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Tutorial and Review Center

486-D 2nd Flr., J. Pecson Bldg.
Cabangan, Legazpi City
Tel No. 480-2232

SPECIAL EDUCATION is tailored to meet the needs of those who cannot fit normally from
general education because of disabilities or exceptional children.
CATEGORIES:
1. Children with moderate and severe general hearing disabilities (custodial or severely
mentally retarded)
2. Children with generally mild learning disabilities _____ mentally retarded)
3. children with superior cognitive abilities (gifted and creative)
4. children with hearing disabilities (deaf, hard of hearing)
5. children with visual disabilities (blind partially)
6. children with major specific learning disabilities (perceptually handicapped)
7. children with neuromotor and other crippling and health disabilities (cerebral palsy,
orthopedically handicapped, crippled)
8. children with oral communication disabilities (speech impaired, language handicapped)
9. children with behavioral disabilities (emotionally disturbed, socially mal adjusted, drug
dependent)
Handicapped children are those who are mentally retarded, hard of hearing, deaf, orthopedically
impaired, speech impaired, visually handicapped, seriously emotionally disturbed, with specific
learning disabilities, etc.
Basic Philosophy of Special Education
Every child is valuable, he should have equal opportunities to develop his full potential.
The right to education cannot be denied a person only because of his disabilities.
SPED
VI
HI
MR
PH

Special Education
Visually Impaired
Hearing Impaired
Mentally Retarded
Physically Handicapped

GENERAL PRINCIPLES
1. Every child has a right to education
2. educational resources shall be provided and appropriate to meet the special needs of
those children
3. clearly stated plan which speficies the steps to be taken and the precise resources will be
required. Placing a handicapped student in a normal setting is the 1 st step to integration.
4. it should be individualized, within the traveling distance of the pupils home should be
comprehensive, no child should be excluded.
EDUCATION PLANS FOR SPECIAL EDUCATION
1. Prevention before, during and after the birth of the child. Eugenics counseling before
pregnancy vaccination is also important.
2. Detection and assessment during the first few months of life to prevent the secondary
and tertiary results.
3. Early awareness and diagnosis with suitable intervention should be given from parents to
pre-school teachers they need special trainings and guidance in the handling of these
special children. Educational help for the handicapped should be made available from the
earliest possible moment.
Example:
1. psychomotor training for the mentally retarded

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2. occupational and physical therapy for the physically handicapped
3. auditory and speech training for the hearing impaired

Parents need to be prepared for some of the specific difficulties which they will experience
in meeting the needs of a child whose development is not proceeding normally.

TYPES OF SPECIAL TEACHERS TRAINING FOR SPED

1.
2.
3.
4.

Special post graduate course (in other countries like correspondence course)
training which forms an integral part of regular teacher training
short in-service training
special training for social workers or nurses who will help the parents

Vocational Education and Training

They have the right to work and be educated.
Personnel not only teachers but all those working with handicapped persons of all ages should
be trained.
Sheltered Workshops are places provided to them for vocational training.
LEGAL BASES FOR SPECIAL EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
1907

establishment of the Insular School for the Deaf and the Blind, later known
as the school for the Deaf and the Blind.

Commonwealth Act No. 3203 (1935) articles 259 and 356 of the civil code mentioned
about the right of every child to live in an atmosphere conducive to his physical
moral and intellectual development, to promote the full growth of the families of the
child.
Declaration of the Rights of the Child adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1959 said the
child who is physically mentally or visually handicapped shall be given the special
treatment, education and care required of his particular condition.
Republic Act 3562 (June 21,1963)
Republic Act 5250 (June 13, 1968) stated that teachers administrators and supervisors of
special education should be trained by the ministry of education and culture.
1973 Constitution of the Philippines section 8, article XV stated that a complete adequate
system of education relevant to the goals of the national development.
Presidential Decree No. 603 (Child and youth welfare code) article 3 said The emotionally
disturbed or socially maladjusted child shall be treated with sympathy and
understanding and shall be entitled to treatment and competent care. Article 74
provides for the creation of special classes, the article reads where needs warrant,
there shall be at least special classes in every provinces and if possible, special
schools for the physically handicapped, the mentally retarded the emotionally
disturbed and the specially gifted.
Policy statement of the decade of the Filipino Child (1977-87) Ferdinand Marcos said about
equal protection, the illiterate, the out-of-school and the disadvantage children and
youth must be provided opportunities to a level that will enable them to adequately
enjoy the progress and reforms available.
The International Year of Disabled Persons
- 1981 was proclaimed as the International Year of the Disabled Persons. The General
assembly of the United Nations aimed at focusing attention on the enjoyment of the
Disabled Persons of right and opportunities.
Theme: full participation and equality.

Exceptional Children for Special Education

- special education is a purposeful intervention. It prevent, eliminate, and / or
overcome the obstacles that might keep an individual with disabilities from learning
and from full and active participation in school and society.
TYPES OF INTERVENTION:
1. Preventive eliminate or counteract risk factors so that a disability is never acquired.
2. Remedial attempts to eliminate the effects of a disability. Remediation is for education
while rehabilitation is for social service agencies.
SPECIAL EDUCATION PROVIDES: (Remedial Intervention)

as to academics (reading, writing, computing)

as to social (getting along with others, following instructions, schedules and other daily
without assistance)
as to personal (eating, dressing, using the toilet without assistance)
vocational (career and job skills to provide them for a world or work)

3. Compensatory Intervention involve teaching the use of skills or device that enable
successful functioning inspite of the disability
Example: a child with cerebral palsy is provided a head stick and a template placed over a
computer keyboard that may enable him to type instead of writing lessons.
IMPORTANT TERMS TO REMEMBER:
1. Visually Impaired (VI)
Central visual acuity is 20/200 while a normal vision is 20/20
Causes:
1. Congenital (Prenatal)
* strabismus (crosseyed)
* nystagmus (rapid involuntary movement of the eyes)
* parents may suffer from syphilis and gonorrhea.
2. Post natal
* over exposure to oxygen
*glaucoma gradual build up of pressure inside the eye which destroys
retina and optic nerve
* cataract clouding of the lens of the eye
* myopia nearsightedness
*hyperopia farsightedness
*astigmatism blurred vision
3. Accident/trauma
* accident caused by pointed object
* over exposure to sunlight, eclipse
* intense flash of electricity
4. Other causes: heredity, premature birth, meningitis, incompatibility, malnutrition
2. Hearing Impaired (HI)
* Deaf do not have sufficient residual hearing
* Hard of hearing mild impairment
* lost of the sound of voice
Causes:
1. prenatal viral diseases such as mumps, influenza, german measles (rubella) lack
closure of the external canal of the ear
2. perinatal traumatic experience during delivery such as use of forceps or pelvic
pressure, anoxia or lack of oxygen due to prolonged labor, heavy sedation, blockage
of the infants respiratory passage.
3. post natal disease such as external otitis (inflammation of the outer ear)
otitis media running ears
hardened earwax (cerumen) may lead to infection accidents such as undrained
water in the eardrum due to frequent swimming, falls and head bumps.

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4. others heredity, prematurity, malnutrition, blood incompatibility, overdosage of
medicine
3. Mentally Retarded general learning disability
Causes: 1. cultural familial due to complex interaction between environmental and
hereditary factors. 2. organic causes an extra chromosome which produce mongolism or
down syndrome genetic affects or blood incompatibility of parents glandular disorders
which may result in cretinism.
ASSESSMENT/CHARACTERISTICS:
Physical smaller, with physical defects, poor motor coordination, mongoloid (slit eyes, round
face, stubby extremities, stocky, back of the head is generally flat
Intellectual poor, short-term memory cannot understand cause and effect impoverished
language, difficulty in making generalizations
Social Emotional overly aggressive or withdrawn hyperkinetic
DEVELOPMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MR
1. Mild can learn academic skills up to grade 6, educable can learn vocational skills
adequate to minimum self-support, often not distinguished from normal but social and
communication skills
2. moderate poor social awareness can be manage with moderate supervision can profit
from school may travel alone in familiar places needs supervision and guidance may
achieve self-maintenance in skilled work under sheltered condition.
3. severe poor motor development minimal speech unable to profit from training in selfhelp, no communication skill at the age of six maybe trained to communicate and health
habits at the age of 21 may develop self-protection skills
4. profound needs nursing care, at the age of six may respond to minimum limited
trainings in self help, very limited self-care, needs nursing care even at the age of 21 or
beyond. Her needs continued help in taking care of his personal needs through his life.
PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED
-

Causes:
Prenatal

could be temporary or permanent disability such as paralysis, lack of motor

coordination or bones muscles or joints so that they need special equipment and or
help in moving about.
1. transfer of defective genes from parents to offspring
2. prematurity untimely birth
3. infection effects of bacteria or virus on the fetus in the womb of the mother

Perinatal -

1. difficult labor
2. injury to the spine
3. profuse bleeding of the mother

Postnatal -

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

infections effects of illness such typhoid

tumor of the brain
Falls or accidents
TB of the bone
cerebrovascular injuries injuries to the head region results in brain damage