigs.2.4.13and2.4.15,inm.
X=distancetocenterofpressurefromwindwardedgeinFig.2.4.18,inm.
x=distanceupwindordownwindofcrestinFig.2.4.4,inm.
z=heightabovegroundlevel,inm.
z=equivalentheightofstructure,inm.
zg=nominalheightoftheatmosphericboundarylayerusedinthisstandard.ValuesappearinTable2.4.3
zmin=exposureconstantfromTable2.4.3
=3sgustspeedpowerlawexponentfromTable2.4.3
=reciprocaloffromTable2.4.3
=meanhourlywindspeedpowerlawexponentinEq.2.4.14fromTable2.4.3
=dampingratio,percentcriticalforbuildingsorotherstructures
=ratioofsolidareatogrossareaforsolidfreestandingwall,solidsign,opensign,faceofatrussedtower,or
latticestructure
=adjustmentfactorforbuildingheightandexposurefromFigs.2.4.2and2.4.3
=integrallengthscalepowerlawexponentinEq.2.4.7fromTable2.4.3
=valueusedinEq.2.4.13(seeSection2.4.10.2)
=angleofplaneofrooffromhorizontal,indegrees
v=heighttowidthratioforsolidsign
16
Chapter2
2.4.4
METHOD1SIMPLIFIEDPROCEDURE
2.4.4.1
SCOPE
Abuildingwhosedesignwindloadsaredeterminedinaccordancewiththissectionshallmeetalltheconditions
of Sections 2.4.4.2 or 2.4.4.3. If a building qualifies only under 2.4.4.2 for design of its components and
cladding,thenitsMWFRSshallbedesignedbyMethod2orMethod3.
Limitations on Wind Speeds: Variation of basic wind speeds with direction shall not be permitted unless
substantiatedbyanyestablishedanalyticalmethodorwindtunneltesting.
2.4.4.2
MAINWINDFORCERESISTINGSYSTEMS
ForthedesignofMWFRSsthebuildingmustmeetallofthefollowingconditions:
1.ThebuildingisasimplediaphragmbuildingasdefinedinSection2.4.2.
2.ThebuildingisalowrisebuildingasdefinedinSection2.4.2.
3. The building is enclosed as defined in Section 2.4.2 and conforms to the windborne debris provisions of
Section2.4.11.3.
4.ThebuildingisaregularshapedbuildingorstructureasdefinedinSection2.4.2.
5.ThebuildingisnotclassifiedasaflexiblebuildingasdefinedinSection2.4.2.
6. The building does not have response characteristics making it subject to across wind loading, vortex
shedding,instabilityduetogallopingorflutter;anddoesnothaveasitelocationforwhichchannelingeffectsor
buffetinginthewakeofupwindobstructionswarrantspecialconsideration.
7. The building has an approximately symmetrical crosssection in each direction with either a flat roof or a
gableorhiproofwith45.
8.ThebuildingisexemptedfromtorsionalloadcasesasindicatedinNote5ofFig.2.4.10,orthetorsionalload
casesdefinedinNote5donotcontrolthedesignofanyoftheMWFRSsofthebuilding.
2.4.4.3
COMPONENTSANDCLADDING
Forthedesignofcomponentsandcladdingthebuildingmustmeetallthefollowingconditions:
1.Themeanroofheighthmustbelessthanorequalto18.3m(h18.3m).
2. The building is enclosed as defined in Section 2.4.2 and conforms to the windborne debris provisions of
Section2.4.11.3.
3.ThebuildingisaregularshapedbuildingorstructureasdefinedinSection2.4.2.
4. The building does not have response characteristics making it subject to across wind loading, vortex
shedding,instabilityduetogallopingorflutter;anddoesnothaveasitelocationforwhichchannelingeffectsor
buffetinginthewakeofupwindobstructionswarrantspecialconsideration.
5.Thebuildinghaseitheraflatroof,agableroofwith45o,orahiproofwith27o.
2.4.4.4
DESIGNPROCEDURE
1.ThebasicwindspeedVshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithSection2.4.6.Thewindshallbeassumedto
comefromanyhorizontaldirection.
2.AnimportancefactorIshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithSection2.4.7.
3.AnexposurecategoryshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithSection2.4.8.3.
17
Part6
4.Aheightandexposureadjustmentcoefficient,,shallbedeterminedfromFig.2.4.2.
2.4.4.4.1
MainWindForceResistingSystem.
Simplifieddesignwindpressures,ps,fortheMWFRSsoflowrisesimplediaphragmbuildingsrepresentthenet
pressures (sum of internal and external) to be applied to the horizontal and vertical projections of building
surfaces as shown in Fig. 2.4.2. For the horizontal pressures (zones A, B, C, D), ps is the combination of the
windwardandleewardnetpressures.psshallbedeterminedbythefollowingequation:
ps=KztIpS30
(2.4.1)
where
=adjustmentfactorforbuildingheightandexposurefromFig.2.4.2
Kzt=topographicfactorasdefinedinSection2.4.9evaluatedatmeanroofheight,h
I=importancefactorasdefinedinSection2.4.7
pS30=simplifieddesignwindpressureforExposureA,ath=9.1m,andforI=1.0,fromFig.2.4.2
MinimumPressures:Theloadeffectsofthedesignwindpressuresfromthissectionshallnotbelessthanthe
minimumloadcasefromSection2.4.4.1assumingthepressures,ps,forzonesA,B,C,andDallequalto+0.5
kN/m2,whileassumingzonesE,F,G,andHallequaltozerokN/m2.
2.4.4.4.2
ComponentsandCladding
Net design wind pressures, Pnet, for the components and cladding of buildings designed using Method 1
represent the net pressures (sum of internal and external) to be applied normal to each building surface as
showninFig.2.4.3.
pnetshallbedeterminedbythefollowingequation:
pnet=KztIPnet30
(2.4.2)
where
=adjustmentfactorforbuildingheightandexposurefromFig.2.4.3
Kzt=topographicfactorasdefinedinSection2.4.9evaluatedatmeanroofheight,h
I=importancefactorasdefinedinSection2.4.7
pnet30=netdesignwindpressureforExposureA,ath=9.1m,andforI=1.0,fromFig.2.4.3
Minimum Pressures : The positive design wind pressures, pnet, from this section shall not be less than +0.5
kN/m2,andthenegativedesignwindpressures,pnet,fromthissectionshallnotbelessthan0.5kN/m2.
2.4.4.4.3
AirPermeableCladding
DesignwindloadsdeterminedfromFig.2.4.3shallbeusedforallairpermeablecladdingunlessapprovedtest
data or the recognized literature demonstrate lower loads for the type of air permeable cladding being
considered.
2.4.5
METHOD2ANALYTICALPROCEDURE
2.4.5.1
SCOPESANDLIMITATIONS
A building or other structure whose design wind loads are determined in accordance with this section shall
meetallofthefollowingconditions:
1.ThebuildingorotherstructureisaregularshapedbuildingorstructureasdefinedinSection2.4.2.
18
Chapter2
2. The building or other structure does not have response characteristics making it subject to across wind
loading, vortex shedding, instability due to galloping or flutter; or does not have a site location for which
channelingeffectsorbuffetinginthewakeofupwindobstructionswarrantspecialconsideration.
Theprovisionsofthissectiontakeintoconsiderationtheloadmagnificationeffectcausedbygustsinresonance
withalongwindvibrationsofflexiblebuildingsorotherstructures.Buildingsorotherstructures notmeeting
therequirementsofSection2.4.4,orhavingunusualshapesorresponsecharacteristicsshallbedesignedusing
recognizedliteraturedocumentingsuchwindloadeffectsorshallusethewindtunnelprocedurespecifiedin
Section0.
2.4.5.2
SHIELDING.
There shall be no reductions in velocity pressure due to apparent shielding afforded by buildings and other
structuresorterrainfeatures.
2.4.5.3
AIRPERMEABLECLADDING
DesignwindloadsdeterminedfromSection2.4.5shallbeusedforairpermeablecladdingunlessapprovedtest
dataorrecognizedliteraturedemonstratelowerloadsforthetypeofairpermeablecladdingbeingconsidered.
2.4.5.4
DESIGNPROCEDURE
1. The basic wind speed V and wind directionality factor Kd shall be determined in accordance with Section
2.4.6.
2.AnimportancefactorIshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithSection2.4.7.
3. An exposure category or exposure categories and velocity pressure exposure coefficient Kz or Kh, as
applicable,shallbedeterminedforeachwinddirectioninaccordancewithSection2.4.8.
4.AtopographicfactorKztshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithSection2.4.9.
5.AgusteffectfactorGorGf,asapplicable,shallbedeterminedinaccordancewithSection2.4.10.
6.AnenclosureclassificationshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithSection2.4.11.
7.InternalpressurecoefficientGCpishallbedeterminedinaccordancewithSection2.4.12.1.
8. External pressure coefficients Cp or GCpf, or force coefficients Cf, as applicable, shall be determined in
accordancewithSection2.4.12.2or2.4.12.3,respectively.
9.Velocitypressureqzorqh,asapplicable,shallbedeterminedinaccordancewithSection2.4.11.5.
10.DesignwindloadporFshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithSections2.4.13.
2.4.6
BASICWINDSPEED
Thebasicwindspeed,V,usedinthedeterminationofdesignwindloadsonbuildingsandotherstructuresshall
be as given in Fig.2.4.1 except as provided in Section 2.4.6.1. The wind shall be assumed to come from any
horizontaldirection.
2.4.6.1
SPECIALWINDREGIONS
Thebasicwindspeedshallbeincreasedwhererecordsorexperienceindicatethatthewindspeedsarehigher
than those reflected in Fig. 2.4.1. Mountainous terrain, gorges, and special regions shall be examined for
unusualwindconditions.Theauthorityhavingjurisdictionshall,ifnecessary,adjustthevaluesgiveninFig.2.4.1
to account for higher local wind speeds. Such adjustment shall be based on adequate meteorological
informationandothernecessarydata.
19
Part6
2.4.6.2
LIMITATION
Tornadoeshavenotbeenconsideredindevelopingthebasicwindspeeddistributions.
2.4.6.3
WINDDIRECTIONALITYFACTOR
Thewinddirectionalityfactor,Kd,shallbedeterminedfromTable2.4.5.Thisfactorshallonlybeappliedwhen
usedinconjunctionwithloadcombinationsspecifiedinChapter2ofPart6ofthiscode.
2.4.7
IMPORTANCEFACTOR
An importance factor, I, for the building or other structure shall be determined from Table 2.4.2 based on
buildingandstructurecategorieslistedinSection1.2.4.
2.4.8
EXPOSURE
Foreachwinddirectionconsidered,theupwindexposurecategoryshallbebasedongroundsurfaceroughness
thatisdeterminedfromnaturaltopography,vegetation,andconstructedfacilities.
2.4.8.1
WINDDIRECTIONSANDSECTORS
Foreachselectedwinddirectionatwhichthewindloadsaretobeevaluated,theexposureofthebuildingor
o
structure shall be determined for the two upwind sectors extending 45 either side of the selected wind
direction.
TheexposuresinthesetwosectorsshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithSections2.4.8.2and2.4.8.3andthe
exposureresultinginthehighestwindloadsshallbeusedtorepresentthewindsfromthatdirection.
2.4.8.2
SURFACEROUGHNESSCATEGORIES
A ground surface roughness within each 45o sector shall be determined for a distance upwind of the site as
defined in Section 2.4.8.3 from the categories defined in the following text, for the purpose of assigning an
exposurecategoryasdefinedinSection2.4.8.3.
SurfaceRoughnessA:Urbanandsuburbanareas,woodedareas,orotherterrainwithnumerouscloselyspaced
obstructionshavingthesizeofsinglefamilydwellingsorlarger.
SurfaceRoughnessB:Openterrainwithscatteredobstructionshavingheightsgenerallylessthan9.1m.This
categoryincludesflatopencountry,grasslands,andallwatersurfacesinhurricaneproneregions.
Surface Roughness C: Flat, unobstructed areas and water surfaces outside hurricane prone regions. This
categoryincludessmoothmudflatsandsaltflats.
2.4.8.3
EXPOSURECATEGORIES
Exposure A: Exposure A shall apply where the ground surface roughness condition, as defined by Surface
Roughness A, prevails in the upwind direction for a distance of at least 792 m or 20times the height of the
building,whicheverisgreater.
EXCEPTION:Forbuildingswhosemeanroofheightislessthanorequalto9.1m,theupwinddistancemaybe
reducedto457m.
ExposureB:ExposureBshallapplyforallcaseswhereExposuresAorCdonotapply.
ExposureC:ExposureCshallapplywherethegroundsurfaceroughness,asdefinedbySurfaceRoughnessC,
prevailsintheupwinddirectionforadistancegreaterthan1,524mor20timesthebuildingheight,whichever
isgreater.ExposureCshallextendintodownwindareasofSurfaceRoughnessAorBforadistanceof200mor
20timestheheightofthebuilding,whicheverisgreater.
20
Chapter2
Forasitelocatedinthetransitionzonebetweenexposurecategories,thecategoryresultinginthelargestwind
forcesshallbeused.
EXCEPTION: An intermediate exposure between the preceding categories is permitted in a transition zone
providedthatitisdeterminedbyarationalanalysismethoddefinedintherecognizedliterature.
2.4.8.4
EXPOSURECATEGORYFORMAINWINDFORCERESISTINGSYSTEM.
BuildingsandOtherStructures:Foreachwinddirectionconsidered,windloadsforthedesignoftheMWFRS
determinedfromFig.2.4.6shallbebasedontheexposurecategoriesdefinedinSection2.4.8.3.
LowRiseBuildings:WindloadsforthedesignoftheMWFRSsforlowrisebuildingsshallbedeterminedusinga
velocitypressureqhbasedontheexposureresultinginthehighestwindloadsforanywinddirectionatthesite
whereexternalpressurecoefficientsGCpfgiveninFig.2.4.10areused.
2.4.8.5
EXPOSURECATEGORYFORCOMPONENTSANDCLADDING
Componentsandcladdingdesignpressuresforallbuildingsandotherstructuresshallbebasedontheexposure
resultinginthehighestwindloadsforanydirectionatthesite.
2.4.8.6
VELOCITYPRESSUREEXPOSURECOEFFICIENT
BasedontheexposurecategorydeterminedinSection2.4.8.3,avelocitypressureexposurecoefficientKzorKh,
asapplicable,shallbedeterminedfromTable2.4.4.Forasitelocatedinatransitionzonebetweenexposure
categories, that is, near to a change in ground surface roughness, intermediate values of Kz or Kh, between
those shown in Table 2.4.4, are permitted, provided that they are determined by a rational analysis method
definedintherecognizedliterature.
2.4.9
TOPOGRAPHICEFFECTS
2.4.9.1
WINDSPEEDUPOVERHILLS,RIDGES,ANDESCARPMENTS
Wind speedup effects at isolated hills, ridges, and escarpments constituting abrupt changes in the general
topography, located in any exposure category, shall be included in the design when buildings and other site
conditionsandlocationsofstructuresmeetallofthefollowingconditions:
i.
Thehill,ridge,orescarpmentisisolatedandunobstructedupwindbyothersimilartopographic
featuresofcomparableheightfor100timestheheightofthetopographicfeature(100H)or
3.22km,whicheverisless.Thisdistanceshallbemeasuredhorizontallyfromthepointat
whichtheheightHofthehill,ridge,orescarpmentisdetermined.
ii.
Thehill,ridge,orescarpmentprotrudesabovetheheightofupwindterrainfeatureswithina
3.22kmradiusinanyquadrantbyafactoroftwoormore.
iii. ThestructureislocatedasshowninFig.2.4.4intheupperonehalfofahillorridgeornearthe
crestofanescarpment.
iv. H/Lh0.2.
v.
2.4.9.2
Hisgreaterthanorequalto4.5mforExposuresBandCand18.3mforExposureA.
TOPOGRAPHICFACTOR
Thewindspeedupeffectshallbeincludedinthecalculationofdesignwindloadsbyusingthe
factorKzt:
Kzt
1 K1K2K3 2
2.4.3
whereK1,K2,andK3aregiveninFig.2.4.4.
21
Part6
IfsiteconditionsandlocationsofstructuresdonotmeetalltheconditionsspecifiedinSection2.4.9.1thenKzt=
1.0.
2.4.10
GUSTEFFECTFACTOR
2.4.10.1 RIGIDSTRUCTURES
ForrigidstructuresasdefinedinSection2.4.2,thegusteffectfactorshallbetakenas0.85orcalculatedbythe
formula:
0.925
1 1.7
1 1.7
(2.4.4)
(2.4.5)
10
where
theintensityofturbulenceatheight where theequivalentheightofthestructuredefined
as 0.6h, but not less than zmin for all building heights h. zmin and c are listed for each exposure in Table
2.4.3;gQandgvshallbetakenas3.4.ThebackgroundresponseQisgivenby
2.4.6
1
1
0.63
whereB,haredefinedinSection2.4.3;and =theintegrallengthscaleofturbulenceattheequivalentheight
givenby
(2.4.7)
10
inwhichland areconstantslistedinTable2.4.3.
2.4.10.2 FLEXIBLEORDYNAMICALLYSENSITIVESTRUCTURES
ForflexibleordynamicallysensitivestructuresasdefinedinSection2.4.2 naturalperiodgreaterthan1.0
second ,thegusteffectfactorshallbecalculatedby
1
0.925
2.4.8
1.7
1
1.7
gQandgvshallbetakenas3.4andgRisgivenby
0.577
2 ln 3600
2.4.9
2 ln 3600
R,theresonantresponsefactor,isgivenby
1
0.53
7.47
10.3
0.47
(2.4.10)
(2.4.11)
22
Chapter2
(2.4.12)
1
2
1for
for
(2.4.13a)
2.4.13b
wherethesubscriptinEq.2.4.13shallbetakenash,B,andL,respectively,whereh,B,andLaredefinedin
Section2.4.3.
n1=buildingnaturalfrequency
R=Rhsetting=4.6
R=RBsetting=4.6
R=RLsetting=15.4
=dampingratio,percentofcritical
=meanhourlywindspeedatheight determinedfromEq.2.4.14.
10
(2.4.14)
where and areconstantslistedinTable2.4.3andV isthebasicwindspeedinkm/h.
2.4.10.3 RATIONALANALYSIS
InlieuoftheproceduredefinedinSections2.4.10.1and2.4.10.2,determinationofthegusteffectfactorbyany
rationalanalysisdefinedintherecognizedliteratureispermitted.
2.4.10.4 LIMITATIONS
Where combined gusteffect factors and pressure coefficients (GCp, GCpi, and GCpf ) are given in figures and
tables,thegusteffectfactorshallnotbedeterminedseparately.
2.4.11
ENCLOSURECLASSIFICATIONS.
2.4.11.1 GENERAL
For the purpose of determining internal pressure coefficients, all buildings shall be classified as enclosed,
partiallyenclosed,oropenasdefinedinSection2.4.2.
2.4.11.2 OPENINGS
Adeterminationshallbemadeoftheamountofopeningsinthebuildingenvelopetodeterminetheenclosure
classificationasdefinedinSection2.4.11.3.
2.4.11.3 WINDBORNEDEBRIS
Glazinginbuildingslocatedinwindbornedebrisregionsshallbeprotectedwithanimpactresistantcoveringor
beimpactresistantglazingaccordingtotherequirementsspecifiedinASTME1886andASTME1996orother
approvedtestmethodsandperformancecriteria.ThelevelsofimpactresistanceshallbeafunctionofMissile
LevelsandWindZonesspecifiedinASTME1886andASTME1996.
EXCEPTIONS:
23
Part6
i.
GlazinginCategoryII,III,orIVbuildingslocatedover18.3mabovethegroundandover9.2m
aboveaggregatesurfaceroofslocatedwithin458mofthebuildingshallbepermittedtobe
unprotected.
ii.
GlazinginCategoryIbuildingsshallbepermittedtobeunprotected.
2.4.11.4 MULTIPLECLASSIFICATIONS
If a building by definition complies with both the open and partially enclosed definitions, it shall be
classifiedasanopenbuilding.Abuildingthatdoesnotcomplywitheithertheopenorpartiallyenclosed
definitionsshallbeclassifiedasanenclosedbuilding.
2.4.11.5 VELOCITYPRESSURE
Velocitypressure,qz,evaluatedatheightzshallbecalculatedbythefollowingequation:
;(kN/m2),Vinm/s
0.000613
(2.4.15)
where Kd is the wind directionality factor, Kz is the velocity pressure exposure coefficient defined in Section
2.4.8.6,KztisthetopographicfactordefinedinSection2.4.9.2,andqh isthevelocitypressurecalculatedusing
Eq. 2.4.15 at mean roof height h. The numerical coefficient 0.000613 shall be used except where sufficient
climaticdataareavailabletojustifytheselectionofadifferentvalueofthisfactorforadesignapplication.
2.4.12
PRESSUREANDFORCECOEFFICIENTS.
2.4.12.1 INTERNALPRESSURECOEFFICIENTS
InternalPressureCoefficient.Internalpressurecoefficients,GCpi,shallbedeterminedfromFig.2.4.5basedon
buildingenclosureclassificationsdeterminedfromSection2.4.11.
Reduction Factor for Large Volume Buildings, Ri: For a partially enclosed building containing a single,
unpartitioned large volume, the internal pressure coefficient, GCpi, shall be multiplied by the following
reductionfactor,Ri:
1.0or
0.5 1
1
1.0
(2.4.16)
6951
where
Aog=totalareaofopeningsinthebuildingenvelope(wallsandroof,inm2)
Vi=unpartitionedinternalvolume,inm3
2.4.12.2 EXTERNALPRESSURECOEFFICIENTS.
Main WindForce Resisting Systems: External pressure coefficients for MWFRSs Cp are given in Figs. 2.4.6,
2.4.7,and2.4.8.Combinedgusteffectfactorandexternalpressurecoefficients,GCpf,aregiveninFig.2.4.10for
lowrisebuildings.ThepressurecoefficientvaluesandgusteffectfactorinFig.2.4.10shallnotbeseparated.
24
Chapter2
ComponentsandCladding:Combinedgusteffectfactorandexternalpressurecoefficientsforcomponentsand
claddingGCparegiveninFigs.2.4.11through2.4.17.Thepressurecoefficientvaluesandgusteffectfactorshall
notbeseparated.
2.4.12.3 FORCECOEFFICIENTS
ForcecoefficientsCfaregiveninFigs.2.4.20through2.4.23.
2.4.12.4 ROOFOVERHANGS
Main WindForce Resisting System: Roof overhangs shall be designed for a positive pressure on the bottom
surfaceofwindwardroofoverhangscorrespondingtoCp=0.8incombinationwiththepressuresdetermined
fromusingFigs.2.4.6and2.4.10.
ComponentsandCladding:Forallbuildings,roofoverhangsshallbedesignedforpressuresdeterminedfrom
pressurecoefficientsgiveninFigs.2.4.11B,C,D.
2.4.12.5 PARAPETS
MainWindForceResistingSystem:ThepressurecoefficientsfortheeffectofparapetsontheMWFRSloads
aregiveninSection2.4.14.2
Components and Cladding: The pressure coefficients for the design of parapet component and cladding
elementsaretakenfromthewallandroofpressurecoefficientsasspecifiedinSection2.4.14.3.
2.4.13
DESIGNWINDLOADSONENCLOSEDANDPARTIALLYENCLOSED
BUILDINGS.
2.4.13.1 GENERAL
SignConvention:Positivepressureactstowardthesurfaceandnegativepressureactsawayfromthesurface.
CriticalLoadCondition:Valuesofexternalandinternalpressuresshallbecombinedalgebraicallytodetermine
themostcriticalload.
TributaryAreasGreaterthan65m2:Componentandcladdingelementswithtributaryareasgreaterthan65m2
shallbepermittedtobedesignedusingtheprovisionsforMWFRSs.
2.4.13.2 MAINWINDFORCERESISTINGSYSTEMS
Rigid Buildings of All Heights: Design wind pressures for the MWFRS of buildings of all heights shall be
determinedbythefollowingequation:
k Nm
(2.4.17)
where
q= qzforwindwardwallsevaluatedatheightzabovetheground
q= qhforleewardwalls,sidewalls,androofs,evaluatedatheighth
qi = qh forwindwardwalls,sidewalls,leewardwalls,androofsofenclosedbuildingsandfornegativeinternal
pressureevaluationinpartiallyenclosedbuildings
qi = qz forpositiveinternalpressureevaluationinpartiallyenclosedbuildingswhereheightzisdefinedasthe
levelofthehighestopeninginthebuildingthatcouldaffectthepositiveinternalpressure.Forbuildingssitedin
windbornedebrisregions,glazingthatisnotimpactresistantorprotectedwithanimpactresistantcovering,
25
Part6
shallbetreatedasanopeninginaccordancewithSection2.4.11.3.Forpositiveinternalpressureevaluation, qi
mayconservativelybeevaluatedatheighth(qi=qh)
G= gusteffectfactorfromSection2.4.10
Cp=externalpressurecoefficientfromFig.2.4.6or2.4.8
(GCpi)=internalpressurecoefficientfromFig.2.4.5
qandqishallbeevaluatedusingexposuredefinedinSection2.4.8.3.Pressureshallbeappliedsimultaneously
onwindwardandleewardwallsandonroofsurfacesasdefinedinFigs.2.4.6and2.4.8.
LowRise Building: Alternatively, design wind pressures for the MWFRS of lowrise buildings shall be
determinedbythefollowingequation:
kNm
(2.4.18)
where
qh=velocitypressureevaluatedatmeanroofheighthusingexposuredefinedinSection2.4.8.3
(GCpf)=externalpressurecoefficientfromFig.2.4.10
(GCpi)=internalpressurecoefficientfromFig.2.4.5
Flexible Buildings: Design wind pressures for the MWFRS of flexible buildings shall be determined from the
followingequation:
k Nm
(2.4.19)
whereq,qi,Cp,and(GCpi)areasdefinedinSection2.4.13.2andGf=gusteffectfactorisdefinedasinSection
2.4.10.
Parapets:ThedesignwindpressurefortheeffectofparapetsonMWFRSsofrigid,lowrise,orflexiblebuildings
withflat,gable,orhiproofsshallbedeterminedbythefollowingequation:
kNm
(2.4.20)
where
pp = combinednet pressure on the parapet due tothe combination ofthe net pressuresfromthe frontand
back parapet surfaces. Plus (and minus) signs signify net pressure acting toward (and away from) the front
(exterior)sideoftheparapet
qp= velocitypressureevaluatedatthetopoftheparapet
GCpn= combinednetpressurecoefficient
= +1.5forwindwardparapet
= 1.0forleewardparapet
2.4.13.3 DESIGNWINDLOADCASES
The MWFRS of buildings of all heights, whose wind loads have been determined under the provisions of
Sections2.4.13.2,shallbedesignedforthewindloadcasesasdefinedinFig.2.4.9.Theeccentricitye forrigid
structuresshallbemeasuredfromthegeometriccenterofthebuildingfaceandshallbeconsideredforeach
principalaxis(eX,eY ).Theeccentricitye forflexiblestructuresshallbedeterminedfromthefollowingequation
andshallbeconsideredforeachprincipalaxis(eX,eY ):
26
Chapter2
1.7
(2.4.21)
1.7
where
eQ= eccentricityeasdeterminedforrigidstructuresinFig.2.4.9
eR= distancebetweentheelasticshearcenterandcenterofmassofeachfloor
,
gQ,Q,gR,R shallbeasdefinedinSection2.4.3
Thesignoftheeccentricitye shallbeplusorminus,whichevercausesthemoresevereloadeffect.
EXCEPTION:Onestorybuildingswithhlessthanorequalto9.1m,buildingstwostoriesorlessframedwith
lightframe construction, and buildings two stories or less designed with flexible diaphragms need only be
designedforLoadCase1andLoadCase3inFig.2.4.9.
2.4.13.4 COMPONENTSANDCLADDING.
LowRise Buildings and Buildings with h 18.3 m: Design wind pressures on component and cladding
elementsoflowrisebuildingsandbuildingswithh 18.3mshallbedeterminedfromthefollowingequation:
k Nm
(2.4.22)
where
qh= velocitypressureevaluatedatmeanroofheighthusingexposuredefinedinSection2.4.8.5
(GCp)= externalpressurecoefficientsgiveninFigs.2.4.11through2.4.16
(GCpi )= internalpressurecoefficientgiveninFig.2.4.5
Buildingswithh>18.3m:Designwindpressuresoncomponentsandcladdingforallbuildingswithh > 18.3m
shallbedeterminedfromthefollowingequation:
kN/m
(2.4.23)
where
q=qzforwindwardwallscalculatedatheightzabovetheground
q=qhforleewardwalls,sidewalls,androofs,evaluatedatheighth
qi =qh forwindwardwalls,sidewalls,leewardwalls,androofsofenclosedbuildingsandfornegativeinternal
pressureevaluationinpartiallyenclosedbuildings
qi =qz forpositiveinternalpressureevaluationinpartiallyenclosedbuildingswhereheightzisdefinedasthe
levelofthehighestopeninginthebuildingthatcouldaffectthepositiveinternalpressure.Forbuildingssitedin
windbornedebrisregions,glazingthatisnotimpactresistantorprotectedwithanimpactresistantcovering,
shallbetreatedasanopeninginaccordancewith Section2.4.11.3.Forpositiveinternalpressureevaluation,qi
mayconservativelybeevaluatedatheighth(qi=qh)
(GCp)=externalpressurecoefficientfromFig.2.4.17.
(GCpi )=internalpressurecoefficientgiveninFig.2.4.5.qandqi shallbeevaluatedusingexposuredefinedin
Section2.4.8.3.
27
Part6
2.4.13.5 ALTERNATIVEDESIGNWINDPRESSURESFORCOMPONENTSAND
CLADDINGINBUILDINGSWITH18.3M< h < 27.4M
AlternativetotherequirementsofSection2.4.13.2,thedesignofcomponentsandcladdingforbuildingswitha
meanroofheightgreaterthan18.3mandlessthan27.4mvaluesfromFigs.2.4.11through2.4.17shallbeused
onlyiftheheighttowidthratioisoneorless(exceptaspermittedbyNote6ofFig.2.4.17)andEq.2.4.22is
used.
Parapets:Thedesignwindpressureonthecomponentsandcladdingelementsofparapetsshallbedesignedby
thefollowingequation:
(2.4.24)
where
qp=velocitypressureevaluatedatthetopoftheparapet
GCp=externalpressurecoefficientfromFigs.2.4.11through2.4.17
GCpi=internalpressurecoefficientfromFig.2.4.5,basedontheporosityoftheparapetenvelope.
Twoloadcasesshallbeconsidered.LoadCaseAshallconsistofapplyingtheapplicablepositivewallpressure
fromFig.2.4.11Aor2.4.17tothefrontsurfaceoftheparapetwhileapplyingtheapplicablenegativeedgeor
corner zone roof pressure from Figs.2.4.11 through 2.4.17 to the back surface. Load Case B shall consist of
applying theapplicable positivewall pressure from Fig.2.4.11A or2.4.17 tothe back ofthe parapet surface,
andapplyingtheapplicablenegativewallpressurefromFig.2.4.11Aor2.4.17tothefrontsurface.Edgeand
cornerzonesshallbearrangedasshowninFigs.2.4.11through2.4.17.GCp shallbedeterminedforappropriate
roof angle and effective wind area from Figs.2.4.11 through 2.4.17. If internal pressure is present, both load
casesshouldbeevaluatedunderpositiveandnegativeinternalpressure.
2.4.14
DESIGNWINDLOADSONOPENBUILDINGSWITHMONOSLOPE,
PITCHED,ORTROUGHEDROOFS.
2.4.14.1 GENERAL
Sign Convention: Plus and minus signs signify pressure acting toward and away from the top surface of the
roof,respectively.
CriticalLoadCondition:Net pressurecoefficientsCN includecontributionsfromtopandbottomsurfaces.All
loadcasesshownforeachroofangleshallbeinvestigated.
2.4.14.2 MAINWINDFORCERESISTINGSYSTEMS
ThenetdesignpressurefortheMWFRSsofmonoslope,pitched,ortroughedroofsshallbedeterminedbythe
followingequation:
(2.4.25)
where
qh = velocity pressure evaluated at mean roof height h using the exposure as defined in Section 2.4.8.3 that
resultsinthehighestwindloadsforanywinddirectionatthesite
CN= netpressurecoefficientdeterminedfromFigs.2.4.18Athrough2.4.18D.
28
Chapter2
Forfreeroofswithanangle ofplaneofrooffromhorizontal lessthanorequalto 5o andcontainingfascia

panels,thefasciapanelshallbeconsideredaninvertedparapet.Thecontributionofloadsonthefasciatothe
MWFRSloadsshallbedeterminedusingSection2.4.13.5withqp equaltoqh .
2.4.14.3 COMPONENTANDCLADDINGELEMENTS
Thenetdesignwindpressureforcomponentandcladdingelementsofmonoslope,pitched,andtroughedroofs
shallbedeterminedbythefollowingequation:
(2.4.26)
where
qh = velocity pressure evaluated at mean roof height h using the exposure as defined in Section 2.4.8.3 that
resultsinthehighestwindloadsforanywinddirectionatthesite
CN= netpressurecoefficientdeterminedfromFigs.2.4.19Athrough2.4.19C.
2.4.15
DESIGNWINDLOADSONSOLIDFREESTANDINGWALLSANDSOLID
SIGNS
Thedesignwindforceforsolidfreestandingwallsandsolidsignsshallbedeterminedbythefollowingformula:
kN
(2.4.27)
where
qh= thevelocitypressureevaluatedatheighth(definedinFig.2.4.20)usingexposuredefinedinSection2.4.8.3
Cf= netforcecoefficientfromFig.2.4.20
AS= thegrossareaofthesolidfreestandingwallorsolidsign,inm2
2.4.16
DESIGNWINDLOADSONOTHERSTRUCTURES
Thedesignwindforceforotherstructuresshallbedeterminedbythefollowing
equation:
kN
(2.4.28)
where
qz= velocitypressureevaluatedatheightzofthecentroidofareaAfusingexposuredefinedinSection2.4.8.3
Cf= forcecoefficientsfromFigs.2.4.21through2.4.23.
Af= projectedareanormaltothewindexceptwhereCfisspecifiedfortheactualsurfacearea,m
29
Part6
2.4.17
ROOFTOPSTRUCTURESANDEQUIPMENTFORBUILDINGSWITHH
18.3M
TheforceonrooftopstructuresandequipmentwithAflessthan(0.1Bh)locatedonbuildingswithh18.3m
shallbedeterminedfromEq.2.4.28,increasedbyafactorof1.9.Thefactorshallbepermittedtobereduced
linearlyfrom1.9to1.0asthevalueofAfisincreasedfrom(0.1Bh)to(Bh).
2.4.18
METHOD3WINDTUNNELPROCEDURE
2.4.18.1 SCOPE
Windtunneltestsshallbe usedwhererequiredbySection2.4.5.1.Windtunneltestingshall bepermittedin
lieuofMethods1and2foranybuildingorstructure.
2.4.18.2 TESTCONDITIONS
Windtunneltests,orsimilartestsemployingfluidsotherthanair,usedforthedeterminationofdesignwind
loads for any building or other structure, shall be conducted in accordance with this section. Tests for the
determinationofmeanandfluctuatingforcesandpressuresshallmeetallofthefollowingconditions:
i.
Thenaturalatmosphericboundarylayerhasbeenmodeledtoaccountforthevariationof
windspeedwithheight.
ii.
Therelevantmacro(integral)lengthandmicrolengthscalesofthelongitudinalcomponent
ofatmosphericturbulencearemodeledtoapproximatelythesamescaleasthatusedtomodel
thebuildingorstructure.
iii. Themodeledbuildingorotherstructureandsurroundingstructuresandtopographyare
geometricallysimilartotheirfullscalecounterparts,exceptthat,forlowrisebuildings
meetingtherequirementsofSection2.4.5.1,testsshallbepermittedforthemodeledbuilding
inasingleexposuresiteasdefinedinSection2.4.8
iv. Theprojectedareaofthemodeledbuildingorotherstructureandsurroundingsislessthan8
percentofthetestsectioncrosssectionalareaunlesscorrectionismadeforblockage.
v.
Thelongitudinalpressuregradientinthewindtunneltestsectionisaccountedfor.
vi. Reynoldsnumbereffectsonpressuresandforcesareminimized.
vii. Responsecharacteristicsofthewindtunnelinstrumentationareconsistentwiththerequired
measurements.
2.4.19
DYNAMICRESPONSE
Tests for the purpose of determining the dynamic response of a building or other structure shall be in
accordance with Section 2.4.18.2. The structural model and associated analysis shall account for mass
distribution,stiffness,anddamping.
30
Chapterr2
Fig. 22.4.1 Basic wind speed (Vb) map of B

Bangladesh
31
Part6
MainWindForceResistingSystem Method1
Figure2.4.2
DesignWindPressures
h 18.3 m
Walls&Roofs
EnclosedBuildings
Notes:
1.Pressuresshownareappliedtothehorizontalandverticalprojections,forexposureA,ath=9.1m,I=1.0,andKzt=
1.0.AdjusttootherconditionsusingEquation2.4.1.
2.Theloadpatternsshownshallbeappliedtoeachcornerofthebuildinginturnasthereferencecorner.(SeeFigure
2.4.10)
3.ForthedesignofthelongitudinalMWFRSuse=0,andlocatethezoneE/F,G/Hboundaryatthemidlengthofthe
building.
4.Loadcases1and2mustbecheckedfor25<45.Loadcase2at25isprovidedonlyforinterpolationbetween
25to30.
5.Plusandminussignssignifypressuresactingtowardandawayfromtheprojectedsurfaces,respectively.
6.Forroofslopesotherthanthoseshown,linearinterpolationispermitted.
7.Thetotalhorizontalloadshallnotbelessthanthatdeterminedbyassumingps=0inzonesB&D.
8.Thezonepressuresrepresentthefollowing:
HorizontalpressurezonesSumofthewindwardandleewardnet(sumofinternalandexternal)pressureson
verticalprojectionof:
AEndzoneofwall
CInteriorzoneofwall
BEndzoneofroof
DInteriorzoneofroof
VerticalpressurezonesNet(sumofinternalandexternal)pressuresonhorizontalprojectionof:
EEndzoneofwindwardroofGInteriorzoneofwindwardroof
FEndzoneofleewardroof
HInteriorzoneofleewardroof
9. WherezoneEorGfallsonaroofoverhangonthewindwardsideofthebuilding,useEOHandGOHforthepressure
onthehorizontalprojectionoftheoverhang.Overhangsontheleewardandsideedgesshallhavethebasiczone
pressureapplied.
10.Notation:
a:10percentofleasthorizontaldimensionor0.4h,whicheverissmaller,butnotlessthaneither4%ofleast
horizontaldimensionor0.9m.
h:Meanroofheight,infeet(meters),exceptthateaveheightshallbeusedforroofangles<10.
:Angleofplaneofrooffromhorizontal,indegrees.
32
Chapter2
Figure2.4.2(contd)
DesignWindpressures
h 18.3m
Walls&Roofs
EnclosedBuildings
AdjustmentFactor
forBuildingHeightandExposure,
Mean roof height Exposure
(m)
A
4.6
1.00
1.21
1.47
1.00
1.29
1.55
7.6
1.00
1.35
1.61
9.1
1.00
1.40
1.66
10.7
1.05
1.45
1.70
12.2
1.09
1.49
1.74
13.7
1.12
1.53
1.78
15.2
1.16
1.56
1.81
16.8
1.19
1.59
1.84
18.3
1.22
1.62
1.87
33
Part6
ComponentsandCladdingMethod1
Figure2.4.3
DesignWindPressures
h 18.3m
Walls&Roofs
EnclosedBuildings
Notes:
1.Pressuresshownareappliednormaltothesurface,forexposureA,ath=9.1m,I=1.0,andKzt=1.0.Adjustto
otherconditionsusingEquation2.4.2.
2.Plusandminussignssignifypressuresactingtowardandawayfromthesurfaces,respectively.
3.Forhiproofswith25,Zone3shallbetreatedasZone2.
4.Foreffectivewindareasbetweenthosegiven,valuemaybeinterpolated,otherwiseusethevalueassociated
withthelowereffectivewindarea.
5.Notation:
a:10percentofleasthorizontaldimensionor0.4h,whicheverissmaller,butnotlessthaneither4%ofleast
horizontaldimensionor0.9m.
h:Meanroofheight,infeet(meters),exceptthateaveheightshallbeusedforroofangles<10.
34
Chapter2
Figure2.4.3(cont'd)
NetDesignWindPressures
h18.3m
Walls&Roofs
EnclosedBuildings
RoofOverhangNetDesignWindPressure,Pnet30(kN/m2)
(ExposureAath=9.1mwithl=1.0)
Roof>27to45
degrees
Roof>7to27
degrees
Roof0to7degrees
Zone
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
Effective
Wind
Area
(m2)
0.930
1.860
4.648
9.296
0.930
1.860
4.648
9.296
0.930
1.860
4.648
9.296
0.930
1.860
4.648
9.296
0.930
1.860
4.648
9.296
0.930
1.860
4.648
9.296
BasicWindSpeedV(m/s)
40.23 44.7
49.17 53.64
58.11
1.005
0.986
0.962
0.947
1.656
1.297
0.828
0.479
1.302
1.302
1.302
1.302
2.187
1.971
1.689
1.479
1.182
1.148
1.101
1.062
1.182
1.148
1.101
1.062
2.096
2.058
2.010
1.971
3.450
2.708
1.727
0.986
2.713
2.713
2.713
2.713
4.560
4.115
3.526
3.082
2.464
2.393
2.292
2.220
2.464
2.393
2.292
2.220
1.239
1.220
1.191
1.168
2.043
1.603
1.024
0.584
1.603
1.603
1.603
1.603
2.699
2.436
2.086
1.823
1.460
1.416
1.359
1.311
1.460
1.416
1.359
1.311
1.502
1.473
1.440
1.412
2.470
1.938
1.240
0.708
1.943
1.943
1.943
1.943
3.268
2.948
2.526
2.206
1.766
1.713
1.641
1.587
1.766
1.713
1.641
1.589
1.785
1.756
1.713
1.680
2.943
2.311
1.474
0.842
2.311
2.311
2.311
2.311
3.885
3.507
3.005
2.627
2.101
2.038
1.952
1.890
2.101
2.038
1.952
1.890
62.58
2.431
2.388
2.330
2.287
4.005
3.144
2.005
1.144
3.144
3.144
3.144
3.144
5.292
4.775
4.091
3.574
2.861
2.775
2.660
2.574
2.861
2.775
2.660
2.574
AdjustmentFactor
forBuildingHeightandExposure,
Mean roof Exposure
height(m)
A
B
4.6
6.1
7.6
9.15
10.7
12.2
13.7
15.2
16.8
18.3
1.47
1.55
1.61
1.66
1.70
1.74
1.78
1.81
1.84
1.87
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.05
1.09
1.12
1.16
1.19
1.22
1.21
1.29
1.35
1.40
1.45
1.49
1.53
1.56
1.59
1.62
UnitConversion1.0ft=0.3048m;1.0psf=0.0929m2;1.0psf=0.0479KN/m
35
67.05
2.790
2.742
2.675
2.627
4.594
3.609
2.302
1.311
3.613
3.613
3.613
3.613
6.072
5.479
4.694
4.106
3.282
3.182
3.052
2.952
3.283
3.182
3.053
2.952
75.99
3.584
3.522
3.436
3.373
5.905
4.632
2.957
1.684
4.637
4.637
4.637
4.637
7.800
7.039
6.034
5.268
4.216
4.091
3.924
3.795
4.216
4.091
3.923
3.795
Part6
TopographicFactor,KztMethod2
Figure2.4.4
H/Lh
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
Topographic Multipliers for Exposure B

z/Lh
x/Lh 2-DK2 Multiplier
All
2-D
2-D
Ridge
K1 Multiplier
2-D
3-D
Escarp.
Axisym.
Hill
0.29
0.36
0.43
0.51
0.58
0.65
0.72
0.17
0.21
0.26
0.30
0.34
0.38
0.43
0.21
0.26
0.32
0.37
0.42
0.47
0.53
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
Escarp.
Other
Cases
1.00
0.88
0.75
0.63
0.50
0.38
0.25
0.13
0.00
1.00
0.67
0.33
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Ridge
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.50
2.00
1.00
0.74
0.55
0.41
0.30
0.22
0.17
0.12
0.09
0.07
0.05
0.01
0.00
K3 Multiplier
2-D
3-D
Escarp.
Axisym.
Hill
1.00
0.78
0.61
0.47
0.37
0.29
0.22
0.17
0.14
0.11
0.08
0.02
0.00
1.00
0.67
0.45
0.30
0.20
0.14
0.09
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.00
0.00
Notes:
1.ForvaluesofH/Lh,x/Lhandz/Lhotherthanthoseshown,linearinterpolationispermitted.
2.ForH/Lh>0.5,assumeH/Lh=0.5forevaluatingK1andsubstitute2HforLhforevaluatingK2and
K3.
3. Multipliers are based on the assumption that wind approaches the hill or escarpment along the
directionofmaximumslope.
4.Notation:
H:Heightofhillorescarpmentrelativetotheupwindterrain,inmeters.
Lh:Distanceupwindofcresttowherethedifferenceingroundelevationishalftheheightof
hillorescarpment,inmeters.
K1:Factortoaccountforshapeoftopographicfeatureandmaximumspeedupeffect.
K2:Factortoaccountforreductioninspeedupwithdistanceupwindordownwindofcrest.
K3:Factortoaccountforreductioninspeedupwithheightabovelocalterrain.
x:Distance(upwindordownwind)fromthecresttothebuildingsite,inmeters.
z:Heightabovelocalgroundlevel,inmeters.
W:Horizontalattenuationfactor.
:Heightattenuationfactor.
36
Chapter2
TopographicFactor,KztMethod2
Figure2.4.4(contd)
Equation:
1
K1 determined from table below

| |
1
/
ParametersforSpeedUpOverHillsandEscarpments
HillShape
K1/(H/Lh)
Exposure
A
B
1.30
1.45
2dimensionalridges
(or valleys with negative H in
K1/(H/Lh)
2dimensionalescarpments
0.75
C
1.55
Upwind of Downwindof
crest
Crest
1.5
1.5
0.85
0.95
2.5
1.5
3dimensionalaxisym.Hill
1.05
1.15
1.5
1.5
0.95
MainWindForceRes.Sys./CompandClad. Method2
AllHeight
Figure2.4.5
Walls&Roofs
Internal PressureCoefficient,GCpi
Enclosed,PartiallyEnclosed,andOpenBuildings
Notes:
1.
Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the internal surfaces,
respectively.
EnclosureClassification
GCpi
OpenBuilding
PartiallyEnclosedBuilding
0.00
+0.55
0.55
EnclosedBuilding
+0.18
0.18
2.
ValuesofGCpishallbeusedwithqzorqhasspecifiedin2.4.13.
3.
Twocasesshallbeconsideredtodeterminethecriticalloadrequirementsfortheappropriate
condition:
(i)apositivevalueofGCpiappliedtoallinternalsurfaces
(ii)anegativevalueofGCpiappliedtoallinternalsurfaces.
37
Part6
Figure2.4.6
ExternalPressureCoefficients,Cp
AllHeights
Walls&Roofs
Enclosed,PartiallyEnclosedBuildings
38
Chapter2
Figure2.4.6(cont)
AllHeights
Walls&Roofs
WallPressureCoefficients,Cp
Surface
L/B
WindwardWall
Allvalues
LeewardWall
01
2
>4
SideWall
Allvalues
Cp
0.8
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.7
UseWith
qz
qh
qh
RoofPressureCoefficients,Cp,forusewithqh
Wind
Windward
Direction Angle,(degrees)
h/L
10
15
Normal
Toridge
0
for>10
0.7
<0.25 0.18
0.5
>1.0
Normal
Toridge
for
<10o
and
Parallel
Toridge
forall
<0.5
0.9
0.18
0.5
0.0*
0.7
0.18
1.3** 1.0
0.18
0.18
Horizontal
distancefrom
Windwardedge
0toh/2
h/2toh
Hto2h
>2h
0toh/2
Leeward
Angle,(degrees)
10
15 >20
20
25
30
35
45
>60#
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.0*
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.01
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.0*
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.0*
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.01
0.7 0.5 0.3
0.0* 0.2
0.18
Cp
0.2
0.2
0.0*
0.3
0.7
0.01
0.6
0.6
0.9,0.18
0.9,0.18
0.5,0.18
0.3,0.18
1.3**,0.18
*Valueisprovidedforinterpolationpurposes
**Valuecanbereducedlinearlywitharea
overwhichitisapplicableasfollows
Area(m2)
ReductionFactor
< 9.3sqm
1.0
>h/2
0.7,0.18
23,2sqm
0.9
>92.9sqm
0.8
Notes:
1.Plusandminussignssignifypressuresactingtowardandawayfromthesurfaces,respectively.
2.LinearinterpolationispermittedforvaluesofL/B,h/Landotherthanshown.Interpolationshallonlybe
carriedoutbetweenvaluesofthesamesign.Wherenovalueofthesamesignisgiven,assume0.0for
interpolationpurposes.
3.WheretwovaluesofCparelisted,thisindicatesthatthewindwardroofslopeissubjectedtoeither
positiveornegativepressuresandtheroofstructureshallbedesignedforbothconditions.Interpolationfor
intermediateratiosofh/LinthiscaseshallonlybecarriedoutbetweenCpvaluesoflikesign.
4.Formonosloperoofs,entireroofsurfaceiseitherawindwardorleewardsurface.
5.ForflexiblebuildingsuseappropriateGfasdeterminedbySection2.4.10.
6.RefertoFigure2.4.7fordomesandFigure2.4.8forarchedroofs.
7.Notation:
B:Horizontaldimensionofbuilding,inmeter,measurednormaltowinddirection.
L:Horizontaldimensionofbuilding,inmeter,measuredparalleltowinddirection.
h:Meanroofheightinmeters,exceptthateaveheightshallbeusedfore10degrees.
z:Heightaboveground,inmeters.
G:Gusteffectfactor.
qz,qh:Velocitypressure,inN/m2,evaluatedatrespectiveheight.
8.Formansardroofs,thetophorizontalsurfaceandleewardinclinedsurfaceshallbetreatedasleeward
surfacesfromthetable.
9.ExceptforMWFRS'sattheroofconsistingofmomentresistingframes,thetotalhorizontalshearshallnot
belessthanthatdeterminedbyneglectingwindforcesonroofsurfaces.
#Forroofslopesgreaterthan80,useCp=0.8
>1.0
39
Part6
Figure2.4.7
AllHeights
Domed Roofs
Enclosed,PartiallyEnclosedBuildings andStructures
Note:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Twoloadcasesshallbeconsidered:
CaseA.CpvaluesbetweenAandBandbetweenBandCshallbedeterminedbylinear
interpolationalongarcsonthedomeparalleltothewinddirection;
CaseB.CpshallbetheconstantvalueofAfor25degrees,andshallbedeterminedbylinear
interpolationfrom25degreestoBandfromBtoC.
wherehD+fistheheightatthetopofthedome.
ValuesdenoteCptobeusedwith
Plusandminussignssignifypressuresactingtowardandawayfromthesurfaces,respectively.
Cpisconstantonthedomesurfaceforarcsofcirclesperpendiculartothewinddirection;for
example,thearcpassingthroughBBBandallarcsparalleltoBBB.
ForvaluesofhD/Dbetweenthoselistedonthegraphcurves,linearinterpolationshallbe
permitted.
=0degreesondomespringline,=90degreesatdomecentertoppoint.fismeasuredfrom
springlinetotop.
Thetotalhorizontalshearshallnotbelessthanthatdeterminedbyneglectingwindforcesroof
surfaces.
Forf/Dvalueslessthan0.05.useFigure2.4.6.
40
Chapter2
MainWindForceRes.Sys./CompandClad. Method2
AllHeight
Figure2.4.8
ArchedRoofs
Enclosed,PartiallyEnclosedBuildingsandStructures
Condition
Roofonelevatedstructure
Risetospan
ratio,r
0<r<0.2
0.2 r<0.3*
0.3r0.6
Roof springing from ground

0<r0.6
level
Cp
Windward
quarter
Center
half
Leeward
quarter
0.9
0.7r
0.5
l.5r0.3
0.7r
0.5
2.75r0.7
0.7r
0.5
1.4r
0.7r
0.5
*Whentherisetospanratiois0.2r0.3,alternatecoefficientsgivenby6r2.1shallalsobeusedfor
thewindwardquarter.
Notes:
1.
Valueslistedareforthedeterminationofaverageloadonmainwindforceresistingsystems.
2.
3.
Forwinddirectedparalleltotheaxisofthearch,usepressurecoefficientsfromFig.2.4.6with
winddirectedparalleltoridge.
4.
Forcomponentsandcladding:(1)Atroofperimeter,usetheexternalpressurecoefficientsinFig.
2.4.11withebasedonspringlineslopeand(2)forremainingroofareas,useexternalpressure
coefficientsofthistablemultipliedby0.87.
41
Part6
Figure2.4.9
DesignWindLoadCases
AllHeights
Case1.Fulldesignwindpressureactingontheprojectedareaperpendiculartoeachprincipalaxis
ofthestructure,consideredseparatelyalongeachprincipalaxis.
Case2.Threequartersofthedesignwindpressureactingontheprojectedareaperpendicularto
eachprincipalaxisofthestructureinconjunctionwithatorsionalmomentasshown,
consideredseparatelyforeachprincipalaxis.
Case3.WindloadingasdefinedinCase1,butconsideredtoactsimultaneouslyat75%ofthe
specifiedvalue.
Case4.WindloadingasdefinedinCase2,butconsideredtoactsimultaneouslyat75%ofthe
specifiedvalue.
Notes:
1.
2.
3.
Designwindpressuresforwindwardandleewardfacesshallbedeterminedinaccordance
withtheprovisionsof2.4.13asapplicableforbuildingofallheights.
Diagramsshowplanviewsofbuilding.
Notation:
Pwx,PwY:Windwardfacedesignpressureactinginthex,yprincipalaxis,respectively.
PLX,PLY:Leewardfacedesignpressureactinginthex,yprincipalaxis,respectively.
e(eX+ey):Eccentricityforthex,yprincipalaxisofthestructure,respectively.
MT:Torsionalmomentperunitheightactingaboutaverticalaxisofthebuilding.
42
Chapter2
Figure2.4.10
ExternalPressureCoefficients,GCpf
h 18.3m
LowriseWalls&
Roofs
43
Part6
Figure2.4.10(contd)
ExternalPressureCoefficients,GCpf
Roof
BuildingSurface
Angle
1
2
3
4
h 18.3m
LowriseWalls&
Roofs
1E
2E
3E
4E
(degrees)
05
0.40 0.69
0.37
0.29
0.45
0.45
0.61
1.07
0.53
0.43
20
0.53 0.69
0.48
0.43
0.45
0.45
0.80
1.07
0.69
0.64
3045
0.56 0.21
0.43
0.37
0.45
0.45
0.69
0.27
0.53
0.48
90
0.56 0.56
0.37
0.37
0.45
0.45
0.69
0.69
0.48
0.48
Notes:
1. Plusandminussignssignifypressuresactingtowardandawayfromthesurfaces,respectively.
2. Forvaluesofotherthanthoseshown,linearinterpolationispermitted.
3. Thebuildingmustbedesignedforallwinddirectionsusingthe8loadingpatternsshown.Theload
patternsareappliedtoeachbuildingcornerinturnastheReferenceCorner.
4. Combinationsofexternalandinternalpressures(seeFigure2.4.5)shallbeevaluatedasrequiredto
obtainthemostsevereloadings.
5. Forthetorsionalloadcasesshownbelow,thepressuresinzonesdesignatedwithaT(1T,2T,3T,
4T)shallbe25%ofthefulldesignwindpressures(zones1,2,3,4).
Exception: One story buildings with h less than or equal to 9.1m, buildings two stories or less
framed with light frame construction, and buildings two stories or less designed with flexible
diaphragmsneednotbedesignedforthetorsionalloadcases.
Torsionalloadingshallapplytoalleightbasicloadpatternsusingthefiguresbelowappliedateach
referencecorner.
6. Except for momentresisting frames, the total horizontal shear shall not be less than that
determinedbyneglectingwindforcesonroofsurfaces.
7. ForthedesignoftheMWFRSprovidinglateralresistanceinadirectionparalleltoaridgelineorfor
flatroofs,use=0andlocatethezone2/3boundaryatthemidlengthofthebuilding.
8. TheroofpressurecoefficientGCpf,whennegativeinZone2or2E,shallbeappliedinZone2/2Efor
adistancefromtheedgeofroofequalto0.5timesthehorizontaldimensionofthebuildingparallel
to the direction of the MWFRS being designed or 2.5 times the eave height, he, at the windward
wall, whichever is less; the remainder of Zone 2/2E extending to the ridge line shall use the
pressurecoefficientGCpfforZone3/3E.
9. Notation:
a:10percentofleasthorizontaldimensionor0.4h,whicheverissmaller,butnotlessthaneither
4%ofleasthorizontaldimensionor0.9m.
h:Meanroofheight,inmeters,exceptthateaveheightshallbeusedfor10.
44
Chapter2
Figure2.4.11.A
ExternalPressureCoefficients,GCp
h18.3m
Walls
Notes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
VerticalscaledenotesGCPtobeusedwithqh
Horizontalscaledenoteseffectivewindarea,insquaremeters.
Plusandminussignssignifypressuresactingtowardandawayfromthesurfaces,
respectively.
Eachcomponentshallbedesignedformaximumpositiveandnegativepressures.
ValuesofGCPforwallsshallbereducedby10%when100.
Notation:
a:10percentofleasthorizontaldimensionor0.4h,whicheverissmaller,butnotlessthan
either4%ofleasthorizontaldimensionor0.9m.
45
Part6
Figure2.4.11.B
h 18.3m
GableRoofs70
Notes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
respectively.
Ifaparapetequaltoorhigherthan0.9misprovidedaroundtheperimeteroftheroofwith
70,thenegativevaluesofGC0inZone3shallbeequaltothoseforZone2andpositive
valuesofGCPinZones2and4shallbesetequaltothoseforwallZones4and5respectively
infigure2.4.11A.
ValuesofGCPforroofoverhangsincludepressurecontributionsfrombothupperandlower
surfaces.
Notation:
h:Eaveheightshallbeusedfor100.
46
Chapter2
Figure2.4.11.C
h 18.3m
Gable/HipRoofs70<270
Notes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Horizontalscaledenoteseffectivewindarea,insquarefeet(squaremeters).
respectively.
ValuesofGCPforroofoverhangsincludepressurecontributionsfrombothupperand
lowersurfaces.
Forhiproofswith70<270,edge/ridgestripsandpressurecoefficientsforridgesof
gabledroofsshallapplyoneachhip.
Forhiproofswith70<250,Zone3shallbetreatedasZone2.
Notation:
47
Part6
Figure2.4.11.D
h 18.3m
0
0
GableRoofs27 <45
Notes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Horizontalscaledenoteseffectivewindarea,insquarefeet(squaremeters).
respectively.
ValuesofGCPforroofoverhangsincludepressurecontributionsfrombothupperandlower
surfaces.
Notation:
h:Meanroofheight,inmeters.
48
Chapter2
Figure2.4.12
h 18.3m
SteppedRoofs
Notes:
On the lower level of flat, stepped roofs shown in Fig. 2.4.12, the zone designations and pressure
coefficientsshowninFig.2.4.11Bshallapply,exceptthatat theroofupperwallintersection(s),Zone3
shallbetreatedasZone2andZone2shallbetreatedasZone1.PositivevaluesofGCp equaltothosefor
wallsinFig.2.4.11AshallapplyonthecrosshatchedareasshowninFig.2.4.12.
Notation:
b:1.5h1inFig.2.4.12,butnotgreaterthan30.5m.
h:Meanroofheight,inmeters.
hi:h1orh2inFig.2.4.12;h=h1+h2;h13.1m;hi/h=0.3to0.7.
W:BuildingwidthinFig.2.4.12.
Wi:W1orW2orW3inFig.2.4.12.W=W1+W2orW1+W2+W3;Wi/W=0.25to0.75.
e:Angleofplaneofrooffromhorizontal,indegrees.
49
Part6
Figure2.4.13
h 18.3m
MultispanGableRoofs
Notes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
respectively.
For100ValuesofGCPfromFig.2.4.11shallbeused.
Notation:
h:Meanroofheight,infeet(meters),exceptthateaveheightshallbeusedfor100.
W:Buildingmodulewidth,inmeters.
50
Chapter2
Figure2.4.14.A
h 18.3m
MonoslopeRoofs
30<100
Notes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
HorizontalscaledenoteseffectivewindareaA,insquaremeters.
respectively.
For30ValuesofGCPfromFig.2.4.11Bshallbeused.
Notation:
h:Eaveheightshallbeusedfor100.
W:Buildingwidth,inmeters.
51
Part6
Figure2.4.14.B
h 18.3m
MonoslopeRoofs
100<300
Notes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
HorizontalscaledenoteseffectivewindareaA,insquarefeet(squaremeters).
Notation:
a:10percentofleasthorizontaldimensionor0.4h,whicheverissmaller,butnotlessthaneither
4%ofleasthorizontaldimensionor0.9m.
h:Meanroofheightinmeters.
52
Chapter2
Figure2.4.15
h 18.3m
SawtoothRoofs
Notes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
HorizontalscaledenoteseffectivewindareaA,insquarefeet(squaremeters).
0
For10 ValuesofGCPfromFig.2.4.11shallbeused.
Notation:
a: 10 percent of least horizontal dimension or 0.4h, whichever is smaller, but not less than
h:Meanroofheightinmetersexceptthateaveheightshallbeusedfor00100.
53
Part6
Figure2.4.16
AllHeights
DomedRoofs
ExternalPressureCoefficientsforDomeswithacircularBase
NegativePressures
PositivePressures
,degrees
GCp
090
0.9
060
+0.9
PositivePressures
6190
+0.5
Notes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ValuesdenoteCptobeusedwithq(hD+f)wherehD+fistheheightatthetopofthedome.
respectively.
Valuesapplyto0hDD0.5,0.2f/D0.5.
=0degreesondomespringline,=90degreesatdomecentertoppoint.fismeasuredfrom
springlinetotop.
54
Chapter2
Figure2.4.17
h >18.3m
Walls &Roofs
Notes:
1. VerticalscaledenotesGCptobeusedwithappropriateqzorqh.
2. HorizontalscaledenoteseffectivewindareaA,insquarefeet(squaremeters).
3. Plusandminussignssignifypressuresactingtowardandawayfromthesurfaces,respectively.
4. UseqzwithpositivevaluesofGCpandqhwithnegativevaluesofGCp
5. Eachcomponentshallbedesignedformaximumpositiveandnegativepressures.
6.
Coefficientsareforroofswithangle10.Forotherroofanglesandgeometry,useGCpvaluesfrom
Fig.2.4.11andattendantqhbasedonexposuredefinedin2.4.8.
7.
Ifaparapetequaltoorhigherthan0.9misprovidedaroundtheperimeteroftheroofwith10,
Zone3shallbetreatedasZone2.
Notation:
a:10percentofleasthorizontaldimension,butnotlessthan0.9m.
h:Meanroofheight,inmeters,exceptthateaveheightshallbeusedfor10o.
z:heightaboveground,in(meters.
8.
55
Part6
MainWindForceResistingSystem
0.25< h/L<1.0
Figure2.4.18A
OpenBuildings
MonoslopeFreeRoofs
q<45,=0,180
NetPressureCoefficient,CN
Roof
Angle
Load
Case
CNW
CNL
CNW
CNL
CNW
CNL
CNW
CNL
A
B
A
1.2
1.1
0.6
0.3
0.1
1
0.5
1.1
1
1.2
0.6
1.5
1.2
1.1
0.9
0.3
0.1
1.5
0.5
1.1
0.2
1.2
0.6
1.2
B
A
B
A
1.4
0.3
1.9
1.5
0
1.3
0
1.6
1.7
1.1
2.1
1.5
0.8
1.5
0.6
1.7
1.6
1.3
1.8
1.7
0.3
1.6
0.6
1.8
0.8
0.4
1.2
0.5
0.3
1.1
0.3
1
B
A
B
A
2.4
1.8
2.5
1.8
0.3
1.8
0.6
1.8
2.3
1.5
2.3
1.5
0.9
1.8
1.1
1.8
2.2
2.1
2.6
2.1
0.7
2.1
1
2.2
1.3
0.6
1.6
0.7
0
1
0.1
0.9
B
A
B
2.4
1.6
2.3
0.6
1.8
0.7
2.2
1.3
1.9
1.1
1.8
1.2
2.7
2.2
2.6
1.1
2.5
1.4
1.9
0.8
2.1
0.3
0.9
0.4
7.5
15
22.5
30
37.5
45
WindDirection,=0
WindDirection,=180
ClearWindFlow
ClearWindFlow
ObstructedWindFlow
ObstructedWindFlow
Notes:
CNWandCNLdenotenetpressures(contributionsfromtopandbottomsurfaces)forwindwardand
leewardhalfofroofsurfaces,respectively.
Clearwindflowdenotesrelativelyunobstructedwindflowwithblockagelessthanorequalto50%.
Obstructedwindflowdenotesobjectsbelowroofinhibitingwindflow(>50%blockage).
Forvaluesofebetween7.5and45,linearinterpolationispermitted.Forvaluesofelessthan7.5,use
Monosloperoofloadcoefficients.
Plusandminussignssignifypressuresactingtowardsandawayfromthetoproofsurface,respectively.
Allloadcasesshownforeachroofangleshallbeinvestigated.
Notation:
L
:horizontaldimensionofroof,measuredinthealongwinddirection,m
h
:meanroofheight,m
:directionofwind,degrees
:angleofplaneofrooffromhorizontal,degrees
56
Chapter2
Figure2.4.18B
NetPressureCoefficients,CN
0.25h/L1.0
PitchedFreeRoofs
45o,=0o,180o
OpenBuildings
Roof
Angle,
7.5o
15o
22.5o
30o
37.5o
45o
Load
Case
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
WindDirection,
ClearWindFlow
CNW
1.1
0.2
1.1
0.1
1.1
0.1
1.3
0.1
1.3
0.2
1.1
0.3
=0o,180o
CNL
0.3
1.2
0.4
1.1
0.1
0.8
0.3
0.9
0.6
0.6
0.9
0.5
ObstructedWindFlow
CNW
CNL
1.6
1
0.9
1.7
1.2
1
0.6
1.6
1.2
1.2
0.8
1.7
0.7
0.7
0.2
1.1
0.6
0.6
0.3
0.9
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.7
Notes:
CNWandCNLdenotenetpressures(contributionsfromtopandbottomsurfaces)forwindwardandleeward
halfofroofsurfaces,respectively.
Clear wind flow denotes relatively unobstructed wind flow with blockage less than or equal to 50%.
Forvaluesof between7.5 and 45,linear interpolationispermitted.Forvaluesof lessthan 7.5,use
monosloperoofloadcoefficients.
Notation:
L
h
:meanroofheight,m
57
Part6
Figure2.4.18C
0.25h/L1.0
TroughedFreeRoofs
45o,=0o,180o
OpenBuildings
Roof
Angle,
Load
Case
7.5o
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
15o
22.5o
30o
37.5o
45o
WindDirection,=0o,180o
ClearWindFlow
CNW
CNL
1.1
0.3
0.2
1.2
1.1
0.4
0.1
1.1
1.1
0.1
0.1
0.8
1.3
0.3
0.1
0.9
1.3
0.6
0.2
0.6
1.1
0.9
0.3
0.5
ObstructedWindFlow
CNW
CNL
1.6
0.5
0.9
0.8
1.2
0.5
0.6
0.8
1.2
0.6
0.8
0.8
1.4
0.4
0.2
0.5
1.4
0.3
0.3
0.4
1.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
Notes:
CNWandCNLdenotenetpressures(contributionsfromtopandbottomsurfaces)forwindwardandleeward
halfofroofsurfaces,respectively.
For values of between 7.5 and 45, linear interpolation is permitted. For values of less than 7.5, use
monosloperoofloadcoefficients.
Notation:
L
h
:meanroofheight,m
58
Chapter2
Figure2.4.18D
0.25h/L1.0
TroughedFreeRoofs
45o,=0o,180o
OpenBuildings
Horizontal
Distancefrom
WindwardEdge
h
>h,2h
>2h
Roof
Angle
LoadCase
ClearWindFlow
AllShapes
45o
AllShapes
45o
AllShapes
45o
A
B
A
B
A
B
CN
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.3
0.3
Obstructed Wind
Flow
CN
1.2
0.5
0.9
0.5
0.6
0.3
Notes:
CNdenotesnetpressures(contributionsfromtopandbottomsurfaces).
Formonosloperoofswiththetalessthan5degrees,CNvaluesshownapplyalsoforcaseswheregamma=0
degreesand0.05lessthanorequaltoh/Llessthanorequalto0.25.SeeFigure2.4.18Aforotherh/Lvalues.
Notation:
L
h
:meanroofheight,m
y
59
Part6
Figure2.4.19A
NetPressureCoefficient,CN
OpenBuildings
0.25< h/L< 1.0

MonoslopeFreeRoofs
<45
Roof
Angle
Effective
WindArea
<a2
>a2,<4.0a2
>4.0a2
<a2
>a2,<4.0a2
>4.0a2
<a2
>a2,<4.0a2
>4.0a2
<a2
>a2,<4.0a2
>4.0a2
<a2
>a2,<4.0a2
>4.0a2
7.5
15
30
45
CN
ClearWindFlow
Zone3
Zone2
Zone1
ObstructedWindFlow
Zone3
Zone2
2.4
3.3
1.8
1.7
1.2
1.1
3.6
0.8
1.8
0.5
1.2
1.8
1.2
3.2
1.7
1.1
4.2
1.8
1.2
2.4
1.7
1.1
2.1
1.2
1.2
1.6
1.1
1.1
1.4
0.8
0.5
1.6
1.8
1.2
5.1
0.8
0.5
0.5
1.8
1.2
2.6
0.5
0.5
0.8
1.2
1.2
1.7
2.4
1.6
3.6
2.1
1.4
3.8
2.4
1.6
2.7
2.1
1.4
2.9
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.4
1.4
1.9
1.2
0.8
2.4
2.6
1.7
4.2
1.2
0.8
1.8
2.6
1.7
3.2
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.7
1.7
2.1
2.7
1.8
5.2
2.9
1.9
5
2.7
1.8
3.9
2.9
1.9
3.8
1.8
1.8
2.6
1.9
1.9
2.5
1.8
1.2
3.2
3.2
2.1
4.6
1.8
1.2
2.4
3.2
2.1
3.5
1.2
1.2
1.6
2.1
2.3
2.3
3.9
2.6
5.2
3.8
2.5
4.6
3.9
2.6
3.9
3.8
2.5
3.5
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.4
1.6
4.2
3.5
2.3
3.8
2.4
1.6
3.2
3.5
2.3
2.9
1.6
1.6
2.1
2.3
2.3
1.9
3.9
2.6
3.5
2.3
3.9
2.6
3.5
2.3
2.6
2.6
2.3
2.3
3.2
2.1
2.9
1.9
3.2
2.1
2.9
1.9
2.1
2.1
1.9
1.9
Zone1
Notes:
1.CNdenotesnetpressures(contributionsfromtopandbottomsurfaces).
2.Clearwindflowdenotesrelativelyunobstructedwindflowwithblockagelessthanorequalto50%.
windflowdenotesobjectsbelowroofinhibitingwindflow(>50%blockage).
3.Forvaluesofeotherthanthoseshown,linearinterpolationispermitted.
4. Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting towards and away from the top roof surface,
respectively.
5. Components and cladding elements shall be designed for positive and negative pressure
coefficientsshown.
6.Notation:
a : 10% of least horizontal dimension or 0.4h, whichever is smaller but not less than 4% of least
horizontaldimensionor0.9m
h:meanroofheight,m
L:horizontaldimensionofbuilding,measuredinalongwinddirection,m
60
Chapter2
Figure2.4.19B
OpenBuildings
Roof Effective CN
Angle WindArea ClearWindFlow
Zone3
Zone2
0o
a2
2.4 3.3 1.8 1.7
7.5o
>a2,4.0a2 1.8
>4.0a2
1.2
a2
2.2
1.7
1.1
3.6
1.8
1.2
1.7
1.7
1.1
1.8
15o
>a2,4.0a2 1.7
>4.0a2
1.1
a2
2.2
1.8
1.2
2.2
1.7
1.1
1.7
1.8
1.2
1.7
30o
>a2,4.0a2 1.7
>4.0a2
1.1
a2
2.6
1.7
1.1
1.8
1.7
1.1
2
1.7
1.1
1.4
45o
>a2,4.0a2 2
>4.0a2
1.3
a2
2.2
1.4
0.9
1.6
2
1.3
1.7
1.4
0.9
1.2
>a2,4.0a2 1.7
>4.0a2
1.1
1.2
0.8
1.7
1.1
1.2
0.8
Zone1
1.2 1.1
1.2 1.1
1.2 1.1
1.1 1.2
1.1 1.2
1.1 1.2
1.1 1.1
1.1 1.1
1.1 1.1
1.3 0.9
1.3
0.9
1.3 0.9
1.1 0.8
1.1 0.8
1.1 0.8
0.25h/L1.0
MonoslopeFreeRoofs
45o
ObstructedWindFlow
Zone3
Zone2
1
3.6 0.8 1.8
08 1.8 0.8 1.8
0.5 1.2 0.5 1.2
1
5.1 0.8 26
0.8 2.6 0.8 26
0.5 1.7 0.5 1.7
1
3.2 0.8 2.4
0.8 2.4 0.8 2.4
0.5 1.6 0.5 1.6
1
2.4 0.8 1.8
0.8 1.8 0.8 1.8
0.5 1.2 0.5 .1.2
1
2.4 0.8 1.8
0.8 1.8 0.8 1.8
0.5 1.2 0.5 1.2
Zone1
0.5 1.2
0.5 1.2
0.5 1.2
0.5 1.7
0.5 1.7
as
1.7
0.5 1.6
0.5 1.6
0.5 1.6
0.5 1.2
0.5 1.2
0.5 1.2
0.5 1.2
0.5 1.2
0.5 1.2
Notes:
2.Clearwindflowdenotesrelativelyunobstructedwindflowwithblockagelessthanorequalto50%.
3.Forvaluesofotherthanthoseshown,linearinterpolationispermitted.
4. Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting towards and away from the top roof surface,
respectively.
5.Componentsandcladdingelementsshallbedesignedforpositiveandnegativepressurecoefficients
shown.
6.Notation:
a:10%ofleasthorizontaldimensionor0.411,whicheverissmallerbutnotlessthan4%ofleast
h:meanroofheight,m
61
Part6
Figure2.4.19C
0.25h/L1.0
TroughedFreeRoofs
45o
OpenBuildings
Roof Effective
CN
Angle WindArea ClearWindFlow
ObstructedWindFlow
Zone3
Zone2
Zone1
Zone3
Zone2
Zone1
0o
a2
2.4 3.3 1.8 1.7 1.2 1.1 1
3.6 0.8 1.8 0.5 1.2
>a2,4.0a2 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.1 1.1 0.8 1.8 0.8 1.8 0.5 1.2
>4.0a2
1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 0.5 1.2 0.5 1.2 0.5 1.2
7.5o a2
2.4 3.3 1.8 1.7 1.2 1.1 1
4.8 0.8 2.4 0.5 1.6
>a2,4.0a2 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.2 1.1 0.8 2.4 0.8 2.4 0.5 1.6
>4.0a2
1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 0.5 1.6 0.5 1.6 0.5 1.6
15o
a2
2.2 2.2 1.7 1.7 1.1 1.1 1
2.4 0.8 1.8 0.5 1.2
>a2,4.0a2 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.1 1.1 0.8 1.8 0.8 1.8 0.5 1.2
>4.0a2
1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.5 1.2 0.5 12 0.5 1.2
30o
a2
1.8 2.6 1.4 2
0.9 1.3 1
2.8 0.8 2.1 0.5 1.4
>a2,4.0a2 1.4 2
1.4 2
0.9 1.3 0.8 2.1 0.8 2.1 0.5 1.4
>4.0a2
0.9 1.3 1.9 1.3 0.9 1.3 0.5 1.4 0.5 1.4 0.5 1.4
45o
a2
1.6 2.2 1.2 1.7 0.8 1.1 1
2.4 0.8 1.8 0.5 1.2
2
2
>a ,4.0a 1.2 1.7 1.2 1.7 0.8 1.1 0.8 1.8 0.8 1.8 0.5 1.2
>4.0a2
0.8 1.1 1.8 1.1 0.8 1.1 0.5 1.2 0.5 1.2 0.5 1.2
Notes:
2. Clear wind flow denotes relatively unobstructed wind flow with blockage less than or equal to 50%.
3.Forvaluesofotherthanthoseshown,linearinterpolationispermitted.
4.Plusandminussignssignifypressuresactingtowardsandawayfromthetoproofsurface,respectively.
5. Components and cladding elements shall be designed for positive and negative pressure coefficients
shown.
6.Notation:
a:10%ofleasthorizontaldimensionor0.411,whicheverissmallerbutnotlessthan4%ofleast
h:meanroofheight,m
62
Chapter2
OtherStructuresMethod2
Figure2.4.20
ForceCoefficient, Cf
Clearance
Ratio, s/h
1
0.9
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.16
Region
(horizontal
distance from
windward edge)
0 to s
s to 2s
2s to 3s
3s to 10s
*Values shall be
multiplied by the
following
reduction
factor when a
return
corner is present:
AllHeight
SolidFreestandingWalls&SolidSigns
Cf , CASE A & CASE B
0.05
1.80
1.85
1.90
1.95
1.95
1.95
1.95
2
2.25
1.50
Lr/s
0.3
1.0
2
0.1
1.70
1.75
1.85
1.85
1.90
1.90
1.90
3
2.60
1.70
1.15
0.2
1.65
1.70
1.75
1.80
1.85
1.85
1.85
4
2.90
1.90
1.30
1.10
5
3.10*
2.00
1.45
1.05
Aspect Ratio, B/s

1
2
4
1.45
1.40
1.35
1.55
1.50
1.45
1.65
1.60
1.60
1.75
1.70
1.70
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.85
Cf, CASE C
Aspect Ratio, B/s
0.5
1.55
1.60
1.70
1.75
1.80
1.80
1.85
6
3.30*
2.15
1.55
1.05
7
3.40*
2.25
1.65
1.05
8
3.55*
2.30
1.70
1.05
Reduction
Factor
0.9
0.75
0.60
9
3.65*
2.35
1.75
1.00
5
1.35
1.45
1.55
1.70
1.80
1.80
1.85
10
3.75*
2.45
1.85
0.95
10
1.30
1.40
1.55
1.70
1.80
1.85
1.85
20
1.30
1.40
1.55
1.70
1.85
1.90
1.90
30
1.30
1.40
1.55
1.70
1.85
1.90
1.90
Region
(horizontal
distance from
windward edge)
0 to s
s to 2s
2s to 3s
3s to 4s
4s to 5s
5s to 10s
>10s
45
1.30
1.40
1.55
1.75
1.85
1.95
1.95
Aspect Ratio, B/s

13
4.00*
2.60
2.00
1.50
1.35
0.90
0.55
45
4.30*
2.55
1.95
1.85
1.85
1.10
0.55
Notes:
1.Theterm"signs"innotesbelowalsoappliesto"freestandingwalls".
2.Signswithopeningscomprisinglessthan30%ofthegrossareaareclassifiedassolidsigns.Forcecoefficientsforsolid
signswithopeningsshallbepermittedtobemultipliedbythereductionfactor(1(1)1.5).
3.Toallowforbothnormalandobliquewinddirections,thefollowingcasesshallbeconsidered:
Fors/h<1:
CASEA:resultantforceactsnormaltothefaceofthesignthroughthegeometriccenter.
CASE B: resultant force acts normal to the face of the sign at a distance from the geometric center toward the
windwardedgeequalto0.2timestheaveragewidthofthesign.
ForB/s2,CASECmustalsobeconsidered:
CASEC:resultantforcesactnormaltothefaceofthesignthroughthegeometriccentersofeachregion.
Fors/h=1:
The same cases as above except that the vertical locations of the resultant forces occur at a distance above the
geometriccenterequalto0.05timestheaverageheightofthesign.
4.ForCASECwheres/h>0.8,forcecoefficientsshallbemultipliedbythereductionfactor(1.8s/h).
5.Linearinterpolationispermittedforvaluesofs/h,B/sandLr/sotherthanshown.
6.Notation:
B:horizontaldimensionofsign,inmeters;
h:heightofthesign,inmeters;
s:verticaldimensionofthesign,inmeters;
:ratioofsolidareatogrossarea;
Lr:horizontaldimensionofreturncorner,inmeters
63
Part6
Figure2.4.21
AllHeight
ForceCoefficient,Cf
Chimneys,Tanks,Rooftop
Equipment,&SimilarStructures
CrossSection
TypeofSurface
h/D
Square(windnormaltoface)
All
1
1.3
7
1.4
25
2.0
Square(windalongdiagomal)
All
1.0
1.1
1.5
Hexagonaloroctagonal
All
1.0
1.2
1.4
Round
in Nm
Moderately
smooth
0.5
0.6
0.7
Rough
(D/D=0.02)
Veryrough
(D/D=0.08)
All
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.8
1.0
0.2
0.7
0.8
1.2
Round
in Nm
5.3, inm,
5.3, inm,
Notes:
Thedesignwindforceshallbecalculatedbasedontheareaofthestructureprojectedonaplanenormal
tothewinddirection.Theforceshallbeassumedtoactparalleltothewinddirection.
Linearinterpolationispermittedforh/Dvaluesotherthanshown.
Notation:
D: diameterofcircularcrosssectionandleasthorizontaldimensionofsquare,hexagonaloroctagonal
crosssectionatelevationunderconsideration,inmeters;
D: depthofprotrudingelementsuchasribsandspoilers,inmeters;
H: heightofstructure,metersand
qz: velocitypressureevaluatedatheightzaboveground,inN/m 2
64
Chapter2
Figure2.4.22
ForceCoefficient,Cf
AllHeight
OpenSigns&Lattice
Frameworks
FlatSided
Members
RoundedMembers
5.3,
5.3,
<0.1
2.0
1.2
0.8
0.1to0.29
1.8
1.3
0.9
0.3to0.7
1.6
1.5
1.1
Notes:
Signswithopeningscomprising30%ormoreofthegrossareaareclassifiedasopensigns.
Thecalculationofthedesignwindforcesshallbebasedontheareaofallexposedmembersandelements
projectedonaplanenormaltothewinddirection.Forcesshallbeassumedtoactparalleltothewind.
TheareaAfconsistentwiththeseforcecoefficientsisthesolidareaprojectednormalthewinddirection.
Notation:
:ratioofsolidareatogrossarea;
D:diameterofatypicalroundnumber,inmeters
qz:velocitypressureevaluatedatheightzabovegroundinN/m2.
Figure2.4.23
OpenStructures
AllHeight
ForceCoefficient,Cf
TrussedTower
TowerCrossSection
Cf
Square
4.025.9+4.0
Triangle
3.424.7+3.4
Notes:
1. Forallwinddirectionsconsidered,theareaAfconsistentwiththespecifiedforcecoefficientsshallbe
the solid area of a tower face projected on the plane of that face for the tower segment under
consideration.
2. Thespecifiedforcecoefficientsarefortowerswithstructuralanglesorsimilarflatsidedmembers.
3. Fortowerscontainingroundedmembers,itisacceptabletomultiplythespecifiedforcecoefficients
bythefollowingfactorwhendeterminingwindforcesonsuchmembers:0.512+0.571.0
4. Windforcesshallbeapplied inthedirectionsresultingin maximummemberforcesandreactions.
Fortowerswithsquarecrosssections,windforcesshallbemultipliedbythefollowingfactorwhen
thewindisdirectedalongatowerdiagonal:
1+0.751.2
5. Wind forces on tower appurtenances such as ladders, conduits, lights, elevators, etc., shall be
calculatedusingappropriateforcecoefficientsfortheseelements.
6. LoadsduetoiceaccretionasdescribedinSection11shallbeaccountedfor.
7. Notation:
:ratioofsolidareatogrossareaofonetowerfaceforthesegmentunderconsideration.
65
Part6
Table2.4.1:BasicWindSpeedsforSelectedLocationsinBangladesh
Location
BasicWind
Speed(m/s)
Location
BasicWind
Speed(m/s)
Angarpota
Bagerhat
Bandarban
Barguna
Barisal
Bhola
Bogra
Brahmanbaria
Chandpur
ChapaiNawabganj
Chittagong
Chuadanga
Comilla
CoxsBazar
Dahagram
Dhaka
Dinajpur
Faridpur
Feni
Gaibandha
Gazipur
Gopalganj
Habiganj
Hatiya
Ishurdi
Joypurhat
Jamalpur
Jessore
Jhalakati
Jhenaidah
Khagrachhari
Khulna
Kutubdia
Kishoreganj
Kurigram
Kushtia
Lakshmipur
47.8
77.5
62.5
80.0
78.7
69.5
61.9
56.7
50.6
41.4
80.0
61.9
61.4
80.0
47.8
65.7
41.4
63.1
64.1
65.6
66.5
74.5
54.2
80.0
69.5
56.7
56.7
64.1
80.0
65.0
56.7
73.3
80.0
64.7
65.6
66.9
51.2
Lalmonirhat
Madaripur
Magura
Manikganj
Meherpur
Maheshkhali
Moulvibazar
Munshiganj
Mymensingh
Naogaon
Narail
Narayanganj
Narsinghdi
Natore
Netrokona
Nilphamari
Noakhali
Pabna
Panchagarh
Patuakhali
Pirojpur
Rajbari
Rajshahi
Rangamati
Rangpur
Satkhira
Shariatpur
Sherpur
Sirajganj
Srimangal
St.MartinsIsland
Sunamganj
Sylhet
Sandwip
Tangail
Teknaf
Thakurgaon
63.7
68.1
65.0
58.2
58.2
80.0
53.0
57.1
67.4
55.2
68.6
61.1
59.7
61.9
65.6
44.7
57.1
63.1
41.4
80.0
80.0
59.1
49.2
56.7
65.3
57.6
61.9
62.5
50.6
50.6
80.0
61.1
61.1
80.0
50.6
80.0
41.4
66
Chapter2
ImportanceFactor,I(WindLoads)
Table2.4.2
Categoryor
ImportanceClass
NonHurricaneProne
Regionsand
HurricaneProneRegions
with
V=3844m/s
HurricaneProneRegions
withV>44m/s
0.87
0.77
II
1.0
1.00
III
1.15
1.15
IV
1.15
1.15
Note:
1. The building and structure classification categories are listed in Table 1.2.1
TerrainExposureConstants
Table2.4.3
Exposure
Zg(m)
7.0
365.76
1/7
0.84
1/4.0
9.5
274.32
1/9.5
1.00
11.5
213.36
1/11.5
1.07
*zmin =
(m)
0.45
0.30
97.54
1/3.0
9.14
1/6.5
0.65
0.20
152.4
1/5.0
4.57
1/9.0
0.80
0.15
198.12
1/8.0
2.13
minimum height used to ensure that the equivalent height z is

greater of 0.6h or zmin.
For buildings with h zmin,
shall be taken as zmin.
67
Zmin(m)*
Part6
VelocityPressureExposureCoefficients,KhandKz
Table2.4.4
Heightabovegroundlevel,z
Exposure(Note1)
A
(m)
Case1
Case2
Case1&2
Case1&2
04.6
6.1
7.6
9.1
12.2
15.2
18
21.3
24.4
27.41
30.5
36.6
42.7
48.8
54.9
61.0
76.2
91.4
106.7
121.9
137.2
152.4
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.76
0.81
0.85
0.89
0.93
0.96
0.99
1.04
1.09
1.13
1.17
1.20
1.28
1.35
1.41
1.47
1.52
1.56
0.57
0.62
0.66
0.70
0.76
0.81
0.85
0.89
0.93
0.96
0.99
1.04
1.09
1.13
1.17
1.20
1.28
1.35
1.41
1.47
1.52
1.56
0.85
0.90
0.94
0.98
1.04
1.09
1.13
1.17
1.21
1.24
1.26
1.31
1.36
1.39
1.43
1.46
1.53
1.59
1.64
1.69
1.73
1.77
1.03
1.08
1.12
1.16
1.22
1.27
1.31
1.34
1.38
1.40
1.43
1.48
1.52
1.55
1.58
1.61
1.68
1.73
1.78
1.82
1.86
1.89
Notes:
1.Case1:a.Allcomponentsandcladding.
b.MainwindforceresistingsysteminlowrisebuildingsdesignedusingFigure2.4.10.
Case 2: a. All main wind force resisting systems in buildings except those in lowrise
buildingsdesignedusingFigure2.4.10.
b.Allmainwindforceresistingsystemsinotherstructures.
2.
ThevelocitypressureexposurecoefficientKzmaybedeterminedfromthefollowingformula:
K =2.01(z/z )2/
For4.57mzz :
g
3.
4.
5.
Kz=2.01(4.57/zg)2/a
Forz<4.57m:
Note:zshallnotbetakenlessthan9.1mforCase1inexposureA.
andzgaretabulatedinTable2.4.3.
Linearinterpolationforintermediatevalues.ofheightzisacceptable.
Exposurecategoriesaredefinedin2.4.8.3.
68
Chapter2
WindDirectionalityFactor,Kd
Table2.4.5
StructureType
Buildings
ArchedRoofs
Chimneys,Tanks,andSimilarStructures
Square
Hexagonal
Round
SolidSigns
OpenSignsandLatticeFramework
TrussedTowers
Triangular,square,rectangular
Allothercrosssections
DirectionalityFactorKd*
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.90
0.95
0.95
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.95
*DirectionalityFactorKdhasbeencalibratedwithcombinationsofloadsspecifiedinSection2.7.This
factorshallonlybeappliedwhenusedinconjunctionwithloadcombinationsspecifiedin2.7.4and
2.7.5.
69
Part6
2.5
EARTHQUAKELOADS
2.5.1
GENERAL
Minimumdesignearthquakeforcesforbuildings,structuresorcomponentsthereofshallbedeterminedin
accordance with the provisions of section 2.5. Some definitions and symbols relevant for earthquake
resistant design for buildings are provided in Sections 2.5.2 and 2.5.3. Section 2.5.4 presents basic
earthquake resistant design concepts. Section 2.5.5 describes procedures for soil investigations, while
Section 2.5.6 describes procedures for determining earthquake ground motion for design. Section 2.5.7
describesdifferenttypesofbuildingsandstructuralsystemswhichpossessdifferentearthquakeresistant
characteristics. Static analysis procedures for design are described in Sections 2.5.8, 2.5.9 and 2.5.14.
Dynamic analysis procedures are dealt with in Sections 2.5.10 to 2.5.13. Section 2.5.15 presents
combinationofearthquakeloadingeffectsindifferentdirectionsandwithotherloadingeffects.Section
2.5.16dealswithallowabledriftanddeformationlimits.Section2.5.17addressesdesignofnonstructural
componentsinbuildings.Section2.5.18presentsdesignconsiderationsforbuildingswithseismicisolation
systems.DesignforsoftstoreyconditioninbuildingsisaddressedinSection2.5.19.
2.5.2
DEFINITIONS
ThefollowingdefinitionsoftermsshallbeapplicableonlytotheprovisionsofSection2.5:
BASE:Thelevelatwhichtheearthquakemotionsareconsideredtobeimpartedtothestructuresorthe
levelatwhichthestructureasadynamicvibratorissupported.
BASESHEAR:Totaldesignlateralforceorshearduetoearthquakeatthebaseofastructure.
BEARINGWALLSYSTEM:Astructuralsystemwithoutacompleteverticalloadcarryingspaceframe.
BRACEDFRAME:Anessentiallyverticaltrusssystemoftheconcentricoreccentrictypeprovidedtoresist
lateralforces.
BUILDINGFRAMESYSTEM:Anessentiallycompletespaceframewhichprovidessupportforgravityloads.
CAPACITYCURVE:Aplotofthetotalappliedlateralforce,Vj,versusthelateraldisplacementofthecontrol
point,j,asdeterminedinanonlinearstaticanalysis.
CONTROL POINT: A point used to index the lateral displacement of the structure in a nonlinear static
analysis.
CRITICALDAMPING:Amountofdampingbeyondwhichthefreevibrationwillnotbeoscillatory.
DAMPING: The effect of inherent energy dissipation mechanisms in a structure (due to sliding, friction,
etc.)thatresultsinreductionofeffectofvibration,expressedasapercentageofthecriticaldampingfor
thestructure.
DESIGNACCELERATIONRESPONSESPECTRUM:Smoothenedidealizedplotofmaximumaccelerationofa
singledegreeoffreedomstructureasafunctionofstructureperiodfordesignearthquakegroundmotion.
DESIGNEARTHQUAKE:Theearthquakegroundmotionconsidered(fornormaldesign)astwothirdsofthe
correspondingMaximumConsideredEarthquake(MCE).
70
Chapter2
DIAPHRAGM:Ahorizontalornearlyhorizontalsystemofstructuresactingtotransmitlateralforcestothe
vertical resisting elements. The term "diaphragm" includes reinforced concrete floor slabs as well as
horizontalbracingsystems.
DUALSYSTEM:AcombinationofaSpecialorIntermediateMomentResistingFrameandShearWallsor
BracedFramesdesignedinaccordancewiththecriteriaofSec1.3.2.
DUCTILITY: Capacity of a structure, or its members to undergo large inelastic deformations without
significantlossofstrengthorstiffness.
ECCENTRICBRACEDFRAME(EBF):AsteelbracedframedesignedinconformancewithSec10.20.15.
EPICENTRE:Thepointonthesurfaceofearthverticallyabovethefocus(pointoforigin)oftheearthquake.
ESSENTIAL FACILITIES : Buildings and structures which are necessary to remain functional during an
emergencyorapostdisasterperiod.
FLEXIBLE DIAPHRAGM : A floor or roof diaphragm shall be considered flexible, for purposes of this
provision,whenthemaximumlateraldeformationofthediaphragmismorethantwotimestheaverage
storey drift of the associated storey. This may be determined by comparing the computed midpoint in
plane deflection of the diaphragm under lateral load with the storey drift of adjoining vertical resisting
elementsunderequivalenttributarylateralload.
FLEXIBLE ELEMENT OR SYSTEM : An element or system whose deformation under lateral load is
significantlylargerthanadjoiningpartsofthesystem.
HORIZONTALBRACINGSYSTEM:Ahorizontaltrusssystemthatservesthesamefunctionasafloororroof
diaphragm.
IMPORTANCE FACTOR: It is a factor used to increase the design seismic forces for structures of
importance.
INTENSITYOFEARTHQUAKE:Itisameasureoftheamountofgroundshakingataparticularsiteduetoan
earthquake
INTERMEDIATE MOMENT RESISTING FRAME (IMRF): A concrete or steel frame designed in accordance
withSec8.3or10.20.10respectively.
LIQUEFACTION: State in saturated cohesionless soil wherein the effective shear strength is reduced to
negligible value due to pore water pressure generated by earthquake vibrations, when the pore water
pressureapproachesthetotalconfiningpressure.Inthiscondition,thesoiltendstobehavelikealiquid.
MAGNITUDEOFEARTHQUAKE:Themagnitudeofearthquakeisanumber,whichisameasureofenergy
releasedinanearthquake.
MAXIMUMCONSIDEREDEARTHQUAKE(MCE):Themostsevereearthquakegroundmotionconsideredby
thiscode.
MODALMASS:partofthetotalseismicmassofthestructurethatiseffectiveinmodekofvibration.
MODAL PARTICIPATION FACTOR: Amount by which mode k contributes to the overall vibration of the
structureunderhorizontalandverticalearthquakegroundmotions.
71
Part6
MODAL SHAPE COEFFICIENT: When a system is vibrating in a normal mode, at any particular instant of
time, the vibration amplitude of mass i expressed as a ratio of the vibration amplitude of one of the
massesofthesystem,isknownasmodalshapecoefficient
MOMENTRESISTINGFRAME:Aframeinwhichmembersandjointsarecapableofresistinglateralforces
primarilybyflexure.Momentresistingframesareclassifiedasordinarymomentresistingframes(OMRF),
intermediatemomentresistingframes(IMRF)andspecialmomentresistingframes(SMRF).
NUMBEROFSTOREYS(n):Numberofstoreysofabuildingisthenumberoflevelsabovethebase.This
excludes the basement storeys, where basement walls are connected with ground floor deck or fitted
betweenthebuildingcolumns.But,itincludesthebasementstoreys,whentheyarenotsoconnected.
ORDINARYMOMENTRESISTINGFRAME(OMRF):Amomentresistingframenotmeetingspecialdetailing
requirementsforductilebehaviour.
PDELTAEFFECT:Itisthesecondaryeffectonshearsandmomentsofframemembersduetoactionofthe
verticalloadsduetothelateraldisplacementofbuildingresultingfromseismicforces.
PERIOD OF BUILDING: Fundamental period (for 1st mode) of vibration of building for lateral motion in
directionconsidered.
RESPONSEREDUCTIONFACTOR:Itisthefactorbywhichtheactualbaseshearforcethatwoulddevelopif
the structure behaved truly elastic during earthquake, is reduced to obtain design base shear. This
reduction is allowed to account for the beneficial effects of inelastic deformation (resulting in energy
dissipation)thatcanoccurinastructureduringamajorearthquake,stillensuringacceptableresponseof
thestructure.
SEISMICDESIGNCATEGORY:Aclassificationassignedtoastructurebasedonitsimportancefactorandthe
severityofthedesignearthquakegroundmotionatthesite.
SEISMICFORCERESISTING SYSTEM: That part of the structural system that has been considered in the
designtoprovidetherequiredresistancetotheseismicforces.
SHEAR WALL : A wall designed to resist lateral forces acting in its plane (sometimes referred to as a
verticaldiaphragmorastructuralwall).
SOFTSTOREY:Storeyinwhichthelateralstiffnessislessthan70percentofthestiffnessofthestorey
aboveorlessthan80percentoftheaveragelateralstiffnessofthethreestoreysabove.
SITECLASS:Siteisclassifiedbasedonsoilpropertiesofupper30meters.
SPACE FRAME : A threedimensional structural system without bearing walls composed of members
interconnectedsoastofunctionasacompleteselfcontainedunitwithorwithouttheaidofhorizontal
diaphragmsorfloorbracingsystems.
SPECIAL MOMENT RESISTING FRAME (SMRF) : A moment resisting frame specially detailed to provide
ductilebehaviourcomplyingwiththeseismicrequirementsprovidedinChapters8and10forconcrete
andsteelframesrespectively.
STOREY:Thespacebetweenconsecutivefloorlevels.Storeyxisthestoreybelowlevelx.
STOREYSHEAR:Thetotalhorizontalshearforceataparticularstorey(level).
STOREYDRIFT:Thehorizontaldeflectionatthetopofthestoryrelativetobottomofthestorey.
72
Chapter2
STRENGTH : The usable capacity of an element or a member to resist the load as prescribed in these
provisions.
TARGET DISPLACEMENT: An estimate of the maximum expected displacement of the control point
calculatedforthedesignearthquakegroundmotioninnonlinearstaticanalysis.
VERTICALLOADCARRYINGFRAME:Aspaceframedesignedtocarryallverticalgravityloads.
WEAKSTOREY:Storeyinwhichthelateralstrengthislessthan80percentofthatofthestoreyabove.
2.5.3
SYMBOLSANDNOTATION
Thefollowingsymbolsandnotationshallapplytotheprovisionsofthissection:
Ax =
torsionamplificationfactoratlevelx.
Cd =
Deflectionamplificationfactor.
Cs =
Normalizedaccelerationresponsespectrum.
Ct =
numericalcoefficienttodeterminebuildingperiod
eai =
Accidentaleccentricityoffloormassatleveli
Fi,Fn,Fx=
designlateralforceappliedtoleveli,n,orxrespectively.
lateralforcesonanelementorcomponentoronequipmentsupports.
accelerationduetogravity.
hi,hn,hx=
Heightinmetresabovethebasetoleveli,norxrespectively
hsx =
StoreyHeightofstoreyx(belowlevelx)
Importancefactor
Leveli =
floorlevelofthestructurereferredtobythesubscripti,e.g.,i=1designates
thefirstlevelabovethebase.
Leveln =
Uppermostlevelinthemainportionofthestructure.
Mx =
Overturningmomentatlevelx
Ni =
StandardPenetrationNumberofsoillayeri
Px =
Totalverticaldesignloadatlevelx
Responsereductionfactorforstructuralsystems
Soilfactor.
Sa =
DesignSpectralAcceleration(inunitsofg)
Sui =
Undrainedshearstrengthofcohesivelayeri
Fundamentalperiodofvibrationofstructure,inseconds,ofthestructureinthe
directionunderconsideration.
Te =
Effective fundamental period of the structure in the direction under

consideration,asdeterminedfornonlinearstaticanalysis
73
Part6
Totaldesignbaseshearcalculatedbyequivalentstaticanalysis
V1 =
Total applied lateral force at the first increment of lateral load in nonlinear
staticanalysis.
Vy =
Effectiveyieldstrengthdeterminedfromabilinearcurvefittedtothecapacity
curve
Vrs =
Totaldesignbaseshearcalculatedbyresponsespectrumanalysis
Vth =
Totaldesignbaseshearcalculatedbytimehistoryanalysis
Vsi =
Shearwavevelocityofsoillayeri
Vx =
Designstoreyshearinstoreyx
W =
Totalseismicweightofbuilding
wi,wx = PortionofWwhichisassignedtoleveliandxrespectively
Z
Seismiczonecoefficient.
i =
Horizontal displacement at leveli relative to the base due to applied lateral
j =
Thedisplacementofthecontrolpointatloadincrementj.
T =
Thetargetdisplacementofthecontrolpoint.
1 =
Thedisplacementofthecontrolpointatthefirstincrementoflateralload.
y =
Theeffectiveyielddisplacementofthecontrolpointdeterminedfromabilinear
forces.
curvefittedtothecapacitycurve
a =
Maximumallowablestoreydrift
x =
Designstoreydriftofstoreyx
Dampingcorrectionfactor
ik =
Modalshapecoefficientatleveliformodek
StabilitycoefficienttoassessPdeltaeffects
Viscousdampingratioofthestructure
2.5.4
EARTHQUAKERESISTANTDESIGNBASICCONCEPTS
2.5.4.1
GENERALPRINCIPLES
Thepurposeofearthquakeresistantdesignprovisionsinthiscodeistoprovideguidelinesforthedesign
andconstructionofnewstructuressubjecttoearthquakegroundmotionsinordertominimizetheriskto
lifeforallstructures,toincreasetheexpectedperformanceofhigheroccupancystructuresascompared
to ordinary structures, and to improve the capability of essential structures to function after an
earthquake. Itis not economically feasible to design andconstructbuildings withoutany damage for a
majorearthquakeevent.Theintentisthereforetoallowinelasticdeformationandstructuraldamageat
74
Chapter2
preferred locations in the structure without endangering structural integrity and to prevent structural
collapseduringamajorearthquake.
Theexpectedearthquakegroundmotionatthesiteduetoallprobableearthquakesmaybeevaluatedin
deterministic or probabilistic terms. The ground motion at the site due to an earthquake is a complex
phenomenaanddependsonseveralparameterssuchasearthquakemagnitude,focaldepth,earthquake
sourcecharacteristics,distancefromearthquakeepicenter,wavepathcharacteristics,aswellaslocalsoil
conditionsatthesite.Theseismiczoningmapdividesthecountryintofourseismiczoneswithdifferent
expected levels of intensity of ground motion. Each seismic zone has a zone coefficient which provides
expected peak ground acceleration values on rock/firm soil corresponding to the maximum considered
earthquake(MCE).Thedesignbasisearthquakeistakenas2/3ofthemaximumconsideredearthquake.
Theeffectsoftheearthquakegroundmotiononthestructureisexpressedintermsofanidealizedelastic
design acceleration response spectrum, which depends on (a) seismic zone coefficient and local soil
conditionsdefininggroundmotionand(b)importancefactorandresponsereductionfactorrepresenting
building considerations. The earthquake forces acting on the structure is reduced using the response
modification/reduction factor R in order to take advantage of the inelastic energy dissipation due to
inherent ductility and redundancy in the structure as well as material overstrength. The importance
factor I increases design forces for important structures. If suitable lateral force resisting systems with
adequateductilityanddetailingandgood constructionareprovided,thebuildingcanbedesignedfora
response reduction factor R which may be as high as 5 to 8. Because of this fact, the provisions of this
Code for ductility and detailing need to be satisfied even for structures and members for which load
combinations that do not contain the earthquake effect indicate larger demands than combinations
including earthquake. The elastic deformations calculated under these reduced design forces are
multipliedbythedeflectionamplificationfactor,Cd,toestimatethedeformationslikelytoresultfromthe
designearthquake.
The seismic design guidelines presented in this section are based on the assumption that the soil
supporting the structure will not liquefy, settle or slide due to loss of strength during the earthquake.
Reinforcedandprestressedconcretemembersshallbesuitablydesignedtoensurethatprematurefailure
due to shear or bond does not occur. Ductile detailing of reinforced concrete members is of prime
importance. In steel structures, members and their connections should be so proportioned that high
ductilityisobtained,avoidingprematurefailureduetoelasticorinelasticbucklingofanytype.
The building structure shall include complete lateral and vertical forceresisting systems capable of
providing adequate strength, stiffness, and energy dissipation capacity to withstand the design ground
motions within the prescribed limits of deformation and strength demand. The design ground motions
shall be assumed to occur along any horizontal direction of a building structure. The adequacy of the
structural systems shall be demonstrated through the construction of a mathematical model and
evaluation of this model for the effects of design ground motions. The design seismic forces, and their
distributionovertheheightofthebuildingstructure,shallbeestablishedinaccordancewithoneofthe
applicableproceduresindicatedinSection2.5andthecorrespondinginternalforcesanddeformationsin
themembersofthestructureshallbedetermined.Thedeformationofthestructureshallnotexceedthe
prescribedlimitsundertheactionofthedesignseismicforces.
2.5.4.2
CHARACTERISTICSOFEARTHQUAKERESISTANTBUILDINGS
Thedesirablecharacteristicsofearthquakeresistantbuildingsaredescribedbelow:
75
Part6
StructuralSimplicity,UniformityandSymmetry:
Structuralsimplicity,uniformityandplansymmetryischaracterizedbyanevendistributionofmassand
structural elements which allows short and direct transmission of the inertia forces created in the
distributedmassesofthebuildingtoitsfoundation.Themodelling,analysis,detailingandconstructionof
simple (regular) structures are subject to much less uncertainty, hence the prediction of its seismic
behaviourismuchmorereliable.
A building configuration with symmetrical layout of structural elements of the lateral force resisting
system, and welldistributed inplan, is desirable. Uniformity along the height of the building is also
important,sinceittendstoeliminatetheoccurrenceofsensitivezoneswhereconcentrationsofstressor
largeductilitydemandsmightcauseprematurecollapse.
Somebasicguidelinesaregivenbelow:
(i)
Withrespecttothelateralstiffnessandmassdistribution,thebuildingstructureshallbe
approximatelysymmetricalinplanwithrespecttotwoorthogonalaxes.
(ii)
Boththelateralstiffnessandthemassoftheindividualstoreysshallremainconstantor
reduce gradually, without abrupt changes, from the base to the top of a particular
building.
(iii) All structural elements of the lateral load resisting systems, such as cores, structural
walls, or frames shall run without interruption from the foundations to the top of the
building.
(iv) Anirregularbuildingmaybesubdividedintodynamicallyindependentregularunitswell
separatedagainstpoundingoftheindividualunitstoachieveuniformity.
(v)
Thelengthtobreadthratio(=Lmax/Lmin)ofthebuildinginplanshallnotbehigherthan
4, where Lmax andLmin are respectivelythe larger and smaller inplan dimension ofthe
building,measuredinorthogonaldirections.
StructuralRedundancy:
A high degree of redundancy accompanied by redistribution capacity through ductility is desirable,
enabling a more widely spread energy dissipation across the entire structure and an increased total
dissipated energy. The use of evenly distributed structural elements increases redundancy. Structural
systemsofhigherstaticindeterminacymayresultinhigherresponsereductionfactorR.
HorizontalBidirectionalResistanceandStiffness:
Horizontal earthquake motion is a bidirectional phenomenon and thus the building structure needs to
resisthorizontalactioninanydirection.Thestructuralelementsoflateralforceresistingsystemshouldbe
arrangedinanorthogonal(inplan)pattern,ensuringsimilarresistanceandstiffnesscharacteristicsinboth
main directions. The stiffness characteristics of the structure should also limit the development of
excessive displacements that might lead to either instabilities due to second order effects or excessive
damages.
TorsionalResistanceandStiffness
Besides lateral resistance and stiffness, buildingstructures shouldpossess adequate torsional resistance
and stiffness in order to limit the development of torsional motions which tend to stress the different
76
Chapter2
structural elements in a nonuniform way. In this respect, arrangements in which the main elements
resistingtheseismicactionaredistributedclosetotheperipheryofthebuildingpresentclearadvantages.
DiaphragmBehaviour
Inbuildings,floors(includingtheroof)actashorizontaldiaphragmsthatcollectandtransmittheinertia
forces to the vertical structural systems and ensure that those systems act together in resisting the
horizontalseismicaction.Theactionoffloorsasdiaphragmsisespeciallyrelevantincasesofcomplexand
nonuniform layouts of the vertical structural systems, or where systems with different horizontal
deformabilitycharacteristicsareusedtogether.
Floor systems and the roof should be provided with inplane stiffness and resistance and with effective
connectiontotheverticalstructuralsystems.Particularcareshouldbetakenincasesofnoncompactor
veryelongatedinplanshapesandincasesoflargeflooropenings,especiallyifthelatterarelocatedinthe
vicinity of the main vertical structural elements, thus hindering such effective connection between the
verticalandhorizontalstructure.
Theinplanestiffnessofthefloorsshallbesufficientlylargeincomparisonwiththelateralstiffnessofthe
vertical structural elements, so that the deformation of the floor shall have a small effect on the
distributionoftheforcesamongtheverticalstructuralelements.
Foundation
The design and construction of the foundation and of its connection to the superstructure shall ensure
that the whole building is subjected to a uniform seismic excitation. For buildings with individual
foundation elements (footings or piles), the use of a foundation slab or tiebeams between these
elementsinbothmaindirectionsisrecommended,asdescribedinChapter3.
2.5.5
INVESTIGATIONANDASSESSMENTOFSITECONDITIONS
2.5.5.1
SITEINVESTIGATION
Appropriate site investigations should be carried out to identify the ground conditions influencing the
seismicaction.
The ground conditions at the building site should normally be free from risks of ground rupture, slope
instabilityandpermanentsettlementscausedbyliquefactionordensificationduringanearthquake.The
possibilityofsuchphenomenashouldbeinvestigatedinaccordancewithstandardproceduresdescribed
inSection3.
TheintentofthesiteinvestigationistoclassifytheSiteintooneoftypesSA,SB,SC,SD,SE,S1andS2as
definedinSection2.5.5.2.Suchclassificationisbasedonsiteprofileandevaluatedsoilproperties(shear
wavevelocity,StandardPenetrationResistance,undrainedshearstrength,soiltype).Thesiteclassisused
todeterminetheeffectoflocalsoilconditionsontheearthquakegroundmotion.
ForsitesrepresentingspecialsoiltypeS1orS2,sitespecificspecialstudiesforthegroundmotionshould
be done. Soil type S1, having very low shear wave velocity and low material damping, can produce
anomalous seismicsite amplification and soilstructure interaction effects. ForS2soils,possibility of soil
failureshouldbestudied.
ForastructurebelongingtoSeismicDesignCategoryCorD(Section2.5.7.2),siteinvestigationshouldalso
includedeterminationofsoilparametersfortheassessmentofthefollowing:
77
Part6
a. Slopeinstability.
b. PotentialforLiquefactionandlossofsoilstrength.
c. Differentialsettlement.
d. Surfacedisplacementduetofaultingorlateralspreading.
e. Lateral pressures on basement walls and retaining walls due to earthquake ground
motion.
Liquefaction potential and possible consequences should be evaluated for design earthquake ground
motionsconsistentwithpeakgroundaccelerations.AnySettlementduetodensificationofloosegranular
soils under design earthquake motion should be studied. The occurrence and consequences of geologic
hazardssuchasslopeinstabilityorsurfacefaultingshouldalsobeconsidered.Thedynamiclateralearth
pressureonbasementwallsandretainingwallsduringearthquakegroundshakingistobeconsideredas
anearthquakeloadforuseindesignloadcombinations
2.5.5.2
SITECLASSIFICATION
Site will be classified as type SA, SB, SC, SD, SE, S1 and S2 based on the provisions of this section.
ClassificationwillbedoneinaccordancewithTable2.5.1basedonthesoilpropertiesofupper30meters
ofthesiteprofile.
Averagesoilpropertieswillbedeterminedasgiveninthefollowingequations:
2.5.1
2.5.2
2.5.3
where,
n=numberofsoillayersinupper30m
di=thicknessoflayeri
Vsi=shearwavevelocityoflayeri
Ni=Field(uncorrected)StandardPenetrationValueforlayeri
k=numberofcohesivesoillayersinupper30m
dci=thicknessofcohesivelayeri
Sui=Undrainedshearstrengthofcohesivelayeri
Thesiteprofileuptoadepthof30misdividedintonnumberofdistinctsoilorrocklayers.Wheresome
ofthelayersarecohesive,kisthenumberofcohesivelayers.Hence
=30m,while
<30
78
Chapter2
m if k < n in other words if there are both cohesionless and cohesive layers. The standard penetration
valueNasdirectlymeasuredinthefieldwithoutcorrectionwillbeused.
The site classification should be done using average shear wave velocity
if this can be estimated,
otherwisethevalueof maybeused.
Table2.5.1:
Site
Class
Siteclassificationbasedonsoilproperties
Descriptionofsoil profile upto30

AverageSoilPropertiesintop30meters
metersdepth
Shear
wave
velocity
(m/s)
Standard
Penetration
Value,
(blows/30cm)
Undrained
shear
strength,
(kPa)
SA
Rock or other rocklike geological >800

formation, including at most 5 m of
weakermaterialatthesurface.
SB
Depositsofverydensesand,gravel,or 360800
very stiff clay, at least several tens of
metresinthickness,characterisedbya
gradual increase of mechanical
propertieswithdepth.
>50
>250
SC
Deep deposits of dense or medium 180360

dense sand, gravel or stiff clay with
thickness from several tens to many
hundredsofmetres.
1550
70250
SD
Deposits
of
loosetomedium <180
cohesionless soil (with or without
some soft cohesive layers), or of
predominantly softtofirm cohesive
soil.
A soil profile consisting of a surface
alluviumlayerwithVsvaluesoftypeC
or D and thickness varying between
about 5 m and 20 m, underlain by
stiffermaterialwithVs>800m/s.
<15
<70
SE
S1
Deposits consisting, or containing a <

100
layer at least 10 m thick, of soft (indicative)
clays/siltswithahigh plasticityindex
(PI>40)andhighwatercontent
1020
S2
Deposits of liquefiable soils, of

sensitive clays, or any other soil
profile not included in types SA to SE
orS1
2.5.6
EARTHQUAKEGROUNDMOTION
2.5.6.1
REGIONALSEISMICITY
Bangladeshcanbeaffectedbymoderatetostrongearthquakeeventsduetoitsproximitytothecollision
boundary of the Northeast moving Indian plate and Eurasian Plate. Strong historical earthquakes with
magnitude greater than 7.0have affected parts of Bangladesh in the last 150 years, some of them had
79
Part6
their epicenters within the country. A brief description of the local geology, tectonic features and
earthquakeoccurrenceintheregionisgiveninAppendixC.
Fig.2.5.1:SeismicZoningMapofBangladesh
2.5.6.2
SEISMICZONING
The intent of the seismic zoning map is to give an indication of the Maximum Considered Earthquake
(MCE)motionatdifferentpartsofthecountry.Inprobabilisticterms,theMCEmotionmaybeconsidered
tocorrespondtohavinga2%probabilityofexceedancewithinaperiodof50years.Thecountryhasbeen
80
Chapter2
dividedintofourseismiczoneswithdifferentlevelsofgroundmotion.Table2.5.2includesadescriptionof
thefourseismiczones.Fig.2.5.1presentsamapofBangladeshshowingtheboundariesofthefourzones.
Each zone has a seismic zone coefficient (Z) which represents the maximum considered peak ground
acceleration(PGA)onverystiffsoil/rock(siteclassSA)inunitsofg(accelerationduetogravity).Thezone
coefficients(Z)ofthefourzonesare:Z=0.12(Zone1),Z=0.20(Zone2),Z=0.28(Zone3)andZ=0.36(Zone
4). Table 2.5.3 lists zone coefficients for some important towns of Bangladesh. The most severe
earthquakepronezone,Zone4isinthenortheastwhichincludesSylhetandhasamaximumPGAvalueof
0.36g.DhakacityfallsinthemoderateseismicintensityzonewithZ=0.2,whileChittagongcityfallsina
severeintensityzonewithZ=0.28.
Table2.5.2DescriptionofSeismicZones
Seismic
Location
Zone
Seismic
Intensity
SouthwesternpartincludingBarisal,
Khulna,Jessore,Rajshahi
Seismic
Zone
Coefficient,
Z
Low
0.12
LowerCentralandNorthwestern
partincludingNoakhali,Dhaka,
Pabna,Dinajpur,aswellas
Southwesterncornerincluding
Sundarbans
Moderate
0.20
UpperCentralandNorthwestern
partincludingBrahmanbaria,
Sirajganj,Rangpur
Severe
0.28
NortheasternpartincludingSylhet,
Mymensingh,Kurigram
VerySevere
0.36
Table2.5.3
Town
Bagerhat
Bandarban
Barguna
Barisal
Bhola
Bogra
Brahmanbaria
Chandpur
Chittagong
Chuadanga
Comilla
Cox'sBazar
Dhaka
SeismicZoneCoefficientZforSomeImportantTownsofBangladesh
Z
0.12
0.28
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.28
0.28
0.20
0.28
0.12
0.20
0.28
0.20
Town
Dinajpur
Faridpur
Feni
Gaibandha
Gazipur
Habiganj
Jaipurhat
Jamalpur
Jessore
Khagrachari
Khulna
Kishoreganj
Kurigram
Town
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.28
0.20
0.36
0.20
0.36
0.12
0.28
0.12
0.36
0.36
Kushtia
0.20
0.28
0.20
0.20
0.12
0.20
0.36
0.28
0.20
0.20
0.36
0.20
0.20
Lalmanirhat
Madaripur
Manikganj
Mongla
Munshiganj
Mymensingh
Narsingdi
Natore
Naogaon
Netrakona
Noakhali
Pabna
81
Town
Panchagarh
Patuakhali
Rajbari
Rajshahi
Rangamati
Rangpur
Satkhira
Sirajganj
Srimangal
Sunamganj
Sylhet
Tangail
Thakurgaon
Z
0.20
0.12
0.20
0.12
0.28
0.28
0.12
0.28
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.28
0.20
Part6
2.5.6.3
DESIGNRESPONSESPECTRUM
The earthquake ground motion for which the building has to be designed is represented by the design
responsespectrum.Bothstaticanddynamicanalysismethodsarebasedonthisresponsespectrum.This
spectrumrepresentsthespectralaccelerationforwhichthebuildinghastobedesignedasafunctionof
the building period, taking into account the ground motion intensity. The spectrum is based on elastic
analysis but in order to account for energy dissipation due to inelastic deformation and benefits of
structuralredundancy,thespectralaccelerationsarereducedbytheresponsemodificationfactorR.For
importantstructures,thespectralaccelerationsareincreasedbytheimportancefactorI.Thedesignbasis
earthquake (DBE) ground motion is selected at a ground shaking level that is 2/3 of the maximum
consideredearthquake(MCE)groundmotion.Theeffectoflocalsoilconditionsontheresponsespectrum
isincorporatedinthenormalizedaccelerationresponsespectrumCs.
Thespectralaccelerationforthedesignearthquakeisgivenbythefollowingequation:
Sa =
2 ZI
C s
3 R
(2.5.4)
where,
Sa=Designspectralacceleration(inunitsofg),whichshallnotbelessthan2/3*ZI*.
=coefficientusedtocalculatelowerboundforSa.Recommendedvalueforis0.2.
Z=Seismiczonecoefficient,asdefinedinSection2.5.6.2
I=Structureimportancefactor,asdefinedinSection2.5.7.1
R=ResponsereductionfactorwhichdependsonthetypeofstructuralsystemgiveninTable2.5.7.The
ratioI/Rcannotbegreaterthanone.
Cs=Normalizedaccelerationresponsespectrum,whichisafunctionofstructure(building)periodandsoil
type(siteclass)asdefinedbyEquations2.5.5ad
T
(2.5 1 )
C s = S 1 +
TB
C s = 2.5S
for 0 T TB (2.5.5a)
for TB T TC (2.5.5b)
T
C s = 2.5S C
T
T T
C s = 2.5S C D
T2
for TC T TD (2.5.5c)
for TD T 4 sec
(2.5.5d )
CsdependsonSandvaluesofTB,TCandTD,(Fig.2.5.2)whichareallfunctionsofthesiteclass.ConstantCs
valuebetweenperiodsTBandTCrepresentsconstantspectralacceleration.
S=SoilfactorwhichdependsonsiteclassandisgiveninTable2.5.4
T=Structure(building)periodasdefinedinSection2.5.9.2
TB = Lower limit of the period of the constant spectral acceleration branch given in Table 2.5.4 as a
functionofsiteclass.
82
Chapterr2
TC = Upper
U
limit off the period of
o the constan
nt spectral accceleration bran
nch given in Table
T
2.5.4 as a
functio
onofsiteclasss
TD = Lower
L
limit of the period off the constantt spectral disp
placement branch given in Table
T
2.5.4 as a
functio
onofsiteclasss
= Damping correcction factor ass a function off damping witth a referencee value of =1
1 for 5% viscous
ngexpression:
dampiing.Itisgivenbythefollowin
= 10 /( 5 + ) 0 .5
55
(2.5.6)
wheree,isthevisco
ousdampingraatioofthestru
ucture,expresssedasaperceentageofcriticaldamping.Th
he
valueofcannotbe
esmallerthan0
0.55.
Figure2..5.2:TypicalSha
apeoftheElasticResponseSpe
ectrumCoefficieentCs
ersdefiningelassticresponsesp
pectrum
Table2.5.4:Sitedependenttsoilfactorandotherparamete
Soiltyype
TB(s)
SA
S
1..0
0.15
TC
(s)
0.40
S
SB
1..2
0.15
0.50
2.00
S
SC
1.1
15
0.20
0.60
2.00
SD
S
1.3
35
0.20
0.80
2.00
S
SE
1..4
0.15
0.50
2.00
TD
(s)
2.00
nticipated(dessignbasiseartthquake)peakgroundacceleeration(PGA) forrockorveerystiffsoil(site
Thean
class SA)
S is 2/3*Z. However, for design, the ground
g
motion
n is modified through the use
u of response
reducttionfactorRandimportanceefactorI,resulltinginPGArockk=2/3*Z*I/R.Fiig.2.5.3showssthenormalizeed
acceleeration response spectrum Cs for 5% dam
mping, which may
m be defined
d as the 5% damped
d
spectrral
acceleeration (obtain
ned by Eq.2.5..4) normalized
d with respectt to PGArock. This figure deemonstrates th
he
significcantinfluenceofsiteclasson
ntheresponseespectrum.
83
Part6
Figure2..5.3:
NormalizzedDesignAcce
elerationRespon
nseSpectrumfo
ordifferentsite
eclasses.
nSpectrumforrElasticAnalyssis
Design
For sitte classes SA to SE, the de
esign acceleraation response
e spectrum fo
or elastic analysis methods is
obtain
nedusingEq.(2
2.5.4)tocomp
puteSa(inunittsofg)asafu
unctionofperiiodT.Thedessignacceleratio
on
respon
nse spectrum represents th
he expected ground motion
n (Design Basiss Earthquake) divided by th
he
factorR/I.
nSpectrumforrInelasticAnalysis
Design
Forinelasticanalysissmethods,theeanticipatedggroundmotion
n(DesignBasissEarthquake) isdirectlyuseed.
designacceleraationresponseespectrumisu
used,whichisobtainedbyussingR=1andI==1
Corresspondingreald
in Eq.((2.5.4). The reeal design acceleration resp
ponse spectrum
m is equal to design acceleeration response
spectrrummultiplied
dbyR/I.
SiteSp
pecificDesignSSpectrum
ForsitteclassS1andS2,sitespecificstudiesaren
neededtoobtaaindesignresp
ponsespectrum
m.Forimportant
projeccts,sitespecificstudiesmayyalsobecarrieedouttodeteerminespectru
uminsteadof usingEq.(2.5.4
4).
Theob
bjectiveofsuchsitespecificgroundmotionanalysisisto
odeterminegro
oundmotionsforlocalseism
mic
andsitteconditionsw
withhighercon
nfidencethanispossibleusin
ngsimplifiedequations.
2.5.7
7
BUILD
DINGCATEG
GORIES
2.5.7
7.1
IMPOR
RTANCEFA
ACTOR
Buildin
ngs are classified in four occupancy
o
cattegories in Ch
hapter 1 (Tab
ble 1.2.1), dep
pending on th
he
conseq
quencesofcollapseforhum
manlife,ontheeirimportanceeforpublicsaffetyandcivilp
protectioninth
he
immed
diateposteartthquakeperiod
d,andonthessocialandeconomicconsequ
uencesofcollaapse.Dependin
ng
on occupancy categgory, buildingss may be designed for high
her seismic fo
orces using im
mportance factor
Chapter2
greater than one. Table 2.5.5 defines different occupancy categories and corresponding importance
factor.
Table2.5.5ImportanceFactorsforBuildingsandStructuresforEarthquakedesign
Occupancy
Category
IorII
III
IV
Importance
factorI
1.0
1.25
1.5
2.5.7.2
SEISMICDESIGNCATEGORY
Buildings shall be assigned a seismic design category among B, C or D based on seismic zone, local site
conditions and importance class of building, as given in Table 2.5.6. Seismic design category D has the
most stringent seismic design detailing, while seismic design category B has the least seismic design
detailingrequirements.
Table2.5.6SeismicDesignCategoryofBuildings
OccupancyCategoryI,IIandIII OccupancyCategoryIV
Site
Class
SA
SB
SC
SD
SE,S1,S2
Zone Zone Zone

1
2
3
B
B
B
C
D
C
C
C
D
D
Zone
4
Zone
1
Zone
2
Zone
3
Zone
4
D
D
D
D
D
C
C
C
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
C
D
D
D
D
2.5.7.3
BUILDINGIRREGULARITY:
Buildings with irregularity in plan or elevation suffer much more damage in earthquakes than buildings
with regular configuration. A building may be considered as irregular, if at least one of the conditions
givenbelowareapplicable:
2.5.7.3.1
PlanIrregularity
i) Torsionirregularity
To be considered for rigid floor diaphragms, when the maximum storey drift (max) as
showninFig.2.5.4a,computedincludingaccidentaltorsion,atoneendofthestructureis
morethan1.2timestheaverage(avg=(max+min)/2)ofthestoreydriftsatthetwoendsof
the structure. If max>1.4avg then the irregularity is termed as extreme torsional
irregularity.
ii) Reentrantcorners
Bothprojectionsofthestructurebeyondareentrantcomer(Fig.2.5.4b)aregreaterthan
15percentofitsplandimensioninthegivendirection.
iii) DiaphragmDiscontinuitv
85
Part6
Diaphragms with abrupt discontinuities or variations in stiffness, including those having

cutout(Fig.2.5.4c)oropenareasgreaterthan50%ofthegrossencloseddiaphragmarea,
orchangesineffectivediaphragmstiffnessofmorethan50%fromonestoreytothenext.
iv) OutOfPlaneOffsets
Discontinuities in a lateral force resistance path, such as out ofplane offsets of vertical
elements,asshowninFig.2.5.4d.
v) NonparallelSystems
The vertical elements resisting the lateral force are not parallel to or symmetric (Fig.
2.5.4e)aboutthemajororthogonalaxesofthelateralforceresistingelements.
Fig.2.5.4aTorsionalIrregularity
Fig.2.5.4bReentrantcorners(A/L>0.15)
Fig.2.5.4cDiaphragmDiscontinuitv
86
Chapter2
Fig.2.5.4dOutOfPlaneOffsetsofShearWall
Fig.2.5.4eNonparallelSystemsofShearWall
2.5.7.3.2
VerticalIrregularity
i) StiffnessIrregularitySoftStorey
Asoftstoreyisoneinwhichthelateralstiffnessislessthan70%ofthatinthestoreyabove
orlessthan80%oftheaveragelateralstiffnessofthethreestoreysaboveirregularity(Fig.
2.5.5a).Anextremesoftstoreyisdefinedwhereitslateralstiffnessislessthan60%ofthat
inthe storeyaboveorlessthan70%oftheaveragelateralstiffnessofthethreestoreys
above.
ii) MassIrregularity
The seismic weight of any storey is more than twice of that of its adjacent storeys (Fig.
2.5.5b).Thisirregularityneednotbeconsideredincaseofroofs.
iii) VerticalGeometricIrregularity
ThisirregularityexistsforbuildingswithsetbackswithdimensionsgiveninFig.2.5.5c.
iv) VerticalInPlaneDiscontinuityinVerticalElementsResistingLateralForce
Aninplaneoffsetofthelateralforceresistingelementsgreaterthanthelengthofthose
elements(Fig.2.5.5d).
v) DiscontinuityinCapacityWeakStorey
A weak storey is one in which the storey lateral strength is less than 80% of that in the
storeyabove.Thestoreylateralstrengthisthetotalstrengthofallseismicforceresisting
elements sharing the storey shear in the considered direction (Fig. 2.5.5e). An extreme
weakstoreyisonewherethestoreylateralstrengthislessthan65%ofthatinthestorey
above.
87
Part6
Fig.2.5.5aSoftStorey
Fig.2.5.5bMassIrregularity
L2>1.3L1
Fig.2.5.5cVerticalGeometricIrregularity(SetbackStructures)
88
Chapter2
Fig.2.5.5dVerticalInPlaneDiscontinuityinVerticalElementsResistingLateralForce
Fig.2.5.5eWeakStorey
2.5.7.4
TYPEOFSTRUCTURALSYSTEMS
The basic lateral and vertical seismic forceresisting system shall conform to one of the types A to G
indicated in Table 2.5.7. Each type is again subdivided by the types of vertical elements used to resist
lateralseismicforces.AcombinationofsystemsmayalsobepermittedasstatedinSection2.5.7.5.
ThestructuralsystemtobeusedshallbeinaccordancewiththeseismicdesigncategoryindicatedinTable
2.5.6. Structural systems that are not permitted for a certain seismic design category are indicated by
NP. Structural systems that do not have any height restriction are indicated by NL. Where there is
heightlimit,themaximumheightinmetersisgiven.
Theresponsereductionfactor,R,andthedeflectionamplificationfactor,Cd,indicatedinTable2.5.7shall
beusedindeterminingthedesignbaseshearanddesignstorydrift.
Theselectedseismicforceresistingsystemshallbedesignedanddetailedinaccordancewiththespecific
requirementsforthesystem.
89
Part6
Seis.Design
CategoryD
Seis.Design
CategoryC
Seis.Design
CategoryB
Deflection
Amplification
Factor,Cd
SeismicForceResistingSystem
Response
Reduction
Factor,R
Table2.5.7Responsereductionfactor,deflectionamplificationfactorfordifferentStructuralSystems
andheightlimitations(m)fordifferentseismicdesigncategories
Heightlimit(m)
A.BEARINGWALLSYSTEMS(noframe)
1. Special reinforced concrete shear walls
NL
NL
50
2. Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls
NL
NL
NP
3. Ordinary reinforced masonry shear walls
1.75
NL
50
NP
1.5
1.25
18
NP
NP
4. Ordinary plain masonry shear walls
B.BUILDINGFRAMESYSTEMS(with
bracingorshearwall)
1. Steel eccentrically braced frames,

moment resisting connections at
columns away from links
NL
NL
50
2. Steel eccentrically braced frames,

non-moment-resisting, connections at
columns away from links
NL
NL
50
3. Special steel concentrically braced

frames
NL
NL
50
3.25
3.25
NL
NL
11
NL
50
50
4.25
NL
NL
NP
NL
50
NP
1.5
1.25
18
NP
NP
4. Ordinary steel concentrically braced

frames
8. Ordinary plain masonry shear walls
C.MOMENTRESISTINGFRAMESYSTEMS
(noshearwall)
1. Special steel moment frames
5.5
NL
NL
2. Intermediate steel moment frames
4.5
NL
NL
35
3. Ordinary steel moment frames
3.5
NL
NL
NP
4. Special reinforced concrete moment frames
5.5
NL
NL
NL
5. Intermediate reinforced concrete moment

frames
6. Ordinary reinforced concrete moment
frames
4.5
NL
NL
NP
2.5
NL
NP
NP
D.DUALSYSTEMS:SPECIALMOMENT
FRAMESCAPABLEOFRESISTINGAT
LEAST25%OFPRESCRIBEDSEISMIC
FORCES(withbracingorshearwall)
1. Steel eccentrically braced frames
NL
NL
NL
2. Special steel concentrically braced frames
5.5
NL
NL
NL
90
Seis.Design
CategoryD
Seis.Design
CategoryC
Seis.Design
CategoryB
Deflection
Amplification
Factor,Cd
SeismicForceResistingSystem
Response
Reduction
Factor,R
Chapter2
Heightlimit(m)

5.5
NL
NL
NL
NL
NL
NP
E.DUALSYSTEMS:INTERMEDIATE
MOMENTFRAMESCAPABLEOF
RESISTINGATLEAST25%OFPRESCRIBED
SEISMICFORCES(withbracingorshear
wall)
1. Special steel concentrically braced frames
NL
NL
11
6.5
NL
NL
50
NL
50
NP
5.5
4.5
NL
NL
NP
F.DUALSHEARWALLFRAMESYSTEM:
ORDINARYREINFORCEDCONCRETE
MOMENTFRAMESANDORDINARY
REINFORCEDCONCRETESHEARWALLS
G.STEELSYSTEMSNOTSPECIFICALLY
DETAILEDFORSEISMICRESISTANCE
4.5
NL
NP
NP
NL
NL
NP
NOTE:
1.
Under seismic design category, NL = No height restriction, NP = Not permitted,

Number represents maximum allowable height (m).
2.
Dual Systems include buildings which consist of both moment resisting frame
and shear walls (or braced frame) where both systems resist the total design
forces in proportion to their lateral stiffness.
3.
See Table 10.C.3.1 of Sec. 10 for additional values of R and Cd and height
limitsforsomeothertypesofsteelstructuresnotcoveredinTable2.5.7
SeismicforceresistingsystemsthatarenotgiveninTable2.5.7maybepermittedifsubstantialanalytical
andtestdataaresubmittedthatestablishthedynamiccharacteristicsanddemonstratethelateralforce
resistanceandenergydissipationcapacitytobeequivalenttothestructuralsystemslistedinTable2.5.7
forequivalentresponsemodificationcoefficient,R,anddeflectionamplificationfactor,Cd,values.
2.5.7.5
COMBINATIONOFSTRUCTURALSYSTEMS
2.5.7.5.1
CombinationsofStructuralSystemsinDifferentDirections:
Differentseismicforceresistingsystemsarepermittedtobeusedtoresistseismicforcesalongeachof
the two orthogonal axes of the structure. Where different systems are used, the respective R and Cd
coefficientsshallapplytoeachsystem,includingthelimitationsonsystemusecontainedinTable2.5.7.
2.5.7.5.2
CombinationsofStructuralSystemsintheSameDirection:
Where different seismic forceresisting systems are used in combination to resist seismic forces in the
same direction of structural response, other than those combinations considered as dual systems, the
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Part6
morestringentsystemlimitationcontainedinTable2.5.7shallapply.ThevalueofRusedfordesigninthat
directionshallnotbegreaterthantheleastvalueofRforanyofthesystemsutilizedinthatdirection.The
deflectionamplificationfactor,Cdinthedirectionunderconsiderationatanystoryshallnotbelessthan
thelargestvalueofthisfactorfortheRfactorusedinthesamedirectionbeingconsidered
2.5.8
STATICANALYSISPROCEDURE
Although analysis of buildings subjected to dynamic earthquake loads should theoretically require
dynamic analysis procedures, for certain type of building structures subjected to earthquake shaking,
simplifiedstaticanalysisproceduresmayalsoprovidereasonablygoodresults.Theequivalentstaticforce
methodissuchaprocedurefordeterminingtheseismiclateralforcesactingonthestructure.Thistypeof
analysismaybeappliedtobuildingswhoseseismicresponseisnotsignificantlyaffectedbycontributions
from modes higher than the fundamental mode in each direction. This requirement is deemed to be
satisfiedinbuildingswhichfulfillthefollowingtwoconditions:
a.
Thebuildingperiodinthetwomainhorizontaldirectionsissmallerthanboth4TC(TCis
definedinSection2.5.6.3)and2sec.
b.
2.5.9
ThebuildingdoesntpossessirregularityinelevationasdefinedinSection2.5.7.3.
EQUIVALENTSTATICANALYSIS
Theevaluationoftheseismicloadsstartswiththecalculationofthedesignbaseshearwhichisderived
from the design response spectrum presented in Section 2.5.6.3. This section presents different
computationsrelevanttotheequivalentstaticanalysisprocedure.
2.5.9.1
DESIGNBASESHEAR
Theseismicdesignbaseshearforceinagivendirectionshallbedeterminedfromthefollowingrelation:
V = SaW
(2.5.7)
where,
Sa = Lateral seismic force coefficient calculated using Eq.2.5.4 (Section 2.5.6.3). It is the design spectral
acceleration(inunitsofg)correspondingtothebuildingperiodT(computedasperSection2.5.9.2).
W=TotalseismicweightofthebuildingdefinedinSection2.5.9.3
2.5.9.2
BUILDINGPERIOD
The fundamental period T of the building in the horizontal direction under consideration shall be
determinedusingthefollowingguidelines:
a)
Structuraldynamicsprocedures(suchasRayleighmethodormodaleigenvalueanalysis),
usingstructuralpropertiesanddeformationcharacteristicsofresistingelements,maybe
used to determine the fundamental period T of the building in the direction under
consideration. This period shall not exceed the approximate fundamental period
determinedbyEquation(2.5.8)bymorethan40%.
b)
ThebuildingperiodT(insecs)maybeapproximatedbythefollowingformula:
T = Ct (hn )m
2.5.8
92
Chapter2
where,
hn
= Height of building in metres from foundation or from top of rigid basement.

Thisexcludesthebasementstoreys,wherebasementwallsareconnectedwith
the ground floor deck or fitted between the building columns. But it includes
thebasementstoreys,whentheyarenotsoconnected.
CtandmareobtainedfromTable2.5.8
Table2.5.8Valuesforcoefficientstoestimateapproximateperiod
Structuretype
Ct
Concrete moment-resisting frames
0.0466
0.9
Steel moment-resisting frames
0.0724
0.8
Eccentrically braced steel frame
0.0731
0.75
All other structural systems
0.0488
0.75
NOTE:
Consider moment resisting frames as frames which resist
100% of seismic force and are not enclosed or adjoined by
componentsthataremorerigidandwillpreventtheframes
fromdeflectingunderseismicforces.
c)
Formasonryorconcreteshearwallstructures,theapproximatefundamentalperiod,Tin
secsmaybedeterminedasfollows:
T=
0.0062
hn
Cw
(2.5.9)
where,
2
Cw =
Ai
100 x hn

AB i =1 hi
1 + 0.83 hi
D
(2.5.10)
where,
AB=areaofbaseofstructure
Ai=webareaofshearwalli
Di=lengthofshearwalli
hi=heightofshearwalli
x = number of shear walls in the building effective in resisting lateral forces in the
2.5.9.3
SEISMICWEIGHT
Seismic weight, W, is the total dead load of a building or a structure, including partition walls, and
applicableportionsofotherimposedloadslistedbelow:
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Part6
a) For live load upto andincluding 3kN/m2, a minimumof 25%of thelive load shall be
applicable.
b) Forliveloadabove3kN/m2,aminimumof50%oftheliveloadshallbeapplicable.
c) Totalweight(100%)ofpermanentheavyequipmentorretainedliquidoranyimposed
loadsustainedinnatureshallbeincluded.
Where the probable imposed loads (mass) at the time of earthquake are more correctly
assessed,thedesignermaygoforhigherpercentageofliveload.
2.5.9.4
VERTICALDISTRIBUTIONOFLATERALFORCES
In the absence of a more rigorous procedure, the total seismic lateral force at the base level, in other
wordsthebaseshearV,shallbeconsideredasthesumoflateralforcesFxinducedatdifferentfloorlevels,
theseforcesmaybecalculatedas:
Fx = V
w x hx k
w i hi
(2.5.11)
i =1
where,
Fx=partofbaseshearforceinducedatlevelx
wi and wx = part of the total effective seismic weight of the structure (W) assigned to
leveliorx
hiandhx=theheightfromthebasetoleveliorx
k=1forstructureperiod0.5s
=2forstructureperiod2.5s
=linearinterpolationbetween1and2forotherperiods.
n=numberofstories
2.5.9.5
STOREYSHEARANDITSHORIZONTALDISTRIBUTION
ThedesignstoreyshearVx,atanystoreyxisthesumoftheforcesFxinthatstoreyandallotherstories
aboveit,givenbyEq.2.5.12:
n
Vx = Fi
(2.5.12)
i=x
where,Fi=Portionofbaseshearinducedatleveli,asdeterminedbyEq.2.5.11
Ifthefloordiaphragmscanbeconsideredtobeinfinitelyrigidinthehorizontalplane,theshearVxshallbe
distributed to the various elements of the lateral force resisting system in proportion to their relative
lateralstiffness.Forflexiblediaphragms,thedistributionofforcestotheverticalelementsshallaccount
forthepositionanddistributionofthemassessupported.
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Chapter2
Allowance shall also be made for the increased shear arising due to horizontal torsional moment as
specifiedinSec2.5.9.6
2.5.9.6
HORIZONTALTORSIONALMOMENTS:
Design shall accommodate increase in storey shear forces resulting from probable horizontal torsional
momentsonrigidfloordiaphragms.Computationofsuchmomentsshallbeasfollows:
2.5.9.6.1
InbuiltTorsionalEffects:
Whenthereisinbuilteccentricitybetweencentreofmassandcentreofrigidity(lateralresistance)atthe
floorlevels,rigiddiaphragmsateachlevelwillbesubjectedtotorsionalmomentMt.
2.5.9.6.2
AccidentalTorsionalEffects:
Inordertoaccountforuncertaintiesinthelocationofmassesandinthespatialvariationoftheseismic
motion, accidental torsional effects need to be always considered. The accidental moment Mta is
determinedassumingthestoreymasstobedisplacedfromthecalculatedcentreofmassadistanceequal
to 5% of the building dimension at that level perpendicular to the direction of the force under
consideration.TheaccidentaltorsionalmomentMtaiatleveliisgivenas:
M tai = eai Fi
(2.5.13)
where,
eai= accidentaleccentricityoffloormassatleveliappliedin thesame directionatall
floors=0.05Li
Li=floordimensionperpendiculartothedirectionofseismicforceconsidered.
Wheretorsionalirregularityexists(Section2.5.7.3.1)forSeismicDesignCategoryCorD,theirregularity
effects shall be accounted for by increasing the accidental torsion Mta at each level by a torsional
amplificationfactor,AxasillustratedinFigure2.5.6determinedfromthefollowingequation:
Ax = max 1.2 avg
)]2 3.0
2.5.14
where,
max=MaximumdisplacementatlevelxcomputedassumingAx=1.
avg = Average of the displacements at extreme points of the building at levelx computed
assumingAx=1.
Theaccidentaltorsionalmomentneednotbeamplifiedforstructuresoflightframeconstruction.Alsothe
torsionalamplificationfactor(Ax)shouldnotexceed3.0.
2.5.9.6.3
DesignforTorsionalEffects
ThetorsionaldesignmomentatagivenstoreyshallbeequaltotheaccidentaltorsionalmomentMtaplus
the inbuilt torsional moment Mt (if any). Where earthquake forces are applied concurrently in two
orthogonaldirections,therequired5percentdisplacementofthecenterofmass(foraccidentaltorsion)
neednotbeappliedinbothoftheorthogonaldirectionsatthesametime,butshallbeappliedinonlyone
directionthatproducesthegreatereffect.
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Part6
Figure2.5.6TorsionalamplificationfactorAxforplanirregularity.
2.5.9.7
DEFLECTIONANDSTOREYDRIFT:
The deflections (x) of level x at the center of the mass shall be determined in accordance with the
followingequation:
x
C d xe
(2.5.15)
where,
Cd=DeflectionamplificationfactorgiveninTable2.5.7
xe=Deflectiondeterminedbyanelasticanalysis
I=ImportancefactordefinedinTable2.5.5
Thedesignstoreydriftatstoreyxshallbecomputedasthedifferenceofthedeflectionsatthecentersof
massatthetopandbottomofthestoryunderconsideration:
2.5.9.8
x = x x 1
(2.5.16)
OVERTURNINGEFFECTS:
Thestructureshallbedesignedtoresistoverturningeffectscausedbytheseismicforcesdeterminedin
Section2.5.9.4.Atanystory,theincrementofoverturningmomentinthestoryunderconsiderationshall
bedistributedtothevariousverticalforceresistingelementsinthesameproportionasthedistributionof
thehorizontalshearstothoseelements.
Theoverturningmomentsatlevelx,Mx,shallbedeterminedasfollows:
96
Chapter2
M x = Fi (hi hx )
(2.5.17)
i =x
where,
Fi=theportionoftheseismicbaseshear,V,inducedatleveli
hi,hx=theheightfromthebasetoleveliorx.
The foundations of structures, except inverted pendulumtype structures, shall be permitted to be
designed for threefourths of the foundation overturning design moment, Mo, determined using above
equation.
2.5.9.9
PDELTAEFFECTS:
The Pdelta effects on story shears and moments, the resulting member forces and moments, and the
story drifts induced by these effects are not required to be considered if the stability coefficient ()
determinedbythefollowingequationisnotmorethan0.10:
PX
(2.5.18)
Vx hsxCd
Where,
Px=thetotalverticaldesignloadatandabovelevelx;wherecomputingPx,noindividualload
factorneedexceed1.0
=thedesignstorydriftoccurringsimultaneouslywithVx
Vx=thestoreyshearforceactingbetweenlevelsxandx1
hsx=thestoryheightbelowlevelx
Cd=thedeflectionamplificationfactorgiveninTable2.5.7
Thestabilitycoefficient()shallnotexceedmaxdeterminedasfollows:
max =
0.5
Cd
0.25
(2.5.19)
whereistheratioofsheardemandtoshearcapacityforthestorybetweenlevelsxandx1.Thisratio
ispermittedtobeconservativelytakenas1.0.
Where the stability coefficient () is greater than 0.10 but less than or equal to max , the incremental
factor related to Pdelta effects on displacements and member forces shall be determined by rational
analysis.Alternatively,itispermittedtomultiplydisplacementsandmemberforcesby1.0/(1).
Whereisgreaterthanmax,thestructureispotentiallyunstableandshallberedesigned.
WherethePdeltaeffectisincludedinanautomatedanalysis,Eq.2.5.19shallstillbesatisfied,however,
thevalueofcomputedfromEq.2.5.18usingtheresultsofthePdeltaanalysisispermittedtobedivided
by(1+)beforecheckingEq.2.5.19.
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Part6
2.5.10
DYNAMICANALYSISMETHODS
Dynamicanalysismethodinvolvesapplyingprinciplesofstructuraldynamicstocomputetheresponseof
thestructuretoapplieddynamic(earthquake)loads.
2.5.10.1 REQUIREMENTFORDYNAMICANALYSIS
Dynamicanalysisshouldbeperformedtoobtainthedesignseismicforce,anditsdistributiontodifferent
levelsalongtheheightofthebuildingandtothevariouslateralloadresistingelements,forthefollowing
buildings:
a)Regularbuildingswithheightgreaterthan40minZones2,3,4andgreaterthan90min
Zone1.
b)Irregularbuildings(asdefinedinSection2.5.7.3)withheightgreaterthan12minZones2,
3,4andgreaterthan40minZone1.
For irregular buildings, smaller than 40 m in height in Zone 1, dynamic analysis, even though not
mandatory,isrecommended.
2.5.10.2 METHODSOFANALYSIS
Dynamicanalysismaybecarriedoutthroughthefollowingtwomethods:
(i) Response Spectrum Analysis method is a linear elastic analysis method using modal
analysis procedures, where the structure is subjected to spectral accelerations
correspondingtoadesignaccelerationresponsespectrum.Thedesignearthquakeground
motioninthiscaseisrepresentedbyitsresponsespectrum.
(ii) Time History Analysis method isanumerical integrationprocedure where design ground
motiontimehistories(accelerationrecord)areappliedatthebaseofthestructure.Time
historyanalysisprocedurescanbetwotypes:linearandnonlinear.
2.5.11
RESPONSESPECTRUMANALYSIS(RSA)
Aresponsespectrumanalysisshallconsistoftheanalysisofalinearmathematicalmodelofthestructure
todeterminethemaximumaccelerations,forces,anddisplacementsresultingfromthedynamicresponse
to ground shaking represented by the design acceleration response spectrum (presented in Section
2.5.6.3). Response spectrum analysis is also called a modal analysis procedure because it considers
differentmodesofvibrationofthestructureandcombineseffectsofdifferentmodes.
2.5.11.1 MODELING(RSA)
A mathematical model of the structure shall be constructed that represents the spatial distribution of
massandstiffnessthroughoutthestructure.Forregularstructureswithindependentorthogonalseismic
forceresisting systems, independent twodimensional models are permitted to be constructed to
representeachsystem.Forirregularstructuresorstructureswithoutindependentorthogonalsystems,a
threedimensional model incorporating a minimum of three dynamic degrees of freedom consisting of
translation in two orthogonal plan directions and torsional rotation about the vertical axis shall be
included at each level of the structure. Where the diaphragms are not rigid compared to the vertical
elements of the lateralforceresisting system, the model should include representation of the
diaphragmsflexibilityandsuchadditionaldynamicdegreesoffreedomasarerequiredtoaccountforthe
98
Chapter2
participationofthediaphragminthestructuresdynamicresponse.Thestructureshallbeconsideredto
befixedatthebaseor,alternatively,itshallbepermittedtouserealisticassumptionswithregardtothe
stiffnessoffoundations.Inaddition,themodelshallcomplywiththefollowing:
1.Stiffnesspropertiesofconcreteandmasonryelementsshallconsidertheeffectsofcrackedsections
2.Thecontributionofpanelzonedeformationstooverallstorydriftshallbeincludedforsteelmoment
frameresistingsystems.
2.5.11.2 NUMBEROFMODES(RSA)
An analysis shall be conducted using the masses and elastic stiffnesses of the seismicforceresisting
systemtodeterminethenaturalmodesofvibrationforthestructureincludingtheperiodofeachmode,
themodalshapevector,themodalparticipationfactorPandmodalmassM.Theanalysisshallincludea
sufficientnumberofmodestoobtainacombinedmodalmassparticipationofatleast90percentofthe
actualmassineachoftwoorthogonaldirections.
2.5.11.3 MODALSTORYSHEARSANDMOMENTS(RSA)
For each mode, the story shears, story overturning moments, and the shear forces and overturning
moments in vertical elements of the structural system at each level due to the seismic forces shall be
computed.ThepeaklateralforceFikinducedatleveliinmodekisgivenby:
Fik = Akik PkWi
(2.5.20)
where,
Ak=DesignhorizontalspectralaccelerationcorrespondingtoperiodofvibrationTkofmodek,obtained
fromdesignresponsespectrum(Section2.5.6.3)
ik=Modalshapecoefficientatleveliinmodek
Pk=Modalparticipationfactorofmodek
Wi=Weightoffloori.
2.5.11.4 STRUCTURERESPONSE(RSA)
Intheresponsespectrumanalysismethod,thebaseshearVrs;eachofthestoryshear,moment,anddrift
quantities; and the deflection at each level shall be determined by combining their modal values. The
combinationshallbecarriedoutbytakingthesquarerootofthesumofthesquares(SRSS)ofeachofthe
modal values or by the complete quadratic combination (CQC) technique. The complete quadratic
combinationshallbeusedwherecloselyspacedperiodsinthetranslationalandtorsionalmodesresultin
crosscorrelationofthemodes.
The distribution of horizontal shear shall be in accordance with the requirements of Section 2.5.9.5. It
should be noted that amplification of accidental torsion as per Section 2.5.9.6 is not required where
accidentaltorsionaleffectsareincludedinthedynamicanalysismodelbyoffsettingthecentreofmassin
eachstorybytherequiredamount.
A base shear, V, shall also be calculated using the equivalent static force procedure in Section 2.5.9.
Where the base shear, Vrs, is less than 85% of V, all the forces but not the drifts obtained by response
spectrumanalysisshallbemultipliedbytheratio0.85V/Vrs.
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Part6
ThedisplacementsanddriftsobtainedbyresponsespectrumanalysisshallbemultipliedbyCd/Itoobtain
designdisplacementsanddrifts,asdoneinequivalentstaticanalysisprocedure(Section2.5.9.7).
ThePdeltaeffectsshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithSection2.5.9.9.
2.5.12
LINEARTIMEHISTORYANALYSIS(LTHA)
A linear time history analysis (LTHA) shall consist of an analysis of a linear mathematical model of the
structuretodetermineitsresponse,throughdirectnumericalintegrationofthedifferentialequationsof
motion,toanumberofgroundmotionaccelerationtimehistoriescompatiblewiththedesignresponse
spectrumforthesite.Theanalysisshallbeperformedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthissection.
Forthepurposesofanalysis,thestructureshallbepermittedtobeconsideredtobefixedatthebaseor,
alternatively,itshallbepermittedtouserealisticassumptionswithregardtothestiffnessoffoundations.
The acceleration time history (ground motion) is applied atthe base ofthe structure.The advantage of
thisprocedureisthatthetimedependentbehaviorofthestructuralresponseisobtained.
2.5.12.1 MODELING(LTHA)
MathematicalmodelsshallconformtotherequirementsofmodelingdescribedinSection2.5.11.1.
2.5.12.2 GROUNDMOTION(LTHA)
Atleastthreeappropriategroundmotions(accelerationtimehistory)shallbeusedintheanalysis.Ground
motionshallconformtotherequirementsofthissection.
Twodimensional analysis: Where twodimensional analyses are performed, each ground motion shall
consist of a horizontal acceleration time history selected from an actual recorded event. Appropriate
acceleration histories shall be obtained from records of events having magnitudes, fault distance, and
source mechanisms that are consistent with those that control the maximum considered earthquake.
Where the required number of appropriate ground motion records are not available, appropriate
simulatedgroundmotiontimehistoriesshallbeusedtomakeupthetotalnumberrequired.Theground
motionsshallbescaledsuchthatforeachperiodbetween0.2Tand1.5T(whereTisthenaturalperiodof
the structure in the fundamental mode for the direction considered) the average of the fivepercent
damped response spectra for the each acceleration time history is not less than the corresponding
ordinateofthedesignaccelerationresponsespectrum,determinedinaccordancewithSection2.5.6.3.
Threedimensionalanalysis:Wherethreedimensionalanalysisisperformed,groundmotionsshallconsist
ofpairsofappropriatehorizontalgroundmotionaccelerationtimehistories(intwoorthogonalhorizontal
directions)thatshallbeselectedandscaledfromindividualrecordedevents.Appropriategroundmotions
shall be selected from events having magnitudes, fault distance, and source mechanisms that are
consistentwiththosethatcontrolthemaximumconsideredearthquake.Wheretherequirednumberof
recordedgroundmotionpairsarenotavailable,appropriatesimulatedgroundmotionpairsshallbeused
tomakeupthetotalnumberrequired.Foreachpairofhorizontalgroundmotioncomponents,anSRSS
spectrum shall be constructed by taking the square root of the sum of the squares of the fivepercent
damped response spectra for the components (where an identical scale factor is applied to both
componentsofapair).Eachpairofmotionsshallbescaledsuchthatforeachperiodbetween0.2Tand
1.5T (where T is the natural periodof the fundamental mode ofthe structure) the average ofthe SRSS
spectrafromallhorizontalcomponentpairsisnotlessthan1.3timesthecorrespondingordinateofthe
designresponsespectrum,determinedinaccordancewithSection2.5.6.3.
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Chapter2
2.5.12.3 STRUCTURERESPONSE(LTHA)
Foreachscaledaccelerationtimehistory,themaximumvaluesofbaseshearandotherstructureresponse
quantitiesshallbeobtainedfromthetimehistoryanalysis.Forthreedimensionalanalysis,orthogonalpair
ofscaledmotionsareappliedsimultaneously.Abaseshear,V,shallalsobecalculatedusingtheequivalent
static force procedure described in Section 2.5.9.1. Where the maximum base shear, Vth computed by
linear time history analysis, is less than V, all response quantities (storey shear, moments, drifts, floor
deflections,memberforcesetc)obtainedbytimehistoryanalysisshallbeincreasedbymultiplyingwith
the ratio V/Vth. If number of earthquake records (or pairs) used in the analysis is less than seven, the
maximumstructuralresponseobtainedcorrespondingtodifferentearthquakerecordsshallbeconsidered
asthedesignvalue.Ifthenumberisatleastseven,thentheaverageofmaximumstructuralresponsesfor
differentearthquakerecordsshallbeconsideredasthedesignvalue.
The displacements and drifts obtained as mentioned above shall be multiplied by Cd/I to obtain design
displacementsanddrifts,asdoneinequivalentstaticanalysisprocedure(Section2.5.9.7).
2.5.13
NONLINEARTIMEHISTORYANALYSIS(NTHA)
Nonlineartimehistoryanalysis(NTHA)shallconsistofanalysisofamathematicalmodelofthestructure
which incorporates the nonlinear hysteretic behavior of the structures components to determine its
response, through methods of numerical integration, to ground acceleration time histories compatible
withthe designresponse spectrum for the site. The analysisshall beperformed inaccordancewiththe
requirements of this section. For the purposes of analysis, the structure shall be permitted to be
consideredtobefixedatthebaseor,alternatively,itshallbepermittedtouserealisticassumptionswith
regardtothestiffnessoffoundations.Theaccelerationtimehistory(groundmotion)isappliedatthebase
ofthestructure.Theadvantageofthisprocedureisthatactualtimedependentbehaviorofthestructural
responseconsideringinelasticdeformationsinthestructurecanbeobtained.
2.5.13.1 MODELING(NTHA)
A mathematical model of the structure shall be constructed that represents the spatial distribution of
mass throughout the structure. The hysteretic behavior of elements shall be modeled consistent with
suitablelaboratorytestdataandshallaccountforallsignificantyielding,strengthdegradation, stiffness
degradation,andhystereticpinchingindicatedbysuchtestdata.Strengthofelementsshallbebasedon
expectedvaluesconsideringmaterialoverstrength,strainhardening,andhystereticstrengthdegradation.
As a minimum, a bilinear forcedeformation relationship should be used at the element level. In
reinforced concrete and masonry buildings, the elastic stiffness should correspond to that of cracked
sections.Linearproperties,consistentwiththeprovisionsofChapter5shallbepermittedtobeusedfor
those elements demonstrated by the analysis to remain within their linear range of response. The
structure shall be assumed to have a fixed base or, alternatively, it shall be permitted to use realistic
assumptions with regard to the stiffness and load carrying characteristics of the foundations consistent
withsitespecificsoilsdataandrationalprinciplesofengineeringmechanics.
For regular structures with independent orthogonal seismicforceresisting systems, independent two
dimensionalmodelsshallbepermittedtobeconstructedtorepresenteachsystem.Forstructureshaving
plan irregularity or structures without independent orthogonal systems, a threedimensional model
incorporatingaminimumofthreedynamicdegreesoffreedomconsistingoftranslationintwoorthogonal
plandirectionsandtorsionalrotationabouttheverticalaxisateachlevelofthestructureshallbeused.
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Part6
Where the diaphragms are not rigid compared to the vertical elements of the lateralforceresisting
system,themodelshallincluderepresentationofthediaphragmsflexibilityandsuchadditionaldynamic
degreesoffreedomasarerequiredtoaccountfortheparticipationofthediaphragminthestructures
dynamicresponse.
2.5.13.2 GROUNDMOTION(NTHA)
The actual timedependent inelastic deformation of the structure is modeled. For inelastic analysis
method,therealdesignaccelerationresponsespectrum(Section2.5.6.3)isobtainedusingEq.2.5.4with
R=1andI=1.Therealdesignaccelerationresponsespectrumisthetruerepresentationoftheexpected
ground motion (design basis earthquake) including local soil effects and corresponds to a peak ground
acceleration(PGA)valueof2/3*Z*S.
Atleastthree appropriateaccelerationtimehistoriesshall be usedintheanalysis.Groundmotionshall
conformtotherequirementsofthissection.
Twodimensional analysis: Where twodimensional analyses are performed, each ground motion shall
consist of a horizontal acceleration time history selected from an actual recorded event. Appropriate
acceleration histories shall be obtained from records of events having magnitudes, fault distance, and
source mechanisms that are consistent with those that control the maximum considered earthquake.
Where the required number of appropriate ground motion records are not available, appropriate
simulatedgroundmotiontimehistoriesshallbeusedtomakeupthetotalnumberrequired.Theground
motionsshallbescaledsuchthatforeachperiodbetween0.2Tand1.5T(whereTisthenaturalperiodof
the structure in the fundamental mode for the direction considered) the average of the fivepercent
dampedresponsespectraforeachaccelerationtimehistoryisnotlessthanthecorrespondingordinateof
therealdesignaccelerationresponsespectrum,asdefinedhere.
Threedimensionalanalysis:Wherethreedimensionalanalysisisperformed,groundmotionsshallconsist
ofpairsofappropriatehorizontalgroundmotionaccelerationtimehistories(intwoorthogonalhorizontal
directions)thatshallbeselectedandscaledfromindividualrecordedevents.Appropriategroundmotions
shall be selected from events having magnitudes, fault distance, and source mechanisms that are
consistentwiththosethatcontrolthemaximumconsideredearthquake.Wheretherequirednumberof
recordedgroundmotionpairsarenotavailable,appropriatesimulatedgroundmotionpairsshallbeused
tomakeupthetotalnumberrequired.Foreachpairofhorizontalgroundmotioncomponents,anSRSS
spectrum shall be constructed by taking the square root of the sum of the squares of the fivepercent
damped response spectra for the components (where an identical scale factor is applied to both
componentsofapair).Eachpairofmotionsshallbescaledsuchthatforeachperiodbetween0.2Tand
1.5T (where T is the natural periodof the fundamental mode ofthe structure) the average ofthe SRSS
spectrafromallhorizontalcomponentpairsisnotlessthan1.3timesthecorrespondingordinateofthe
realdesignaccelerationresponsespectrum.
2.5.13.3 STRUCTURERESPONSE(NTHA)
Foreachscaledaccelerationtimehistory,themaximumvaluesofbaseshearandotherstructureresponse
quantities shall be obtained from the nonlinear time history analysis. For three dimensional analysis,
orthogonalpairofscaledmotionsareappliedsimultaneously.Ifnumberofearthquakerecords(orpairs)
used in the analysis is less than seven, the maximum structural response obtained corresponding to
differentearthquakerecordsshallbeconsideredasthedesignvalue.Ifthenumberisatleastseven,then
102
Chapter2
theaverageofmaximumstructuralresponsesfordifferentearthquakerecordsshallbeconsideredasthe
design value. Since real expected earthquake motion input and model incorporating real nonlinear
behaviorofthestructureisused,theresultsasobtainedaredirectlyused(noscalingasinLTHAorRSAis
required)forinterpretationanddesign.
2.5.13.4 STRUCTUREMEMBERDESIGN(NTHA)
The adequacy of individual members and their connections to withstand the design deformations
predicted by the analyses shall be evaluated based onlaboratory testdataforsimilar components. The
effects of gravity and other loads on member deformation capacity shall be considered in these
evaluations.Memberdeformationshallnotexceedtwothirdsofthesmallerof:thevaluethatresultsin
lossofabilitytocarrygravityloadsorthevalueatwhichmemberstrengthhasdeterioratedtolessthan
67%ofpeakstrength.
2.5.13.5 DESIGNREVIEW(NTHA)
Specialcareandexpertiseisneededintheuseofnonlineardynamicanalysisbaseddesign.Checkingof
thedesignbycompetentthirdpartyisrecommended.Areviewofthedesignoftheseismicforceresisting
systemandthesupportingstructuralanalysesshallbeperformedbyanindependentteamconsistingof
design professionals with experience in seismic analysis methods and the theory and application of
nonlinear seismic analysis and structural behavior under extreme cyclic loads. The design review shall
includethefollowing:(i)Reviewofdevelopmentofgroundmotiontimehistories(ii)Reviewofacceptance
criteria (including laboratory test data) used to demonstrate the adequacy of structural elements and
systemstowithstandthecalculatedforceanddeformationdemands(iii)Reviewofstructuraldesign.
2.5.14
NONLINEARSTATICANALYSIS(NSA)
Nonlinear static analysis (NSA), also popularly known as pushover analysis, is a simplified method of
directly evaluating nonlinear response of structures to strong earthquake ground shaking. It is an
alternative to the more complex nonlinear time history analysis (NTHA). The building is subjected to
monotonicallyincreasingstatichorizontalloadsunderconstantgravityload.
2.5.14.1 MODELING(NSA)
Amathematicalmodelofthestructureshallbeconstructedtorepresentthespatialdistributionofmass
and stiffness of the structural system considering the effects of element nonlinearity for deformation
levelsthatexceedtheproportionallimit.PDeltaeffectsshallalsobeincludedintheanalysis.
For regular structures with independent orthogonal seismicforceresisting systems, independent two
dimensional models may be used to represent each system. For structures having plan irregularities or
structureswithoutindependentorthogonalsystems,athreedimensionalmodelincorporatingaminimum
of three degrees of freedom for each level of the structure, consisting of translation in two orthogonal
plandirectionsandtorsionalrotationabouttheverticalaxis,shallbeused.Wherethediaphragmsarenot
rigid compared to the vertical elements of the seismicforceresisting system, the model should include
representationofthediaphragmflexibility.
Unless analysis indicates that a element remains elastic, a nonlinear force deformation model shall be
usedtorepresentthestiffnessoftheelementbeforeonsetofyield,theyieldstrength,andthestiffness
properties of the element after yield at various levels of deformation. Strengths of elements shall not
exceed expected values considering material overstrength and strain hardening. The properties of
103
Part6
elements and components after yielding shall account for strength and stiffness degradation due to
softening,buckling,orfractureasindicatedbyprinciplesofmechanicsortestdata.
A control point shall be selected for the model. For normal buildings, the control point shall be at the
centerofmassofthehighestlevel(roof)ofthestructure.
2.5.14.2 ANALYSISPROCEDURE(NSA)
The lateral forces shall be applied at the center of mass of each level and shall be proportional to the
distributionobtainedfromamodalanalysisforthefundamentalmodeofresponseinthedirectionunder
consideration.Thelateralloadsshallbeincreasedincrementallyinamonotonicmanner.
Atthejthincrementoflateralloading,thetotallateralforceappliedtothemodelshallbecharacterized
bythetermVj.Theincrementalincreasesinappliedlateralforceshouldbeinstepsthataresufficiently
smalltopermitsignificantchangesinindividualelementbehavior(suchasyielding,bucklingorfailure)to
be detected.The first increment in lateral loading shall resultin linear elastic behavior. At eachloading
step,thetotalappliedlateralforce,Vj,thelateraldisplacementofthecontrolpoint,j,andtheforcesand
deformationsineachelementshallberecorded.Theanalysisshallbecontinueduntilthedisplacementof
thecontrolpointisatleast150%ofthetargetdisplacementdeterminedinaccordancewithSec.2.5.14.3.
The structure shall be designed so that the total applied lateral force does not decrease in any load
incrementforcontrolpointdisplacementslessthanorequalto125percentofthetargetdisplacement.
2.5.14.3 EFFECTIVEPERIODANDTARGETDISPLACEMENT(NSA)
A bilinear curve shall be fitted to the capacity curve, such that the first segment of the bilinear curve
coincides with the capacity curve at 60% of the effective yield strength, the second segment coincides
withthecapacitycurveatthetargetdisplacement,andtheareaunderthebilinearcurveequalsthearea
underthecapacitycurve,betweentheoriginandthetargetdisplacement.Theeffectiveyieldstrength,Vy,
correspondstothetotalappliedlateralforceattheintersectionofthetwolinesegments.Theeffective
yielddisplacement,y,correspondstothecontrolpointdisplacementattheintersectionofthetwoline
segments.Theeffectivefundamentalperiod,Te,ofthestructureinthedirectionunderconsiderationshall
bedeterminedusingEq.2.5.21asfollows:
Te = T1
V1 1
V y y (2.5.21)
whereV1,1,andT1aredeterminedforthefirstincrementoflateralload.
Thetargetdisplacementofthecontrolpoint,T,shallbedeterminedasfollows:
2
T
T = C 0 C1 S a e g
2
(2.5.22)
wherethespectralacceleration,Sa,isdeterminedattheeffectivefundamentalperiod,Te,usingEq.(2.5.4),
gistheaccelerationduetogravity.
ThecoefficientC0shallbecalculatedas:
104
Chapter2
C0 =
w
i =1
n
w
i =1
2
i
(2.5.23)
where:
wi=theportionoftheseismicweight,W,atleveli,and
i=theamplitudeoftheshapevectoratleveli.
Wheretheeffectivefundamentalperiod,Te,isgreaterthanTC(definedinSec.2.5.6.3),thecoefficientC1
shallbetakenas1.0.Otherwise,thevalueofthecoefficientC1shallbecalculatedasfollows:
C1 =
1
Rd
(Rd 1)Ts
1 +
Te
(2.5.24)
(2.5.25)
whereRdisgivenasfollows:
Rd =
Sa
Vy W
2.5.14.4 STRUCTUREMEMBERDESIGN(NSA)
Foreachnonlinearstaticanalysisthedesignresponseparameters,includingtheindividualmemberforces
andmemberdeformationsshallbetakenasthevaluesobtainedfromtheanalysisatthestepatwhichthe
targetdisplacementisreached.
Theadequacyofindividualmembersandtheirconnectionstowithstandthememberforcesandmember
deformations shall be evaluated based on laboratory test data for similar components. The effects of
gravity and other loads on member deformation capacity shall be considered in these evaluations. The
deformationofamembersupportinggravityloadsshallnotexceed(i)twothirdsofthedeformationthat
results in loss of ability to support gravity loads, and (ii) twothirds of the deformation at which the
memberstrengthhasdeterioratedtolessthan70%ofthepeakstrengthofthecomponentmodel.The
deformationofamembernotrequiredforgravityloadsupportshallnotexceedtwothirdsofthevalueat
whichmemberstrengthhasdeterioratedtolessthan70%ofthepeakstrengthofthecomponentmodel.
2.5.14.5 DESIGNREVIEW(NSA)
Checkingofthedesignbycompetentthirdpartyisrecommended.Anindependentteamcomposedofat
least two members with experience in seismic analysis methods and the theory and application of
nonlinearseismicanalysisandstructuralbehaviorunderearthquakeloading,shallperformareviewofthe
designoftheseismicforceresistingsystemandthesupportingstructuralanalyses.Thedesignreviewshall
include(i)reviewofanysitespecificseismiccriteria(ifdeveloped)employedintheanalysis(ii)reviewof
thedeterminationofthetargetdisplacementandeffectiveyieldstrengthofthestructure(iii)reviewof
adequacyofstructuralelementsandsystemstowithstandthecalculatedforceanddeformationdemands,
togetherwithlaboratoryandotherdata(iv)reviewofstructuraldesign.
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Part6
2.5.15
EARTHQUAKELOADCOMBINATIONS
2.5.15.1 HORIZONTALEARTHQUAKELOADING
Thedirectionsofapplicationofseismicforcesfordesignshallbethosewhichwillproducethemostcritical
loadeffects.Earthquakeforcesactinbothprincipaldirectionsofthebuildingsimultaneously.Inorderto
accountforthat,
(a) ForstructuresofSeismicDesignCategoryB,thedesignseismicforcesarepermittedtobeapplied
independently in each of two orthogonal directions and orthogonal interaction effects are
permittedtobeneglected
(b) StructuresofSeismicDesignCategoryCandDshall,asaminimum,conformtotherequirements
of (a) for Seismic Design Category B and in addition the requirements of this section. The
structure shall be designed for 100% of the seismic forces in one principal direction combined
with30%oftheseismicforcesintheorthogonaldirection.Possiblecombinationsare:
100% in x-direction 30% in y-direction or
30% in x-direction 100% in y-direction

Thecombinationwhichproducesmost unfavourableeffectfortheparticularactioneffectshall
be considered. This approach may be applied to equivalent static analysis, response spectrum
analysisandlineartimehistoryanalysisprocedure.
(c)
Wherethreedimensionalanalysisofaspatialstructuremodelisperformedasin3Dtimehistory
analysis,simultaneousapplicationofaccelerationsintwodirectionsshallbeconsideredwheretheground
motionsshallsatisfytheconditionsstatedinSections2.5.12.2or2.5.13.2.
2.5.15.2 VERTICALEARTHQUAKELOADING
Themaximumverticalgroundaccelerationshallbetakenas50%oftheexpectedhorizontalpeakground
acceleration(PGA).TheverticalseismicloadeffectEvmaybedeterminedas:
Ev=0.5(ah)D
(2.5.26)
where,
ah=expectedhorizontalpeakgroundacceleration(ing)fordesign=(2/3)ZS
D=effectofdeadload
2.5.15.3 COMBINATIONOFEARTHQUAKELOADINGWITHOTHERLOADINGS
Whenearthquakeeffectisincludedintheanalysisanddesignofabuildingorstructure,theprovisionsset
forth in section 2.7 shall be followed to combine earthquake load effects with other loading effects to
obtaindesignforcesetc.
106
Chapter2
2.5.16
DRIFTANDDEFORMATION
2.5.16.1 STOREYDRIFTLIMIT
The design storey drift () of each storey, as determined in Sections 2.5.9 (equivalent static analysis),
2.5.11(responsespectrumanalysis)or2.5.12(lineartimehistoryanalysis)shallnotexceedtheallowable
storeydrift(a)asobtainedfromTable2.5.9foranystory.
Forstructureswithsignificanttorsionaldeflections,themaximumdriftshallincludetorsionaleffects.For
structuresassignedtoSeismicDesignCategoryCorDhavingtorsionalirregularity,thedesignstoreydrift,
shallbecomputedasthelargestdifferenceofthedeflectionsalonganyoftheedgesofthestructureat
the top and bottom of the storey under consideration. For seismic forceresisting systems comprised
solelyofmomentframesinSeismicDesignCategoriesD,theallowablestoreydriftforsuchlinearelastic
analysisproceduresshallnotexceed a/whereistermedasastructuralredundancyfactor.Thevalue
ofredundancyfactormaybeconsideredas1.0withtheexceptionofstructureswithverylowlevelof
redundancywheremaybeconsideredas1.3.
Fornonlineartimehistoryanalysis(NTHA),thestoreydriftobtained(Section2.5.13)shallnotexceed1.25
timesthestoreydriftlimitspecifiedaboveforlinearelasticanalysisprocedures.
Table2.5.9AllowableStoreyDriftLimit(a)
Structure
Occupancy Category
I andII
III
Structures,otherthanmasonryshearwall
structures,4storiesorlesswithinteriorwalls,
partitions,ceilingsandexteriorwallsystemsthat
havebeendesignedtoaccommodatethestory
drifts.
Masonrycantilevershearwallstructures
Othermasonryshearwallstructures
Allotherstructures
IV
0.025hsx
0.020hsx
0.015hsx
0.010hsx
0.010hsx
0.010hsx
0.007hsx
0.020hsx
0.007hsx
0.015hsx
0.007hsx
0.010hsx
NOTES:
1. hsxisthestoryheightbelowLevelx.
2. Thereshallbenodriftlimitforsinglestorystructureswithinteriorwalls,partitions,ceilings,
andexteriorwallsystemsthathavebeendesignedtoaccommodatethestoreydrifts.
3. Structuresinwhichthebasicstructuralsystemconsistsofmasonryshearwallsdesignedas
verticalelementscantileveredfromtheirbaseorfoundationsupportwhichareso
constructedthatmomenttransferbetweenshearwalls(coupling)isnegligible.
4.
OccupancycategoriesaredefinedinTable1.2.1
2.5.16.2 DIAPHRAGMDEFLECTION
Thedeflectionintheplaneofthediaphragm,asdeterminedbyengineeringanalysis,shallnot
exceed the permissible deflection of the attached elements. Permissible deflection shall be
thatdeflectionthatwillpermittheattachedelementtomaintainitsstructuralintegrityunder
theindividualloadingandcontinuetosupporttheprescribedloads.
2.5.16.3 SEPARATIONBETWEENADJACENTSTRUCTURES
Buildings shallbe protected from earthquakeinduced pounding from adjacentstructuresor
between structurally independent units of the same building maintaining safe distance
betweensuchstructuresasfollows:
107
Part6
(i)
forbuildings,orstructurallyindependentunits,thatdonotbelongtothesameproperty,
the distance from the property line to the potential points of impact shall not be less
than the computed maximumhorizontal displacement (Section 2.5.9.7) of the building
atthecorrespondinglevel.
(ii) for buildings, or structurally independent units, belonging to the same property, if the
distancebetweenthemisnotlessthanthesquarerootofthesumofthesquares(SRSS)
of the computed maximum horizontal displacements (Section 2.5.9.7) of the two
buildingsorunitsatthecorrespondinglevel.
(iii) Ifthefloorelevationsofthebuildingorindependentunitunderdesignarethesameas
those of the adjacent building or unit, the above referred minimum distance may be
reducedbyafactorof0.7
2.5.16.4 SPECIAL DEFORMATION REQUIREMENT FOR SEISMIC DESIGN

CATEGORYD
For structures assigned to Seismic Design Category D, every structural component not included in the
seismicforceresistingsysteminthedirectionunderconsiderationshallbedesignedtobeadequatefor
thegravityloadeffectsandtheseismicforcesresultingfromdisplacementtothedesignstorydrift()as
determinedinaccordancewithSection2.5.9.7.Evenwhereelementsofthestructurearenotintendedto
resist seismic forces, their protection may be important. Where determining the moments and shears
inducedincomponentsthatarenotincludedintheseismicforceresistingsysteminthedirectionunder
consideration, the stiffening effects of adjoining rigid structural and nonstructural elements shall be
consideredandarationalvalueofmemberandrestraintstiffnessshallbeused.
2.5.17
SEISMICDESIGNFORNONSTRUCTURALCOMPONENTS
This section establishes minimum design criteria for nonstructural components that are permanently
attachedtostructuresandfortheirsupportsandattachments.
Thefollowingcomponentsareexemptfromtherequirementsofthissection.
1.ArchitecturalcomponentsinSeismicDesignCategoryB,otherthanparapetssupportedby
bearingwallsorshearwalls,wherethecomponentimportancefactor,Ic,isequalto1.0.
2.MechanicalandelectricalcomponentsinSeismicDesignCategoryB.
3. MechanicalandelectricalcomponentsinSeismicDesignCategoryCwheretheimportance
factor,Ic,isequalto1.0.
4. MechanicalandelectricalcomponentsinSeismicDesignCategoryDwherethecomponent
importance factor, Ic, is equal to 1.0 and either (a) flexible connections between the
components and associated ductwork, piping, and conduit are provided, or (b)
componentsaremountedat1.2morlessaboveafloorlevelandweigh1780Norless.
5. Mechanical and electrical components in Seismic Design Category C or D where the
componentimportancefactor,Ic,isequalto1.0and(a)flexibleconnectionsbetweenthe
components and associated ductwork, piping, and conduit are provided, and (b) the
componentsweigh95Norlessor,fordistributionsystems,whichweigh7N/morless.
108
Chapter2
Where the individual weight of supported components and nonbuilding structures with periods greater
than0.06secondsexceeds25%ofthetotalseismicweightW,thestructureshallbedesignedconsidering
interactioneffectsbetweenthestructureandthesupportedcomponents.
Testingshallbepermittedtobeusedinlieuofanalysismethodsoutlinedinthischaptertodeterminethe
seismiccapacityofcomponentsandtheirsupportsandattachments.
2.5.17.1 COMPONENTIMPORTANCEFACTOR
Allcomponentsshallbeassignedacomponentimportancefactor.Thecomponentimportancefactor,Ic,
shallbetakenas1.5ifanyofthefollowingconditionsapply:
1.Thecomponentisrequiredtofunctionafteranearthquake,
2.Thecomponentcontainshazardousmaterials,or
3.ThecomponentisinorattachedtoaoccupancycategoryIVbuildinganditisneededfor
continuedoperationofthefacility.
Allothercomponentsshallbeassignedacomponentimportancefactor,Ic,equalto1.0.
2.5.17.2 COMPONENTFORCETRANSFER
Components shall be attached such that the component forces are transferred to the structure.
Componentattachmentsthatareintendedtoresistseismicforcesshallbebolted,welded,orotherwise
positively fastened without consideration of frictional resistance produced by the effects of gravity. A
continuous load path of sufficient strength and stiffness between the component and the supporting
structureshallbeverified.Localelementsofthesupportingstructureshallbedesignedforthecomponent
forces where such forces control the design of the elements or their connections. In this instance, the
component forces shallbe thosedetermined inSection 2.5.17.3, exceptthat modifications to Fp and Rp
due to anchorage conditions need not be considered. The design documents shall include sufficient
informationconcerningtheattachmentstoverifycompliancewiththerequirementsoftheseProvisions.
2.5.17.3 SEISMICDESIGNFORCE
The seismic design force, Fc, applied in the horizontal direction shall be centered at the components
centerofgravityanddistributedrelativetothecomponent'smassdistributionandshallbedeterminedas
follows:
Fc =
c a hW c I c
Rc
z
1 + 2
h
(2.5.27)
Where,
0.75WcIcFc1.5WcIc
c=componentamplificationfactorwhichvariesfrom1.0to2.5(Table2.5.10orTable2.5.11).
ah=expectedhorizontalpeakgroundacceleration(ing)fordesign=2/3*Z*S
Wc=weightofcomponent
Rc=componentresponsereductionfactorwhichvariesfrom1.0to12.0(Table2.5.10orTable2.5.11)
109
Part6
z=heightabovethebaseofthepointofattachmentofthecomponent,butzshallnotbetakenlessthan
0andthevalueofz/hneednotexceed1.0
h=roofheightofstructureabovethebase
TheforceFcshallbeindependentlyappliedinatleasttwoorthogonalhorizontaldirectionsincombination
withserviceloadsassociatedwiththecomponent.Inaddition,thecomponentshallalsobedesignedfora
concurrentverticalforceof0.5ahWc.
Where nonseismic loads on nonstructural components exceed Fc, such loads shall govern the strength
design,buttheseismicdetailingrequirementsandlimitationsshallapply.
2.5.17.4 SEISMICRELATIVEDISPLACEMENTS
Therelativeseismicdisplacement,Dc,fortwoconnectionpointsonthesamestructureA,oneataheight
hxandotheratheighthy,foruseincomponentdesignshallbedeterminedasfollows:
Dc = xA yA
(2.5.28)
(2.5.29)
DcshallnotexceedDcmaxgivenby:
Dc max =
(h
h y ) aA
hsx
where,
xA=DeflectionatlevelxofstructureA
yA=DeflectionatlevelyofstructureA
aA=AllowablestorydriftforstructureA
hx=Height(abovebase)oflevelxtowhichupperconnectionpointisattached.
hy=Height(abovebase)oflevelytowhichlowerconnectionpointisattached.
hsx=Storyheightusedinthedefinitionoftheallowabledrifta
Fortwoconnectionpointsonseparatestructures,AandB,orseparatestructuralsystems,oneatlevelx
andtheotheratlevely,Dcshallbedeterminedasfollows:
Dc = xA + yB
(2.5.30)
DcshallnotexceedDcmaxgivenby:
Dc max =
X aA Y aB
+
hsx
hsx
(2.5.31)
Where,
yB=DeflectionatlevelyofstructureB
aB=AllowablestorydriftforstructureB
The effects of relative seismic relative displacements shall be considered in combination with
displacementscausedbyotherloadsasappropriate.
110
Chapter2
Table2.5.10CoefficientscandRcforArchitecturalComponents
ArchitecturalComponentorElement
c a
Rc
InteriorNonstructuralWallsand Partitions
Plain(unreinforced)masonrywalls
Allotherwallsandpartitions
1.0
1.0
1.5
2.5
CantileverElements(Unbracedor braced to structural frame below itscenter of mass)

Parapetsandcantileverinteriornonstructuralwalls
2.5
Chimneysandstackswherelaterallybracedorsupportedbythestructuralframe
2.5
CantileverElements(Bracedtostructuralframeaboveitscenterofmass)Parapets
ChimneysandStacks
ExteriorNonstructuralWalls
1.0
1.0
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
ExteriorNonstructuralWallElementsandConnections
WallElement
Bodyofwallpanelconnections
F
t
f th
ti
t
Veneer
1.0
1.0
2.5
2.5
1.0
2.5
1.0
1.5
2.5
3.5
1.0
2.5
1.0
2.5
1.0
2.5
1.0
1.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
1.0
3.5
1.0
2.5
1.0
1.5
2.5
3.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
1.5
a Alowervalueforcispermittedwherejustifiedbydetaileddynamicanalysis.Thevalueforcshall
not be less than 1.0. The value of c equal to 1.0 is for rigid components and rigidly attached
components.Thevalueofcequalto2.5isforflexiblecomponentsandflexiblyattachdcomponents.
Limiteddeformabilityelementsandattachments
Lowdeformabilityelementsandattachments
Penthouses(exceptwhereframedbyanextensionofthebuildingframe)
Ceilings
All
Cabinets
Storagecabinetsandlaboratoryequipment
AccessFloors
Specialaccessfloors
Allother
AppendagesandOrnamentations
SignsandBillboards
OtherRigidComponents
Highdeformabilityelementsandattachments
Lowdeformabilitymaterialsandattachments
OtherFlexibleComponents
Highdeformabilityelementsandattachments
Lowdeformabilitymaterialsandattachments
111
Part6
Table2.5.11CoefficientscandRcforMechanicalandElectricalComponents
MechanicalandElectricalComponents
c a Rc
AirsideHVAC,fans,airhandlers,airconditioningunits,cabinetheaters,air
distributionboxes,andothermechanicalcomponentsconstructedofsheetmetal
fWetsideHVAC,boilers,furnaces,atmospherictanksandbins,chillers,waterheaters,
i
2.5
6.0
1.0
2.5
1.0
2.5
1.0
1.0
2.5
1.0
2.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
6.0
2.5
3.0
2.5
1.5
1.5
2.5
2.5
2.0
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.0
2.5
12.0
6.0
2.5
9.0
2.5
4.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
3.0
9.0
6.0
2.5
1.0
2.5
2.5
3.0
2.5
3.0
6.0
heatexchangers,evaporators,airseparators,manufacturingorprocessequipment,
Engines,turbines,pumps,compressors, and pressure vessels not supported on skirts
Skirtsupportedpressurevessels
Elevatorandescalatorcomponents.
Generators,batteries,inverters,motors,transformers,andotherelectricalcomponents
Motorcontrolcenters,panelboards,switchgear,instrumentationcabinets,andother
Communicationequipment,computers, instrumentation, and controls.
Roofmountedchimneys,stacks,coolingandelectricaltowerslaterallybracedbelow
Roofmounted chimneys,stacks, cooling and electrical towers laterally braced above
Lightingfixtures.
Othermechanicalorelectricalcomponents.
VIBRATION ISOLATED COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMSb
Componentsandsystemsisolatedusingneopreneelementsandneopreneisolated
floorswithbuiltinorseparateelastomeric snubbing devicesor resilient perimeter
Springisolatedcomponentsand systems and vibration isolated floors closely
restrainedusingbuiltinorseparate elastomeric snubbing devicesor resilient
Internallyisolatedcomponentsand systems.
Suspendedvibrationisolatedequipmentincludinginlineductdevicesandsuspended
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
PipinginaccordancewithASME B31, including inline components with joints made
PipinginaccordancewithASMEB31,includinginlinecomponents,constructedof
highorlimiteddeformabilitymaterials, with joints madeby threading, bonding,
PipingandtubingnotinaccordancewithASMEB31,includinginlinecomponents,
constructedofhighdeformability materials, with jointsmade by welding or brazing.
Pipingandtubingnotinaccordance with ASME B31, including inline components,
constructedofhighorlimiteddeformability materials,with joints made by threading,
Pipingandtubingconstructedoflowdeformabilitymaterials,suchascastiron,glass,
Ductwork,includinginlinecomponents,constructedofhighdeformabilitymaterials,
Ductwork,includinginlinecomponents, constructed of high or limiteddeformability
materialswith jointsmadebymeans other than weldingor brazing.
Ductwork,includinginlinecomponents,constructedoflowdeformabilitymaterials,
Electricalconduit,busducts,rigidly mounted cable trays, and plumbing.
Manufacturingorprocessconveyors(nonpersonnel).
Suspendedcabletrays.
a
A lower value for c is permitted where justified by detailed dynamic analysis. The value for c shall not be less than
1.0. The value of c equal to 1.0 is for rigid components and rigidly attached components. The value of c equal to 2.5 is
for flexible components and flexibly attached components.
b
Components mounted on vibration isolators shall have a bumper restraint or snubber in each horizontal direction. The
design force shall be taken as 2Fc if the nominal clearance (air gap) between the equipment support frame and restraint is
greater than 6 mm. If the nominal clearance specified on the construction documents is not greater than 6 mm, the design
force may be taken as Fc.
112
Chapter2
2.5.18
DESIGNFORSEISMICALLYISOLATEDBUILDINGS
Buildings that use special seismic isolation systems for protection against earthquakes shall be called
seismically isolated or base isolated buildings. Seismically isolated structure and every portion thereof
shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the requirements of provisions presented in this
section.
2.5.18.1 GENERALREQUIREMENTSFORISOLATIONSYSTEM
Theisolationsystemtobeusedinseismicallyisolatedstructuresshallsatisfythefollowingrequirements:
1.
Designofisolationsystemshallconsidervariationsinseismicisolatormaterialproperties
over the projected life of structure including changes due to ageing, contamination,
exposuretomoisture,loadings,temperature,creep,fatigue,etc.
2.
Isolatedstructuresshallresistdesignwindloadsatalllevelsabovetheisolationinterface.
At the isolation interface, a wind restraint system shall be provided to limit lateral
displacementintheisolationsystemtoavalueequaltothatrequiredbetweenfloorsof
thestructureabovetheisolationinterface.
3.
The fire resistance rating for the isolation system shall be consistent with the
requirementsofcolumns,walls,orothersuchelementsinthesameareaofthestructure.
4.
Theisolationsystemshallbeconfiguredtoproducealateralrestoringforcesuchthatthe
lateralforceatthetotaldesigndisplacementisatleast0.025Wgreaterthanthelateral
forceat50%ofthetotaldesigndisplacement.
5.
Theisolationsystemshallnotbeconfiguredtoincludeadisplacementrestraintthatlimits
lateral displacement due to the maximum considered earthquake to less than the total
maximum displacement unless it is demonstrated by analysis that such engagement of
restraintdoesnotresultinunsatisfactoryperformanceofthestructure.
6.
Each element of the isolation system shall be designed to be stable under the design
vertical load when subjected to a horizontal displacement equal to the total maximum
displacement.
7.
The factor of safety against global structural overturning at the isolation interface shall
not be less than 1.0 for required load combinations. All gravity and seismic loading
conditionsshallbeinvestigated.Seismicforcesforoverturningcalculationsshallbebased
onthemaximumconsideredearthquakeandtheverticalrestoringforceshallbebasedon
theseismicweightabovetheisolationinterface.
8.
Localupliftofindividualunitsofisolationsystemispermittediftheresultingdeflections
do not cause overstress or instability of the isolator units or other elements of the
structure.
9.
Accessforinspectionandreplacementofallcomponentsoftheisolationsystemshallbe
provided.
10. Thedesigneroftheisolationsystemshallestablishaqualitycontroltestingprogramfor
isolatorunits.Eachisolatorunitbeforeinstallationshallbetestedunderspecifiedvertical
andhorizontalloads.
113
Part6
11. After completion of construction, a design professional shall complete a final series of
inspectionsorobservationsofstructureseparationareasandcomponentsthatcrossthe
isolation interface. Such inspections and observations shall confirm that existing
conditionsallowfreeandunhindereddisplacementofthestructuretomaximumdesign
levels and that all components that cross the isolation interface as installed are ableto
accommodatethestipulateddisplacements.
12. Thedesigneroftheisolationsystemshallestablishaperiodicmonitoring,inspection,and
maintenanceprogramforsuchsystem.
13. Remodeling,repair,orretrofittingattheisolationinterface,includingthatofcomponents
that cross the isolation interface, shall be performed under the direction of a design
professionalexperiencedinseismicisolationsystems.
2.5.18.2 EQUIVALENTSTATICANALYSIS
The equivalent static analysis procedure is permitted to be used for design of a seismically isolated
structureprovidedthat:
1.ThestructureislocatedonSiteClassSA,SB,SC,SDorSEsite;
2.Thestructureabovetheisolationinterfaceisnotmorethanfourstoriesor20minheight
4.Theeffectiveperiodoftheisolatedstructureatthemaximumdisplacement,TM,islessthanorequalto
3.0sec.
5.Theeffectiveperiodoftheisolatedstructureatthedesigndisplacement,TD,isgreaterthanthreetimes
theelastic,fixedbaseperiodofthestructureabovetheisolationsystemasdeterminedinSec.2.5.9.2
6.Thestructureabovetheisolationsystemisofregularconfiguration;and
7.Theisolationsystemmeetsallofthefollowingcriteria:
a.Theeffectivestiffnessoftheisolationsystematthedesigndisplacementisgreaterthanonethirdofthe
effectivestiffnessat20%ofthedesigndisplacement,
b.TheisolationsystemiscapableofproducingarestoringforceasspecifiedinSec.2.5.18.1,
c.Theisolationsystemdoesnotlimitmaximumconsideredearthquakedisplacementtolessthanthetotal
maximumdisplacement.
Where the equivalent lateral force procedure is used to design seismically isolated structures, the
requirementsofthissectionshallapply.
2.5.18.2.1 DisplacementofIsolationSystem
Theisolationsystemshallbedesignedandconstructedtowithstandminimumlateralearthquake
displacementsthatactinthedirectionofeachofthemainhorizontalaxesofthestructureand
suchdisplacementsshallbecalculatedasfollows:
DD =
Sa g
4 2
T D2
B
D
(2.5.32)
where,
114
Chapter2
Sa= Design spectral acceleration (in units of g), calculated using Eq.(2.5.4) for period TD and
assumingR=1,I=1,=1(Section2.5.6.3)forthedesignbasisearthquake(DBE).
g= accelerationduetogravity
BD= damping coefficient related to the effective damping D of the isolation system at the
designdisplacement,assetforthinTable2.5.12.
TD=effectiveperiodofseismicallyisolatedstructureatthedesigndisplacementinthedirection
underconsideration,asprescribedbyEq.2.5.33:
TD = 2
k D min g
(2.5.33)
where,
W=seismicweightabovetheisolationinterface
kDmin = minimum effective stiffness of the isolation system at the design displacement in the
horizontaldirectionunderconsideration.
Table2.5.12DampingCoefficient,BD orBM
EffectiveDamping,DorM
BDorBM
a,b
(%)
2
5
10
20
30
40
50
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.0
The damping coefficient shall be based on the effective

damping of the isolation system
b
The damping coefficient shall be based on linear interpolation

for effective damping values other than those given.
The maximum displacement of the isolation system, DM, in the most critical direction of horizontal
responseshallbecalculatedinaccordancewiththefollowingformula:
DM =
S aM g TM2
4 2 B M
(2.5.34)
where:
SaM= Maximum spectral acceleration (in units of g), calculated using Eq.(2.5.4) for period TD and
assumingR=1,I=1,=1(Section2.5.6.3)forthemaximumconsideredearthquake(MCE).
BM= numericalcoefficientrelatedtotheeffectivedampingMoftheisolationsystematthemaximum
displacement,assetforthinTable2.5.12
TM= effectiveperiodofseismicisolatedstructureatthemaximumdisplacementinthedirectionunder
considerationasprescribedby:
115
Part6
T M = 2
W
k M min g
(2.5.35)
where,
kMmin=minimumeffectivestiffnessoftheisolationsystematthemaximumdisplacementinthehorizontal
Thetotaldesigndisplacement,DTD,andthetotalmaximumdisplacement,DTM,ofelementsoftheisolation
systemshallincludeadditionaldisplacementduetoinherentandaccidentaltorsioncalculatedconsidering
the spatial distribution of the lateral stiffness of the isolation system and the most disadvantageous
locationofeccentricmass.
2.5.18.2.2 LateralSeismicforces
The structure above the isolation system shall be designed and constructed to withstand a minimum
lateralforce,Vs,usingalloftheappropriateprovisionsforanonisolatedstructure.Theimportancefactor
forallisolatedstructuresshallbeconsideredas1.0,alsotheresponsereductionfactorRIconsideredhere
(forcomputingdesignseismicforces)isintherangeof1.0to2.0.Vsshallbedeterminedinaccordance
withEq.2.5.36asfollows:
Vs =
k D max D D
RI
(2.5.36)
where:
kDmax=maximumeffectivestiffnessoftheisolationsystematthedesigndisplacementinthehorizontal
DD= design displacement at the center of rigidity of the isolation system in the direction under
considerationasprescribedbyEq.2.5.32.
RI= responsereductionfactorrelatedtothetypeofseismicforceresistingsystemabovetheisolation
system.RIshallbebasedonthetypeofseismicforceresistingsystemusedforthestructureabove
theisolationsystemandshallbetakenasthelesserof3/8*R(Table2.5.7)or2.0,butneednotbe
takenlessthan1.0.
InnocaseshallVsbetakenlessthanthefollowing:
1.ThelateralforcerequiredbySection2.5.9forafixedbasestructureofthesameweight,W,anda
periodequaltotheisolatedperiod,TD;
2.Thebaseshearcorrespondingtothefactoreddesignwindload;and
3.Thelateralforcerequiredtofullyactivatetheisolationsystem(e.g.,theyieldlevelofasoftening
system,theultimatecapacityofasacrificialwindrestraintsystem,orthebreakawayfrictionlevelof
aslidingsystem)multipliedby1.5.
Theisolationsystem,thefoundation,andallstructuralelementsbelowtheisolationsystemshallbe
designed and constructed to withstand a minimum lateral force, Vb, using all of the appropriate
provisions for a nonisolated structure. Vb shall be determined in accordance with Eq. 2.5.37 as
follows:
116
Chapter2
Vb=kDmaxDD
(2.5.37)
In all cases, Vb shall not be taken less than the maximum force in the isolation system at any
displacementuptoandincludingthedesigndisplacement.
2.5.18.2.3 VerticalDistributionofLateralForces
Thetotallateralforceshallbedistributedovertheheightofthestructureabovetheisolationinterfacein
accordancewithEq.2.5.38asfollows:
Fx = V s
w x hx
n
w h
i =1
(2.5.38)
where:
Vs=totalseismiclateraldesignforceonelementsabovetheisolationsystem.
hi,hx=heightabovethebase,toLeveliorLevelx,respectively.
wi,wx=portionofWthatislocatedatorassignedtoLeveliorLevelx,respectively.
At each Level x the force, Fx, shall be applied over the area of the structure in accordance with the
distributionofmassatthelevel.Stressesineachstructuralelementshallbedeterminedbyapplyingtoan
analyticalmodelthelateralforces,Fx,atalllevelsabovethebase.
2.5.18.2.4 StoreyDrift
ThestoreydriftshallbecalculatedasinSection2.5.9.7exceptthatCdfortheisolatedstructureshallbe
takenequaltoRIandimportancefactorequalto1.0.Themaximumstoreydriftofthestructureabovethe
isolationsystemshallnotexceed0.015hsx.
2.5.18.3 DYNAMICANALYSIS
Responsespectrumanalysismaybeconductedifthebehavioroftheisolationsystemcanbeconsidered
asequivalentlinear.Otherwise,nonlineartimehistoryanalysisshallbeusedwherethetruenonlinear
behaviour of the isolation system can be modeled. The mathematical models of the isolated structure
includingtheisolationsystemshallbealongguidelinesgiveninSections2.5.11.1and2.5.13.1,andother
requirementsgiveninSection2.5.18.
The isolation system shall be modeled using deformational characteristics developed and verified by
testing.Thestructuremodelshallaccountfor:(i)spatialdistributionofisolatorunits;(ii)considerationof
translation in both horizontal directions, and torsion of the structure above the isolation interface
considering the most disadvantageous location of eccentric mass; (iii) overturning/uplift forces on
individualisolatorunits;and(iv)effectsofverticalload,bilateralload,andtherateofloadingiftheforce
deflectionpropertiesoftheisolationsystemaredependentonsuchattributes.
A linear elastic model of the isolated structure (above isolation system) may be used provided that: (i)
stiffness properties assumed for the nonlinear components of the isolation system are based on the
maximum effective stiffness of the isolation system, and (ii) all elements of the seismicforceresisting
systemofthestructureabovetheisolationsystembehavelinearly.
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Part6
2.5.18.3.1 ResponseSpectrumAnalysis
Responsespectrumanalysisshallbeperformedusingamodaldampingvalueforthefundamentalmode
inthedirectionofinterestnotgreaterthantheeffectivedampingoftheisolationsystemor30percentof
critical,whicheverisless.Modaldampingvaluesforhighermodesshallbeselectedconsistentwiththose
that would be appropriate for response spectrum analysis of the structure above the isolation system
assumingafixedbase.
Response spectrum analysis used to determine the total design displacement and the total maximum
displacementshallincludesimultaneousexcitationofthemodelby100percentofthegroundmotionin
thecriticaldirectionand30percentofthegroundmotionintheperpendicular,horizontaldirection.The
design basis earthquake shall be used for the design displacement, while the maximum considered
earthquake shall be used for the maximum displacement. The maximum displacement of the isolation
systemshallbecalculatedasthevectorialsumofthetwoorthogonaldisplacements.
Forthedesigndisplacement,structuresthatdonotrequiresitespecificgroundmotionevaluation,shall
be analyzed using the design acceleration response spectrum in accordance with Section 2.5.6.3. The
maximumdesignspectrumtobeusedforthemaximumconsideredearthquakeshallnotbelessthan1.5
timesthedesignaccelerationresponsespectrum.
The response spectrum procedure is based on an equivalent linear model, where the effective stiffness
andeffectivedampingisafunctionofthedisplacement,thisformulationisthusaniterativeprocess.The
effective stiffness must be estimated, based on assumed displacement, and then adjusted till obtained
displacementagreewithassumeddisplacement.
Thedesignshearatanystoryshallnotbelessthanthestoryshearresultingfromapplicationofthestory
forcescalculatedusingEq.2.5.38withavalueofVsequaltothebaseshearobtainedfromtheresponse
spectrumanalysisinthedirectionofinterest.
2.5.18.3.2 NonlinearTimeHistoryAnalysis
Whereatimehistoryanalysisprocedureisperformed,notfewerthanthreeappropriategroundmotions
shallbeusedintheanalysisasdescribedbelow.
Groundmotionsshallconsistofpairsofappropriatehorizontalgroundmotionaccelerationcomponents
that shall be selected and scaled from individual recorded events. Appropriate ground motions shall be
selectedfromeventshavingmagnitudes,faultdistance,andsourcemechanismsthatareconsistentwith
thosethatcontrolthemaximumconsideredearthquake.Ifrequirednumberofrecordedgroundmotion
pairs are not available, appropriate simulated ground motion pairs shall be used to make up the total
numberrequired.Foreachpairofhorizontalgroundmotioncomponents,asquarerootofthesumofthe
squares (SRSS) spectrum shall be constructed by taking the SRSS of the 5 percent damped response
spectra for the scaled components (where an identical scale factor is applied to both components of a
pair).Eachpairofmotionsshallbescaledsuchthatforeachperiodbetween0.5TDand1.25TM(whereTD
andTMaredefinedinSection2.5.18.2.1)theaverageoftheSRSSspectrafromallhorizontalcomponent
pairsdoesnotfallbelow1.3timesthecorrespondingordinateofthedesignresponsespectrum(Section
2.5.18.4),bymorethan10percent.
Each pair of ground motion components shall be applied simultaneously to the model considering the
most disadvantageous location of eccentric mass. The maximum displacement of the isolation system
shallbecalculatedfromthevectorialsumofthetwoorthogonaldisplacementsateachtimestep.
118
Chapter2
Theparametersofinterestshallbecalculatedforeachgroundmotionusedforthetimehistoryanalysis.If
atleastsevengroundmotionsareusedforthetimehistoryanalysis,theaveragevalueoftheresponse
parameterofinterestispermittedtobeusedfordesign.Iffewerthansevengroundmotionsareanalyzed,
themaximumvalueoftheresponseparameterofinterestshallbeusedfordesign.
2.5.18.3.3 StoreyDrift
Maximum story drift corresponding to the design lateral force including displacement due to vertical
deformationoftheisolationsystemshallnotexceedthefollowinglimits:
1.Themaximumstorydriftofthestructureabovetheisolationsystemcalculatedbyresponsespectrum
analysisshallnotexceed0.015hsx.
2. The maximum story drift of the structure above the isolation system calculated by nonlinear time
historyanalysisshallnotexceed0.020hsx.
ThestoreydriftshallbecalculatedasinSection2.5.9.7exceptthatCdfortheisolatedstructureshallbe
takenequaltoRIandimportancefactorequalto1.0.
2.5.18.4 TESTING
The deformation characteristics and damping values of the isolation system used in the design and
analysisofseismicallyisolatedstructuresshallbebasedontestresultsofisolatorunits.Thetestsarefor
establishing and validating the design properties of the isolation system and shall not be considered as
satisfyingthemanufacturingqualitycontroltests.
Thefollowingsequenceoftestsshallbeperformedonisolatorunitsfortheprescribednumberofcyclesat
averticalloadequaltotheaveragedeadloadplusonehalftheeffectsduetoliveloadonallisolatorunits
ofacommontypeandsize:
1.Twentyfullyreversedcyclesofloadingatalateralforcecorrespondingtothewinddesignforce.
2. Three fully reversed cycles of loading at each of the following increments of the total design
displacement0.25DD,0.5DD,1.0DD,and1.0DMwhereDDandDMareasdeterminedinSections2.5.18.2.1.
3.Threefullyreversedcyclesofloadingatthetotalmaximumdisplacement,1.0DTM.
4.Notlessthantenfullyreversedcyclesofloadingat1.0timesthetotaldesigndisplacement,1.0DTD.
For each cycle of each test, the forcedeflection and hysteretic behavior of each isolator unit shall be
recorded.Theeffectivestiffnessisobtainedasthesecantvalueofstiffnessatdesigndisplacementwhile
theeffectivedampingisdeterminedfromtheareaofhystereticloopatthedesigndisplacement.
2.5.18.5 DESIGNREVIEW
Adesignreviewoftheisolationsystemandrelatedtestprogramsshallbeperformedbyanindependent
team of design professionals experienced in seismic analysis methods and the application of seismic
isolation.Isolationsystemdesignreviewshallinclude,butneednotbelimitedto,thefollowing:
1. Review of sitespecific seismic criteria including the development of sitespecific spectra and ground
motiontimehistoriesandallotherdesigncriteriadevelopedspecificallyfortheproject;
2.Reviewofthepreliminarydesign includingthedeterminationofthe totaldesigndisplacementofthe
isolationsystemandthelateralforcedesignlevel;
119
Part6
3.Overviewandobservationofprototype(isolatorunit)testing
4.Reviewofthefinaldesignoftheentirestructuralsystemandallsupportinganalyses;and
5.Reviewoftheisolationsystemqualitycontroltestingprogram.
2.5.19
BUILDINGSWITHSOFTSTOREY
Buildings with possible soft storey action at ground level for providing open parking spaces belong to
structures with major vertical irregularity (Fig.2.5.5a). Special arrangement is needed to increase the
lateralstrengthandstiffnessofthesoft/openstorey.Thefollowingtwoapproachesmaybeconsidered:
1.
Dynamic analysis of such building may be carried out incorporating the strength and
stiffness ofinfill walls and inelastic deformations in the members, particularly thosein
thesoftstorey,andthemembersdesignedaccordingly.
2.
Alternatively, the following design criteria are to be adopted after carrying out the
earthquake analysis, neglecting the effect of infill walls in other storeys. Structural
elements(e.gcolumnsandbeams)ofthesoftstoreyaretobedesignedfor2.5timesthe
storey shears and moments calculated under seismic loads neglecting effect of infill
walls. Shear walls placed symmetrically in both directions of the building as far away
fromthecentreofthebuildingasfeasiblearetobedesignedexclusivelyfor1.5times
thelateralshearforcecalculatedbefore.
2.5.20
NONBUILDINGSTRUCTURES
Calculation of seismic design forces on nonbuilding structures (e.g. chimney, self supported overhead
water/fluid tank, silo, trussed tower, storage tank, cooling tower, monument and other structures not
covered in the preceding part of Section 2.5) shall be in accordance with "Chapter 15: Seismic Design
RequirementsforNonBuildingStructures,MinimumDesignLoadsforBuildingsandOtherStructures,ASCE
StandardASCE/SEI705"complyingwiththerequirementsofSection2.5ofthisCode.
2.6
MISCELLANEOUSLOADS
2.6.1
GENERAL
Theproceduresandlimitationsforthedeterminationofselectedmiscellaneousloadsareprovidedinthis
section.Loadsthatarenotspecifiedinthissectionorelsewhereinthischapter,maybedeterminedbased
oninformationfromreliablereferencesorspecialistadvicemaybesought.
2.6.2
DEFINITIONS
Thefollowingdefinitionsandnotationshallapplytotheprovisionsofthissectiononly.
ESSENTIAL FACILITIES: Buildings and structures which are necessary to remain functional during an
emergencyorapostdisasterperiod.
RATIONALANALYSIS:Ananalysisbasedonestablishedmethodsortheoriesusingmathematicalformulae
andactualorappropriatelyassumeddata.
SITESPECIFICDATA:Dataobtainedeitherfrommeasurementstakenatasiteorfromsubstantiatedfield
informationrequiredspecificallyforthestructureconcerned.
120
Chapter2
2.6.3
RAINLOADS
Rainloadsshallbedeterminedinaccordancewiththefollowingprovisions.
2.6.3.1
BLOCKEDDRAINS
Eachportionofaroofshallbedesignedtosustaintheloadfromallrainwaterthatcouldbeaccumulated
onitiftheprimarydrainagesystemforthatportionisundersizedorblocked.Pondinginstabilityshallbe
consideredinthissituation.
2.6.3.2
CONTROLLEDDRAINAGE
Roofs equipped with controlled drainage provisions shall be designed to sustain all rainwater loads on
them to the elevation of the secondary drainage system plus 0.25 kN/m2. Ponding instability shall be
consideredinthissituation.
2.6.4
LOADSDUETOFLOODANDSURGE
For the determinationof flood andsurge loads on a structural member, consideration shall be givento
bothhydrostaticandhydrodynamiceffects.Requiredloadingshallbedeterminedinaccordancewiththe
established principles of mechanics based on site specific criteria and in compliance with the following
provisionsofthissection.Foressentialfacilitieslikecycloneandfloodsheltersandforhazardousfacilities
specifiedinTable1.2.1,valuesofmaximumfloodelevation,surgeheight,windvelocitiesetc.,requiredfor
the determination of flood and surge load, shall be taken corresponding to 100year return period. For
structures other than essential and hazardous facilities, these values shall be based on 50year return
period.
2.6.4.1
FLOODLOADSONSTRUCTURESATINLANDAREAS:
Forstructures sitedatinlandareassubject toflood,loadsduetoflood shall bedeterminedconsidering

hydrostatic effects which shall be calculated based on the flood elevation of 50year return period. For
riversidestructuressuchasthatunderExposureCspecifiedinSec2.4.8.3,hydrodynamicforces,arising
duetoapproachingwindgeneratedwavesshallalsobedeterminedinadditiontothehydrostaticloadon
them.Inthiscase,theamplitudeofsuchwindinducedwaterwavesshallbeobtainedfromsitespecific
data.
2.6.4.2
FLOODANDSURGELOADSONSTRUCTURESATCOASTALAREAS:
For structures sited at coastal areas, the hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loads shall be determined as
follows:
2.6.4.2.1
HydrostaticLoads
Thehydrostaticloadsonstructuralelementsandfoundationsshallbedeterminedbasedonthemaximum
staticheightofwater,Hmproducedbyfloodsorsurgesasgivenbytherelation:
Hm=max(hs,hf)
(2.6.1)
where,hf=yTygand
(2.6.2)
hs
Maximumsurgeheightasspecifiedina(i)below.
121
Part6
yT
ElevationoftheextremesurfacewaterlevelcorrespondingtoaTyear
returnperiodspecifiedin(ii)below,metres
yg
Elevationofgroundlevelatsite,metres.
i)
Maximum Surge Height, hs : The maximum surge height, hs, associated with cyclones, shall be
thatcorrespondingtoa50yearora100yearreturnperiodasmaybeapplicable,basedonsitespecific
analysis.Intheabsenceofamorerigoroussitespecificanalysis,thefollowingrelationmaybeused:
hs=hT(x1)k
where,hT
(2.6.3)
designsurgeheightcorrespondingtoareturnperiodofTyearsatseacoast,in
metres,giveninTable2.6.1.
x
distanceofthestructuresitemeasuredfromthespringtidehighwaterlimitonthesea
coast,inkm;x=1,ifx<1.
k
rate of decrease in surge height in m/km; the value of k may be taken as 1/2 for
ChittagongCox'sBazarTeknafcoastandas1/3forothercoastalareas.
ii)
ExtremeSurfaceWaterLevel,yT :Theelevationoftheextremesurfacewaterlevel,yT forasite,
which may not be associated with a cyclonic storm surge, shall be that obtained from a site specific
analysiscorrespondingtoa50yearora100yearreturnperiod.ValuesofyT aregiveninTable2.6.2for
selectedcoastallocationswhichmaybeusedintheabsenceofanysitespecificdata.
2.6.4.2.2
HydrodynamicLoads:
Thehydrodynamicloadappliedonastructuralelementduetowindinducedlocalwavesofwater,shallbe
determined by a rational analysis using an established method and based on site specific data. In the
absenceofasitespecificdatatheamplitudeofthelocalwave,tobeusedintherationalanalysis,shallbe
takenashw=hs/41m,where,hsisgiveninSec2.6.4.2.1.Suchforcesshallbecalculatedbasedon50
yearor100yearreturnperiodoffloodorsurge.Thecorrespondingwindvelocitiesshallbe260km/hor
289km/hrespectively.
2.6.4.3
BREAKAWAYWALLS
When nonstructural walls, partitions or other nonstructural elements located below the maximum flood or surge
elevation,arerequiredtobreakawayunderhightidesorwaveaction,suchnonstructuralelementsshallbedesigned
to sustain a maximum uniformly distributed load of 1.0 kN/m2 but not less than 0.5 kN/m2 applied on a vertical
projectionofthearea.
2.6.5
TEMPERATUREEFFECTS
Temperatureeffects,ifsignificant,shallbeconsideredinthedesignofstructuresorcomponentsthereof
inaccordancewiththeprovisionofthissection.
Indeterminingthetemperatureeffectsonastructure,thefollowingprovisionsshallbeconsidered:
a)
Thetemperaturesindicated,shallbetheairtemperatureintheshade.Therangeofthevariation
intemperatureforabuildingsiteshallbetakenintoconsideration.
122
Chapter2
Table2.6.1:DesignSurgeHeightsattheSeaCoast,hT*
CoastalRegion
SurgeHeightattheSeaCoast,hT(m)
T=50year(1)
T=100year(2)
TeknaftoCox'sBazar
ChakariatoAnwara,andMaheshkhaliKutubdiaIslands
ChittagongtoNoakhali
Sandwip,Hatiyaandallislandsinthisregion
BholatoBarguna
SarankholatoShyamnagar
4.5
7.1
7.9
7.9
6.2
5.3
5.8
8.6
9.6
9.6
7.7
6.4
*ValuespreparedfrominformationobtainedfromAnnexD3,MCSP.
Note:(1) Thesevaluesmaybeusedintheabsenceofsitespecificdataforstructuresotherthanessential
facilitieslistedinTable6.1.1.
(2) ThesevaluesmaybeusedintheabsenceofsitespecificdataforessentialfacilitieslistedinTable
1.2.1.
b)
Effects of the variation of temperature within the material of a structural element shall be
accountedforbyoneofthefollowingmethods.
i)
relievethestressesbyprovidingadequatenumbersofexpansionorcontraction
joints,
ii)
designthestructuralelementtosustainadditionalstressesduetotemperature
effects.
c)
whenthemethodb(ii)aboveisconsideredtobeapplicable,thestructuralanalysisshalltakeinto
accountthefollowing:
i)
the variation in temperature within the material of the structural element,

exposureconditionoftheelementandtherateatwhichthematerialabsorbor
radiateheat.
ii)
the warping or any other distortion caused due to temperature changes and
temperaturegradientinthestructuralelement.
d)
Whenitcanbedemonstratedbyestablishedprincipleofmechanicsorbyanyothermeansthat
neglectingsomeoralloftheeffectsoftemperature,doesnotaffectthesafetyandserviceabilityofthe
structure,thetemperatureeffectcanbeconsideredinsignificantandneednotbeconsideredindesign.
2.6.6
SOILANDHYDROSTATICPRESSURE
For structures or portions thereof, lying below ground level, loads due to soil and hydrostatic pressure
shallbedeterminedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthissectionandappliedinadditiontoallother
applicableloads.
123
Part6
Table2.6.2:ExtremeSurfaceWaterLevelsDuringMonsoonatSelectedLocationsoftheCoastalArea
abovePWDDatum,yT*
CoastalArea
Location
yT(m)
Thana
T=50years(1)
T=100
years(2)
Teknaf
Teknaf
2.33
2.44
Cox'sBazar
Cox'sBazar
3.84
3.88
Shaflapur
Moheshkhali
4.67
4.87
Lemsikhali
Kutubdia
4.95
5.19
Banigram
Patiya
5.05
5.24
Chittagong
Bandar
4.72
4.88
Patenga
Bandar
4.08
4.16
Sonapur
Sonagazi
7.02
7.11
Sandwip
Sandwip
6.09
6.2
Companyganj
Companyganj
7.53
7.94
Hatiya
Hatiya
5.55
5.76
Daulatkhan
Daulatkhan
4.62
4.72
Dashmina
Dashmina
3.60
3.73
Galachipa
Galachipa
3.79
3.92
Patuakhali
Patuakhali
2.87
3.03
Khepupara
Kalapara
2.93
3.02
Bamna
Bamna
3.32
3.37
Patharghata
Patharghata
3.65
3.84
Raenda
Sarankhola
3.66
3.75
Chardouni
Patharghata
4.41
4.66
Mongla
Monglaport
3.23
3.36
Kobodak
Shyamnagar
3.51
3.87
(riverestuary)
Kaikhali
Shyamnagar
3.94
4.12
*ValuespreparedfrominformationobtainedfromAnnexD3,MCSP
Note:(1)ThesevaluesmaybeusedintheabsenceofsitespecificdataforstructuresinStructure
OccupancyCategoryIVlistedTable1.2.1.
(2)ThesevaluesmaybeusedintheabsenceofsitespecificdataforstructuresinStructure
OccupancyCategoriesI,IIandIIIlistedinTable1.2.1.
2.6.6.1
PRESSUREONBASEMENTWALL:
In the design of basement walls and similar vertical or nearly vertical structures below grade, provision
shallbemadeforthelateralpressureofadjacentsoil.Allowanceshallbemadeforpossiblesurchargedue
tofixedormovingloads.Whenaportionorthewholeoftheadjacentsoilisbelowthesurroundingwater
table,computationsshallbebasedonthesubmergedunitweightofsoil,plusfullhydrostaticpressure.
2.6.6.2
UPLIFTONFLOORS:
Inthedesignofbasementfloorsandsimilarhorizontalornearlyhorizontalconstructionbelowgrade,the
upwardpressureof water, if any, shall be takenas the full hydrostatic pressure applied over the entire
area.Thehydrostaticheadshallbemeasuredfromtheundersideoftheconstruction.
124
Chapter2
2.6.7
LOADSDUETOEXPLOSIONS
Loadsonbuildingsorportionsthereof,shallbeassessedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthissection.
2.6.7.1
a)
EXPLOSIONEFFECTSINCLOSEDROOMS:
Determination of Loads and Response : Internal overpressure developed from an internal
explosion such as that due to leaks in gas pipes, evaporation of volatile liquids, internal dust explosion
etc.,inroomsofsizescomparabletoresidentialroomsandwithventilationareasconsistingofwindow
glass breaking at a pressure of 4 kN/m2 (34 mm machine made glass) may be calculated from the
followingmethod:
i)
The overpressure, qo provided in Fig 2.6.1(a) shall be assumed to depend on a factor

Ao/v,where,Aoisthetotalwindowareainm2andvisthevolumeinm3oftheroom
considered,
ii)
Theinternalpressureshallbeassumedtoactsimultaneouslyuponallwallsandfloorsin
oneclosedroom,and
iii)
TheactionqoobtainedfromFig2.6.1(a)maybetakenasstaticaction.
When a time dependent response is required, an impulsive force function similar to that shown in Fig
2.6.1(b) shall be used in a dynamic analysis, where t1 is the time from the start of combustion until
maximumpressureisreachedandt2isthetimefrommaximumpressuretotheendofcombustion.Fort1
Fig.2.6.1Magnitudeanddistributionofinternalpressureinabuildingduetointernalgasexplosion
and t2 the most unfavourable values shall be chosen in relation to the dynamic properties of the
structures.However,thevaluesshallbechosenwithintheintervalsasgiveninFig2.6.1(b).
Thepressuremaybeappliedsolelyinoneroomorinmorethanoneroomatthesametime.Inthelatter
case,allroomsareincorporatedinthevolumev.Onlywindowsorothersimilarlyweakandlightweight
125
Part6
structuralelementsmaybetakenasventilationareaseventhoughcertainlimitedstructuralpartsbreakat
pressureslessthanqo.
b)
Limitations : Procedure for determining explosion loads given in (a) above shall have the
followinglimitations:
i)
Valuesofqo giveninFig2.6.1(a)arebasedontestswithgasexplosionsinroom
corresponding to ordinary residential flats, and may be applied to considerably
different conditions with caution after appropriate adjustment of the values
basedonmoreaccurateinformation.
ii)
Fig 2.6.1 shall be taken as a guide only, and probability of occurrence of an

explosionshallbecheckedineachcaseusingappropriatevalues.
2.6.7.2
MINIMUMDESIGNPRESSURE:
Walls,floorsandroofsandtheirsupportingmembersseparatingausefromanexplosionexposure,shall
be designed to sustain the anticipated maximum load effects resulting from such use including any
dynamiceffects,butforaminimuminternalpressureorsuctionof5kN/m2,inadditiontoallotherloads
specifiedinthischapter.
2.6.7.3
DESIGNPRESSUREONRELIEFVENTS:
When pressurerelief vents are used, such vents shall be designed to relieve at a maximum internal
pressureof1.0kN/m2.
2.6.7.4
LOADSDUETOOTHEREXPLOSIONS:
Loadsarisingfromothertypesofexplosions,suchasthosefromexternalgascloudexplosions,external
explosions duetohighexplosives(TNT)etc.shallbe determined,for specific cases, byrationalanalyses
basedoninformationfromreliablereferencesorspecialistadviceshallbesought.
2.6.8
VERTICALFORCESONAIRRAIDSHELTERS
For the design of air raid shelters located in a building e.g. in the basement below ground level, the
characteristicverticalloadshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithprovisionsofSec2.6.8.1below.
Table2.6.3:CharacteristicVerticalLoadsforanAirRaidShelterinaBuilding
No.ofStoreys(1)
AbovetheAirRaidShelter
VerticalLoad
kN/m2
<2
28
34
34
>4
41
Buildingsofparticularlystableconstruction
28(2)
irrespectiveofthenumberofstoreys
Note: Storeysshallmeaneveryusablestoreyabovetheshelterfloor
(1) Buildings of particularly stable construction shall mean buildings
(2) having bearing structural elements made from reinforced insitu
concrete.
126
Chapter2
2.6.8.1
CHARACTERISTICVERTICALLOADS
Buildingsinwhichtheindividualfloorsareacteduponbyatotaldistributedliveloadofupto5.0kN/m2,
vertical forces on air raid shelters generally located below ground level, such as a basement, shall be
consideredtohavethecharacteristicvaluesprovidedinTable2.6.3.Inthecaseofbuildingshavingfloors
thatareacteduponbyaliveloadlargerthan5.0kN/m2,abovevaluesshallbeincreasedbythedifference
betweentheaverageliveloadsonallstoreysabovetheoneusedastheshelterand5.0kN/m2.
2.6.9
LOADSONHELICOPTERLANDINGAREAS
Inadditiontoallotherapplicableloadsprovidedinthischapter,includingthedeadload,theminimumlive
load on helicopter landing or touch down areas shall be one of the loads L1, L2 or L3 as given below
producingthemostunfavourableeffect:
i)L1=W1
(2.6.4a)
ii)L2=kW2
(2.6.4b)
iii)L3=w
(2.6.4c)
where,W1
ActualweightofthehelicopterinkN,
W2
FullyloadedweightofthehelicopterinkN,
Adistributedloadof5.0kN/m2,
0.75forhelicoptersequippedwithhydraulictypeshock
absorbers,and
1.5forhelicopterswithrigidorskidtypelandinggear.
Theliveload,L1 shallbeappliedovertheactualareasofcontactoflanding.Theload,L2 shallbeasingle

concentratedloadincludingimpactappliedovera300mmx300mmarea.TheloadsL1 andL2 maybe
appliedanywherewithinthelandingareatoproducethemostunfavourableeffectsofload.
2.6.10
ERECTIONANDCONSTRUCTIONLOADS
All loads required to be sustained by a structure or any portion thereof due to placing or storage of
constructionmaterialsanderectionequipmentincludingthoseduetooperationofsuchequipmentshall
beconsideredaserectionloads.Provisionsshallbemadeindesigntoaccountforallstressesduetosuch
loads.
2.7
COMBINATIONSOFLOADS
2.7.1
GENERAL
Buildings, foundations and structural members shall be investigated for adequate strength to resist the
most unfavourable effect resultingfrom the various combinations ofloads provided in thissection. The
combination of loads may be selected using the provisions of either Sec 2.7.4 or 2.7.5 whichever is
applicable.However,onceSec2.7.4or2.7.5isselectedforaparticularconstructionmaterial,itmustbe
usedexclusivelyforproportioningelementsofthatmaterialthroughoutthestructure.Inadditiontothe
loadcombinationsgiveninSec2.7.4and2.7.5anyotherspecificloadcombinationprovidedelsewherein
thisCodeshallalsobeinvestigatedtodeterminethemostunfavourableeffect.
127
Part6
The most unfavourable effect of loads may also occur when one or more of the contributing loads are
absent,oract inthereverse direction.LoadssuchasF,HorSshallbeconsideredindesignwhen their
effects are significant. Floor live loads shall not be considered where their inclusion results in lower
stresses in the member under consideration. The most unfavourable effects from both wind and
earthquake loads shall be considered where appropriate, but they need not be assumed to act
simultaneously.
2.7.2
DEFINITIONS
ALLOWABLESTRESSDESIGNMETHOD(ASD):Amethodforproportioningstructuralmemberssuchthat
themaximumstressesduetoserviceloadsobtainedfromanelasticanalysisdoesnotexceedaspecified
allowablevalue.ThisisalsocalledWorkingStressDesignMethod(WSD).
DESIGNSTRENGTH:Theproductofthenominalstrengthandaresistancefactor.
FACTOREDLOAD:Theproductofthenominalloadandaloadfactor.
LIMIT STATE : A condition in which a structure or component becomes unfit for service and is judged
eithertobenolongerusefulforitsintendedfunction(serviceabilitylimitstate)ortobeunsafe(strength
limitstate).
LOADEFFECTS:Forces,moments,deformationsandothereffectsproducedinstructuralmembersand
componentsbytheappliedloads.
LOAD FACTOR : A factor that accounts for unavoidable deviations of the actual load from the nominal
valueandforuncertaintiesintheanalysisthattransformstheloadintoaloadeffect.
LOADS : Forces or other actions that arise on structural systems from the weight of all permanent
constructions, occupants and their possessions, environmental effects, differential settlement, and
restraineddimensionalchanges.Permanentloadsarethoseloadsinwhichvariationsintimearerareorof
smallmagnitude.Allotherloadsarevariableloads.
NOMINAL LOADS : The magnitudes of the loads such as dead, live, wind, earthquake etc. specified in
Sec2.2through2.6ofthischapter.
NOMINAL STRENGTH : The capacity of a structure or component to resist the effects of loads, as
determined by computations using specified material strengths and dimensions and formulas derived
from accepted principles of structural mechanics or by field tests or laboratory tests of scaled models,
allowingformodellingeffectsanddifferencesbetweenlaboratoryandfieldconditions.
RESISTANCEFACTOR:Afactorthataccountsforunavoidabledeviationsoftheactualstrengthfromthe
nominal value and the manner and consequences of failure. This is also known as strength reduction
factor.
STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD : A method of proportioning structural members using load factors and
resistancefactorssatisfyingboththeapplicablelimitstateconditions.ThisisalsoknownasLoadFactor
DesignMethod(LFD)orUltimateStrengthDesignMethod(USD).
WORKINGSTRESSDESIGNMETHOD(WSD):SeeALLOWABLESTRESSDESIGNMETHOD.
128
Chapter2
2.7.3
D
SYMBOLSANDNOTATION
=
deadloads,orrelatedinternalmomentsandforces,Deadloadconsistsof:a)weight
of the member itself, b) weight of all materials of construction incorporated into the building to be
permanentlysupportedbythemember,includingbuiltinpartitions,c)weightofpermanentequipment.
E
load effects of earthquake, or related internal moments and forces, For specific
definitionoftheearthquakeloadeffectE,seeSection2.5
F
loadsduetoweightandpressuresoffluidswithwelldefineddensitiesandcontrollable
maximumheightsorrelatedinternalmomentsandforces.
Fa
loadsduetofloodortidalsurgeorrelatedinternalmomentsandforces.
loads due to weight and pressure of soil, water in soil, or other materials, or related
internalmomentsandforces,
L
live loads due tointended use andoccupancy, including loads due to movable objects
andmovablepartitionsandloadstemporarilysupportedbythestructureduringmaintenance,orrelated
internalmomentsandforces,.Lincludesanypermissiblereduction.Ifresistancetoimpactloadsistaken
intoaccountindesign,sucheffectsshallbeincludedwiththeliveloadsL.
Lr
roofliveloads,orrelatedinternalmomentsandforces,
rainload,orrelatedinternalmomentsandforces
selfstrainingforcesandcumulativeeffectoftemperature,creep,shrinkage,differential
settlement,andshrinkagecompensatingconcrete,orcombinationsthereof,orrelatedinternalmoments
andforces.
W
windload,orrelatedinternalmomentsandforces,
2.7.4
COMBINATIONSOFLOADEFFECTSFORALLOWABLESTRESS
DESIGNMETHOD
2.7.4.1
BASICCOMBINATIONS
Provisions of this section shall apply to all construction materials permitting their use in proportioning
structuralmembersbyallowablestressdesignmethod.Whenthismethodisusedindesigningstructural
members,allloadslistedhereinshallbeconsideredtoactinthefollowingcombinations.Thecombination
thatproducesthemostunfavourableeffectshallbeusedindesign.
1.
2.
D+L
3.
D+F
4.
D+H+F+L+T
5.
D+H+F+(LrorR)
6.
D+H+F+0.75(L+T)+0.75(LrorR)
7.
D+H+F+(Wor0.7E)
129
Part6
8.
D+H+F+0.75(Wor0.7E)+0.75L+0.75(LrorR)
9.
D+L+(Wor0.7E)
10. 0.6D+W+H
11. 0.6D+0.7E+H
Whenastructureislocatedinafloodzoneorintidalsurgezone,thefollowingloadcombinationsshallbe
considered:
1.InCoastalZonesvulnerabletotidalsurges,1.5Fashallbeaddedtootherloadsincombinations(7),(8),
(9),and(10)andEshallbesetequaltozeroin(7),(8)and(9).
2. In noncoastal Zones, 0.75Fa shall be added to combinations (7), (8), (9), and (10) and E shall be set
equaltozeroin(7),(8)and(9).
2.7.4.2
STRESSINCREASE
UnlesspermittedelsewhereinthisCode,increasesinallowablestressshallnotbeusedwiththeloadsor
loadcombinationsgivenaboveinSection2.7.4.1.
2.7.5
COMBINATIONSOFLOADEFFECTSFORSTRENGTHDESIGN
METHOD
When strength design method is used, structural members and foundations shall be designed to have
strengthnotlessthanthatrequiredtoresistthemostunfavorableeffectofthecombinationsoffactored
loadslistedinthefollowingsections:
2.7.5.1
BASICCOMBINATIONS
1.
1.4(D+F)
2.
1.2(D+F+T)+1.6(L+H)+0.5(LrorP)
3.
1.2D+1.6(LrorP)+(1.0Lor0.8W)
4.
1.2D+1.6W+1.0L+0.5(LrorP)
5.
1.2D+1.0E+1.0L
6.
0.9D+1.6W+1.6H
7.
0.9D+1.0E+1.6H
Exception:
1.TheloadfactoronliveloadLincombinations(3),(4),and(5)ispermittedtobereducedto0.5forall
occupanciesinwhichminimumspecifieduniformlydistributedliveloadislessthanorequalto5.0kN/m2,
withtheexceptionofgaragesorareasoccupiedasplacesofpublicassembly.
2.TheloadfactoronHshallbesetequaltozeroincombinations(6)and(7)ifthestructuralactiondueto
HcounteractsthatduetoWorE.Wherelateralearthpressureprovidesresistancetostructuralactions
fromotherforces,itshallnotbeincludedinHbutshallbeincludedinthedesignresistance.
130
Chapter2
3.ForstructuresdesignedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofChapter6,Part6ofthisCode(reinforced
concrete structures), where wind load W has not been reduced by a directionality factor, it shall be
permittedtouse1.3Winplaceof1.6Win(4)and(6)above.
Whenastructureislocatedinafloodzoneorintidalsurgezone,thefollowingloadcombinationsshallbe
considered:
InCoastalZonesvulnerabletotidalsurges,1.6Wshallbereplaced by 1.6W+2.0Fain
1.
combinations(4)and(6).
2.
InNoncoastalZones,1.6Wshallbereplacedby0.8W+1.0Faincombinations(4)and
(6).
2.7.6
LOADCOMBINATIONSFOREXTRAORDINARYEVENTS
Where required by the applicable code, standard, or the authority having jurisdiction, strength and
stabilityshallbecheckedtoensurethatstructuresarecapableofwithstandingtheeffectsofextraordinary
(i.e.,lowprobability)events,suchasfires,explosions,andvehicularimpact.
RelatedAppendix
AppendixA
ConversionofExpressionsfromSItoFPSUnits
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Chapter 2

burnt clay, per 100 mm

sandlime, per 100 mm

Whenpartitions,not indicatedonthe plans,areanticipatedtobeplacedonthefloors,theirweightshallbe

where and areconstantslistedinTable2.4.3andV isthebasicwindspeedinkm/h.

Forfreeroofswithanangle ofplaneofrooffromhorizontal lessthanorequalto 5o andcontainingfascia

Fig. 22.4.1 Basic wind speed (Vb) map of B

Topographic Multipliers for Exposure B

K1 determined from table below

0.7 0.5 0.3

Roof springing from ground

0.25< h/L< 1.0

Cf , CASE A & CASE B

Aspect Ratio, B/s

Aspect Ratio, B/s

minimum height used to ensure that the equivalent height z is

For buildings with h zmin,

shall be taken as zmin.

Effective fundamental period of the structure in the direction under

Horizontal displacement at leveli relative to the base due to applied lateral

if this can be estimated,

Descriptionofsoil profile upto30

Rock or other rocklike geological >800

Deep deposits of dense or medium 180360

Deposits consisting, or containing a <

Deposits of liquefiable soils, of

Zone Zone Zone

Diaphragms with abrupt discontinuities or variations in stiffness, including those having

2. Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls

3. Ordinary reinforced masonry shear walls

4. Ordinary plain masonry shear walls

1. Steel eccentrically braced frames,

2. Steel eccentrically braced frames,

3. Special steel concentrically braced

5. Special reinforced concrete shear walls

6. Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls

7. Ordinary reinforced masonry shear walls

4. Ordinary steel concentrically braced

8. Ordinary plain masonry shear walls

2. Intermediate steel moment frames

3. Ordinary steel moment frames

4. Special reinforced concrete moment frames

5. Intermediate reinforced concrete moment

1. Steel eccentrically braced frames

2. Special steel concentrically braced frames

3. Special reinforced concrete shear walls

3. Ordinary reinforced masonry shear walls

4. Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls

2. Special reinforced concrete shear walls

Under seismic design category, NL = No height restriction, NP = Not permitted,

= Height of building in metres from foundation or from top of rigid basement.

Concrete moment-resisting frames

Steel moment-resisting frames

Eccentrically braced steel frame

All other structural systems

Ax = max 1.2 avg

Fik = Akik PkWi

30% in x-direction 100% in y-direction

2.5.16.4 SPECIAL DEFORMATION REQUIREMENT FOR SEISMIC DESIGN

CantileverElements(Unbracedor braced to structural frame below itscenter of mass)

The damping coefficient shall be based on the effective

The damping coefficient shall be based on linear interpolation

Forstructures sitedatinlandareassubject toflood,loadsduetoflood shall bedeterminedconsidering