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BASICS OF
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
This quite technical chapter forms a foundation for the electrical systems covered in Chapters 16 through 23. The first five pages of Chapter 6 can be reviewed in conjunction with
this chapter.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Explain the basic principles of electricity.
Define the terms normally used to describe electricity.
Use Ohms law to determine voltage, current, and resistance.
List the basic types of electrical circuits.
Describe the differences between a series and a parallel circuit.
Name the various electrical components and their uses in electrical circuits.
Describe the different kinds of automotive wiring.
Explain the principles of magnetism and electromagnetism.
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Chapter 14
61
8. Voltage refers to electrical pressure; current refer to the amount of electron flow.
9. False. The strength of the magnetic field at the poles of an electromagnet increases
with an increase in current, or an increase in the number of turns of wire.
10. A switch that is identified as SPST is a single-pole, single-throw switch or, in other
words, a simple on-off switch such as would be used in a simple circuit.
11. A normally closed switch is one whose contacts are closed until acted on by an outside force such as oil pressure or movement of a lever.
12. c. Both magnetism and chemical reactions are used to produce electricity in
automobiles.
13. c. Both statements are correct. A decrease in resistance will result in increased current, and current will decrease as resistance increases according to Ohms Law.
14. A thermistor is a type of variable resistor that changes its resistance value as its temperature changes.
15. d. All of the above
16. b. The current through each leg is different if the resistance values are different.
17. b. 4 amps. Using the product/sum formula (36/12 = 3), the total resistance is 3 ohms.
So by applying Ohms law (12/3 = 4), the current total is 4 amps.
18. a. Technician A is correct; using the reciprocal formula we find that the resistance
total in the circuit is 1 ohm. Using Ohms law to find the current flow through the
6-ohm resistor (12/6 = 2), we find that there will be 2 amps flowing through it, not
12 amps as stated.
19. c. The length, diameter, and temperature of a wire affect its resistance; where it is
located does not.
20. b. Using the formula P = E I, a 12-volt light bulb drawing 12 amps would have
a power output of 144 watts, not 1 watt as stated. An electric motor with 1-ohm
resistance would draw 12 amps of current (I = E/R = 12/1 = 12). Using the formula
P = E I = 12 12 =144, there would be a power output of 144 watts.
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Chapter 14
5. False
6. True
7. A maxi-fuse has values of 20 to 60 amperes, whereas mini-fuses have values of 4 to
30 amperes.
8. Permanent magnets retain their magnetic property for a very long time. Electromagnets quickly lose their magnetism when the magnetizing force is removed.
9. The resistance that a magnetic circuit offers to a line of flux
10. a
15
BASICS OF ELECTRONICS
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
This chapter explains the principles of operation and the components used in onboard computers and other electronic systems.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Describe how semiconductors, diodes, and transistors work.
Explain the principles of operation for common electronic circuits.
Explain the principle of multiplexing.
Describe the basic function of the central processing unit (CPU).
List and describe the functions of the various sensors used by computers.
Describe the principle of analog and digital signals.
Explain the principle of computer communications.
Summarize the function of a binary code.
Name the various memory systems used in automotive microprocessors.
List and describe the operation of output actuators.
Describe the basic electronic logic circuits.
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Chapter 15
Basics of Electronics
65
The three main types of memory in a computer are called, ROM, RAM, and PROM.
The device that stores and processes data is a microprocessor or computer.
Analog signals show any change in voltage.
Digital signals are typically called square wave patterns.
Feedback means that data concerning the effects of the computers commands are fed
back to the computer as an input signal.
The type of memory that contains specific information about the vehicle and can be
removed and reprogrammed or replaced is called PROM.
The major components of an automotive control system are (1) input, (2) processing,
(3) output, and (4) storage.
A diode is the simplest type of semiconductor.
Pulse width is the length of time, usually measured in milliseconds, during which
something is kept on.
Information in ROM cannot be erased; RAM information is erased whenever the ignition switch is turned off.
b. Most semiconductors are made of silicon.
c. Both statements are correct. Applying voltage to the base turns on an NPN transistor, and current flows through the emitter and collector.
c. Sensor input is not stored in ROM.
True.
c. PM generators are not semiconductors. They are constructed of a permanent magnet and windings of wire.
a. A knock sensor is an example of a Wheatstone bridge.
d. All of the above
c. Both are examples of sensor inputs.
b. Multiplexing uses bus data links, but the advantage gained is less wiring, not more,
as stated.
b. When a diodes P material is connected to the positive charge in the circuit, it is
forward biased, not reverse biased as stated by Technician A. Because like charges
repel, the diodes P conductive material is pushed toward the N material, and the N
material is pushed toward the P, as stated by Technician B.
TECH MANUAL
The following procedure is included in Chapter 15 of the Tech Manual:
1. Test for continuity across electronic and electrical components and circuits with an
ohmmeter.
True
False
False
False
d
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Chapter 15
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
b
True
True
False
Duty cycle is a measurement of the amount of time something is on compared to
the time of one cycle and is measured by a percentage. Pulse width is similar to duty
cycle except that it is the exact time something is turned on and is measured in
milliseconds.
A multiplex wiring system uses a serial data bus that connects different computers or
control modules together. The serial bus carries the communications between the
computers as well as other information to all the control modules.
a. fewer wires are required for each system function, which means smaller wiring
harnesses
b. lower cost, less weight, and improved serviceability
c. elimination of the need for redundant series
Class B multiplexing is medium-speed communication and is used primarily with
instrument cluster, vehicle speed, and emissions data recording. Class C is high-speed
communication and is used for real-time control of the power train, vehicle dynamics, and brake-by-wire.
UART (universal asynchronous receiver transmitter) is a multiplexing system whereby one controller in the circuit is the master and the other controllers are slaves.
The CAN (controller area network) is a high-speed serial data bus that ensures that
the required real-time response it maintained. CAN assigns a unique identifier to every
message.
16
GENERAL ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
DIAGNOSTICS AND SERVICE
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Repairing nearly every system of a vehicle requires correctly diagnosing electrical and electronic systems. An understanding of how electrical/electronic systems work and the knowledge of how to use the various types of test equipment is essential to efficient diagnosis
and repair.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Describe the different possible types of electrical problems.
Read electrical automotive diagrams.
Perform troubleshooting procedures using meters, test lights, and jumper wires.
Describe how each of the major types of electrical test equipment is connected and
interpreted.
Explain how to use a DMM for diagnosing electrical and electronic systems.
Explain how to use an oscilloscope for diagnosing electrical and electronic systems.
Test common electrical components.
Identify the proper procedures to safeguard electronic systems.
Test common electronic components.
Properly repair wiring and connectors.
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Chapter 16
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3. To test a diode using a multimeter you would first isolate the diode from the rest of the
circuit. Set the meter to the diode check function if equipped or use the ohmmeter
function. Connect the meters leads across the diode. Observe the reading on the
meter. Then reverse the leads and observe the reading on the meter. The resistance in
one direction should be very high or infinite, and in the other direction the resistance
should be very close to zero. A diode with high resistance in both directions is open,
and one with low resistance in both directions is shorted.
4. An ammeter is always connected in series with the circuit, while a voltmeter is connected in parallel with the circuit.
5. b. A power wire that is contacting the chassis would be an example of a short to
ground, not high resistance.
6. False. A zero reading on an ohmmeter means that there is a complete circuit between
the test leads with zero resistance.
7. True. The voltage drop across wiring, connectors, and other conductors should not
exceed 10% of source voltage.
8. c. Either meter may be used to test circuit protection devices.
9. Electrical wiring should be repaired using rosin-core solder.
10. d. Use the horizontal control. The horizontal scale measures time.
11. b. A test light is used to identify shorted or open circuits, not to detect resistance as
stated. A jumper wire can be used to bypass faulty components such as circuit breakers or relays, or to apply a known good voltage or ground supply to test a light.
12. c. Both technicians are correct. A wire-to-wire short causes increased current flow,
resulting in burned insulation and melted connectors. Common connectors shared by
the two affected circuits are a possible location where one circuit may be shorted to
another.
13. d. Either an open circuit or high resistance problems may cause a load device not to
work.
14. b. A voltmeter is used to measure the amount of voltage dropped across a portion of
a circuit. A portion of the circuit with very little resistance will drop very little of available voltage.
15. c. A voltmeter can be used to check a switch by testing for the presence of voltage
on each side of the switch, or by performing a voltage drop test across the switch.
Comparing resistance across the switch terminals as the switch is opened and closed
may also be used to check it.
16. d. An open circuit causes a complete loss of current flow through the circuit; without
current flow, there will be no voltage drops across the various loads. High-resistance
problems cause decreased current flow, not increased flow as stated by Technician B.
17. True. Oils from your skin can cause corrosion of electrical connectors.
18. d. Neither technician is correct. The best way to check a wire is to measure the voltage drop across it.
19. a. A rheostat may be tested using a voltmeter to observe the output voltage; look for
a smooth change as the control is moved. A potentiometer is another type of variable
resistor and is tested with a voltmeter or an ohmmeter, not a test light as stated by
Technician B.
20. d. Neither technician is correct. An open circuit will have infinite resistance; a component that is shorted will have less than specified resistance.
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Chapter 16
TECH MANUAL
The following procedures are included in Chapter 16 of the Tech Manual:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
False
Voltage is electrical pressure (volts) and current is electron flow (amperes).
a
A high-impedance digital multimeter must be used to test the voltage of some components and systems such as an oxygen (O2) sensor. The high-impedance meter usually
has at least 10 megohms of internal resistance.
True
True
c
c
c
True
17
BATTERIES: THEORY,
DIAGNOSIS, AND SERVICE
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Different types of batteries are described in this chapter. Cleaning, servicing, and charging procedures are explained.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Explain the purpose of a battery.
Describe the basic parts of an automotive battery.
Compare conventional and maintenance-free batteries.
Explain the chemical reaction that occurs to produce current in a battery.
Describe the differences, advantages, and disadvantages of the different types of
batteries.
Describe the different types of battery terminals used.
Describe the different types of ratings used with batteries.
Explain the effects of temperature on battery output.
Demonstrate all safety precautions and rules associated with servicing batteries.
Perform a visual inspection of a battery.
Test a conventional batterys specific gravity.
Perform open circuit tests.
Test the capacity and conductance of a battery.
Correctly slow- and fast-charge a battery.
Jump-start a vehicle by using a booster battery and jumper cables.
Remove, clean, and reinstall a battery properly.
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Chapter 17
73
2. The capacity of a battery is determined by factors such as its cell size, type of electrolyte, and type of plate materials.
3. To perform a battery leakage test, set a voltmeter on a low DC volt range. Connect
the negative test lead to the batterys negative terminal. Then move the meters positive
test lead across the top and sides of the battery case. If some voltage is read on the
meter, current is leaking out of the batterys cells.
4. False. A new, fully charged battery should have a high, not a low, conductance
reading.
5. Battery corrosion is commonly caused by spilled electrolyte and electrolyte condensation from gassing.
6. A hybrid battery is also called a deep-cycling battery.
7. Gassing occurs in a battery during charging when the water in the electrolyte is converted into hydrogen and oxygen gases.
8. The factors that can shorten a batterys life are improper electrolyte levels, temperature, corrosion, overcharging, undercharging/sulfation, poor mounting, and cycling.
9. 12.6 volts
10. Specific gravity is the weight of a given volume of liquid divided by the weight of an
equal volume of water.
11. d. All of the above.
12. c. Both technicians are correct. Larger batteries have larger capacities, and the BCI
number identifies a batterys features.
13. True. Batteries are recycled more often than other items.
14. c. Both technicians are correct. Voltage readings from an open circuit voltage test are
an indication of a batterys state of charge.
15. If a battery fails a load test but the voltage rises above 12.4 volts when the load is
removed, the battery is able to hold a charge but has insufficient cold cranking capacity and should be replaced.
16. c. Both technicians are correct. Use baking soda to clean a battery and neutralize
corrosion.
17. d. Install a memory saver to preserve such things as computer memories and driver
presets of accessories like radios and clocks.
18. d. Neither technician is correct. The reserve capacity is the time in minutes a battery
can supply 25 amps without falling below 10.5 volts at 80F (26.6C), and the amperehour rating is the amount of steady current a fully charged battery can discharge for
twenty hours at 80F (26.6C).
19. c. Batteries convert chemical energy into electrical energy and are used in fuel cell
vehicles to power some of the systems such as power steering.
20. a. Use a battery strap to safely lift a battery. Always remove the ground cable first,
not the positive cable as stated by Technician B.
TECH MANUAL
The following procedures are included in Chapter 17 of the Tech Manual:
1. Removing, cleaning, and replacing a battery.
2. Inspecting a battery for condition, state of charge, and capacity.
3. Charging a maintenance-free battery.
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Chapter 17
18
STARTING SYSTEMS
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
This chapter describes the starting system and explains its service and repair.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Explain the purpose of the starting system.
List the components of the starting system, starter circuit, and control circuit.
Explain the different types of magnetic switches and starter drive mechanisms.
Explain how a starter motor operates.
Describe the operation of the different types of starter motors.
Perform basic tests to determine the problem areas in a starting system.
Perform and accurately interpret the results of a starter draw test.
Disassemble, clean, inspect, repair, and reassemble a starter motor.
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Chapter 18
Starting Systems
77
8. b. A lower than average cranking current is usually the result of high resistance, and
the battery cables, connections, and grounds should be checked first. A bad starter is
frequently indicated by a higher, not a lower, cranking current.
9. a. A starter control circuit test could uncover high resistance in the solenoid switch
circuit. The starter brushes, battery cables, and armature windings are tested using
other tests.
10. c. Both technicians are correct. Corroded connections and overly advanced ignition
timing can cause the engine to crank slowly.
11. d. All of the above.
12. c. Both technicians are correct. Both tests can be used when checking an armature.
13. d. Neither technician is correct. If clearance is excessive, the starter will produce a
high-pitched whine while cranking, not after the engine starts as stated by Technician
A. If clearance is insufficient, there will be a high-pitched whine after the engine starts,
not while cranking as stated by Technician B.
14. True. Many bearings are held in place with a retainer, while bushings are typically
pressed into their bore.
15. b. High resistance causes less current draw, not more as stated.
16. c. Both technicians are correct. An ohmmeter is used to test field coils for open
circuits and shorts to ground as described by both technicians.
17. a. The overrunning clutch prevents the engine from turning the armature after it
starts.
18. The part of the armature that the brushes ride on is called the commutator.
19. c. Both technicians are correct. Either a relay, a solenoid, or both may be used to complete the circuit from the battery to the starter motor.
20. a. Measuring voltage drop is the most accurate method for measuring resistance in
cables.
TECH MANUAL
The following procedures are included in Chapter 18 of the Tech Manual:
1. Removing, inspecting, and replacing a starter motor.
2. Testing the starter and starter circuit.
3. Control circuit test.
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Chapter 18
True
c
False
True
c
d
b
a. Starter motor
b. Starter relay
c. Starter solenoid
d. Starter drive
9. A typical starter motor is grounded through its mounting on the engine and/or
transmission.
10. The neutral safety switch allows the starter motor to be used only when the vehicle
shift lever is in NEUTRAL or PARK.
19
CHARGING SYSTEMS
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
This chapter describes the design of and the components included in the charging system.
Testing the charging system is explained, with emphasis on AC generators.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Explain the purpose of the charging system.
Identify the major components of the charging system.
Explain the purposes of the major parts of an AC generator.
Explain half- and full-wave rectification and how they relate to AC generator
operation.
Identify the different types of AC voltage regulators.
Describe the two types of stator windings.
Explain the features enabled by the use of a starter/generator unit.
Perform charging system inspection and testing procedures using electrical test
equipment.
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Chapter 19
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
D. Electronic Regulators
1. Integrated Circuit Voltage Regulators
2. Fail-Safe Circuits
E. Computer Regulation
F. Indicators
1. Indicator Light
2. Meters
New Developments
A. 42-Volt Generators
B. Starter/Generators
C. Hybrid Vehicles
Hint: Discuss how AC power generation will be important as hybrid vehicles
become more common.
Preliminary Checks
A. Safety Precautions
B. Inspection
General Testing Procedures
A. Regulator Tests
B. Voltage Output Test
C. Current Output Test
D. Field Current Check
E. Diode Checks
F. Oscilloscope Checks
G. Circuit and Ground Resistance
AC Generator Service
Charging Systems
81
TECH MANUAL
The following procedures are included in Chapter 19 of the Tech Manual:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
With an ohmmeter
Electronic components
Shorts, opens, and grounds
Disconnect, negative cable
Decreases output
True
c
b
True
Shorts, opens, and grounds
20
LIGHTING SYSTEMS
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Lighting systems provide both safety and convenience to the motorist. Understanding how
these circuits operate is essential to being able to maintain them. This chapter introduces
the use of schematic diagrams to aid in diagnosis and service.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Explain the operating principles of the various lighting systems.
Describe the different types of headlights and how they are controlled.
Understand the functions of turn, stop, and hazard warning lights.
Know how backup lights operate.
Replace headlights and other burned-out bulbs.
Explain how to aim headlights.
Explain the purpose of auxiliary automotive lighting.
Describe the operation and construction of the various automotive lamps.
Diagnose lighting problems.
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Lighting Systems
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
83
H. Flash to Pass
I. Automatic Light Systems
J. Adaptive Headlights
Headlight Service
A. Headlight Replacement
B. Headlight Adjustments
1. Autoleveling Headlamps
Interior Light Assemblies
A. Engine Compartment Light
B. Glove Box Light
C. Luggage Compartment Light
D. Trunk Lid Light
E. Vanity Lights
F. Courtesy Lights
G. Illuminated Entry System
Rear Exterior Light Assemblies
A. Turn, Stop, and Hazard Warning Light Systems
B. Flashers
C. Brake Lights
D. LED Lights
E. Adaptive Brake Lights
F. Backup Lights
Light Bulbs
A. Other Bulbs
B. Auxiliary Lights
1. Driving Lights
2. Fog Lights
Lighting Maintenance
Hint: Have students list the various lighting systems used on their family
vehicles.
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Chapter 20
10. a. Before adjusting the headlights, check the condition of the springs and shocks, and
make sure the fuel tank is at least half full, not full as stated by Technician B.
11. The dimmer switch provides a means for the driver to select between high- and lowbeam headlamp operation.
12. a. Composite lights have a replaceable bulb, but a cracked or broken lens will not
prevent operation as stated by Technician B.
13. c. Both technicians are correct. When the brake pedal is partially depressed, the brake
lights should illuminate; a vehicle equipped with adaptive brake lights will illuminate
the standard brake lights during moderate braking, and under intense or ABS controlled braking additional lamps are illuminated.
14. c. The stop light switch is normally mounted on the brake pedal arm.
15. a. LEDs achieve their full output in less than 1 millisecond, not 200 milliseconds as
stated.
16. c. Both technicians are correct. A cracked sealed beam must remain an airtight assembly. Headlamps with halogen bulbs are sometimes vented, so some cracking and breaking of the housing will not prevent the halogen bulb from working.
17. c. Both technicians are correct. A standard flasher may cause the remaining lights on
one side of the vehicle to flash more slowly when one is burned out; and if the vehicle is equipped with an electronic flasher, the remaining bulb will flash faster when
there is one burned out bulb.
18. c. Both technicians are correct.
19. The use of a circuit breaker to protect the headlight circuit allows for illumination of
the headlights part of the time when there is a problem.
20. High-intensity discharge (HID) lights do not have a filament; instead, an electric arc is
created between two electrodes that excite a gas, such as xenon, inside the headlamp.
TECH MANUAL
The following procedures are included in Chapter 20 of the Tech Manual:
1. Inspecting and testing a headlight switch.
2. Aiming headlights.
3. Adjusting or replacing a stop light switch.
Lighting Systems
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Vibration
To dim instrument lights, turn on interior light.
c
c
True
Six total, one for each filament plus a common ground at each side
Two
b
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21
ELECTRICAL
INSTRUMENTATION
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
This chapter introduces the various gauges and warning devices found in the instrument
cluster.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Describe the two types of instrument panel displays.
Know the purpose of the various gauges used in todays vehicles and how they
function.
Describe the operation of the common types of gauges found in an instrument
cluster.
List and explain the function of the various indicators found on todays vehicles.
List and explain the function of the various warning devices found on todays
vehicles.
Explain the basics for diagnosing a gauge or warning circuit.
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Electrical Instrumentation
B. Odometer
C. Oil Pressure Gauge
1. Diagnosis
D. Coolant Temperature Gauge
1. Diagnosis
E. Fuel Level Gauge
F. Tachometer
G. Charging Gauges
H. Other Gauges
1. Fuel Consumption Gauge
2. Service Interval Display
IV. Indicators and Warning Devices
A. Light Indicators and Warnings
1. Air Bag Readiness Light
2. Fasten Belts Indicator
3. Tire Pressure Monitor
4. Lamp-Out Warning Light
5. Brake Warning Light
6. Brake Pad Indicator
7. Parking Brake Warning Lamp
8. Brake Fluid Level Warning Light
9. Low Fuel Warning Light
10. Check Engine Warning Light
11. Check Filler Cap
12. Door Ajar Warning Light
13. Add Washer Fluid Lamp
14. Add Coolant Lamp
15. Antilock Light
16. Traction/Stability Control Lamp
17. Oil Pressure Indicator Light
18. Charge Indicator Light
19. Transmission Indicator
20. Drive Indicator Light
21. Air Suspension Light
22. Fog Light Indicator
23. High-Beam Light
24. Left and Right Turn Indicators
25. Stop Light Warning Light
26. Cruise Control Light
27. Rear (or Front) Defrost Indicator Light
B. Sound Warning Devices
1. Park Distance Control (PDC)
C. Graphic Displays
V. Driver Information Centers
A. Heads-Up Display
B. Steering Wheel Touch Controls
C. iDrive
VI. General Diagnosis and Testing
A. Body Control Modules
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Chapter 21
Electrical Instrumentation
89
TECH MANUAL
The following procedure is included in Chapter 21 of the Tech Manual:
1. Removing, checking, and replacing a temperature sending unit.
22
ELECTRICAL ACCESSORIES
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
This chapter describes the different accessories such as power door locks, keyless entry
systems, power windows, power seats, security systems, and other basic systems such as
the windshield wipers/washers and defrosters. In order to understand these systems it is also
necessary to be familiar with self-diagnostic computer controlled systems such as body
control modules.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Know the basic operation of electric windshield wiper and washer systems.
Explain the operation of power door locks, power windows, and power seats.
Determine how well the defroster system performs.
Identify the components of typical radio and audio systems.
Understand how cruise or speed control operates and the differences of various
systems.
Describe the operation of keyless entry systems.
Identify the various security disabling devices.
Understand the operation of the various security alarms.
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Electrical Accessories
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
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Chapter 22
Electrical Accessories
93
13. c. Both technicians are correct. When power seats do not operate in any switch position, check for a tripped circuit breaker, check the power and ground circuits, and,
finally, check for continuity in each switch position. Refer to the service manual for
the expected continuity between the various terminals of the switch.
14. c. Both technicians are correct. Antitheft systems may have features that sound an
alarm, disable the ignition, or deny entry to the vehicle.
15. a. A continuously tripping circuit breaker may be caused by binding or mechanical
resistance. Check the seat tracks and under the seat for obstructions. High electrical resistance causes a decrease, not an increase in current flow, and would be unlikely to cause the circuit breaker to trip.
16. b. Keys equipped with a transponder return a radio signal to the PCM. A resistance
key has a small resistor, not a thermistor, bonded to it.
17. True. On vehicles with electronic throttle control (drive-by-wire) the circuitry in the
PCM operates the cruise control without the need for modules, cables, or stepper
motors.
18. b. Devices used to trigger an alarm may include mechanical switches, ultrasonic sensors, or current-sensitive sensors. The majority of law enforcement officials recommend an audible alarm, not a silent page as stated by Technician A.
19. c. Both technicians are correct. Navigational systems rely on global positioning satellites, and a computer inside the vehicle compares the data it receives from the satellite
with information stored in memory, or that it reads from a compact disc or DVD.
20. d. All of the above.
TECH MANUAL
The following procedures are included in Chapter 22 of the Tech Manual:
1. Testing and repairing a rear-window defogger grid.
2. Performing a speed or cruise control simulated road test.
3. Identifying the source of static on a radio.
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Chapter 22
8. Binding in wiper mechanical linkage, faulty harness connections, and faulty motor
assembly
9. Vacuum, electronic, and adaptive
10. A sensor prevents the window from closing if something is in the way such as fingers.
There are two designs: obstacle sensing in which physical contact is made and infrared
sensing in which the beams are broken by the object. Both systems will cause the window to move to the open position.
11. True
12. Traffic and travel information
13. Cell phone
14. Locking, disabling, and alarm
15. 25 to 50 feet (7.62 to 15.24 meters)
23
RESTRAINT SYSTEMS: THEORY,
DIAGNOSIS, AND SERVICE
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Safety is a primary consideration not only in the design of automobiles, but also in the purchase decision made by consumers. Many safety features are available either as standard
equipment or as options. This chapter describes restraint systems and how to diagnose
and service them.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Identify and describe devices that contribute to automotive safety.
Explain the difference between active and passive restraint systems.
Know how to service and repair passive belt systems.
Describe the function and operation of air bags.
Identify the major parts of a typical air bag system.
Safely disarm and inspect an air bag assembly.
Know how to diagnose and service an air bag system.
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Chapter 23
97
12. a. When repairing air bag systems it is best to also service other related components
in assembly groupings. Never back probe an air bag system with a self- powered multimeter, or a test light, unless you want to observe firsthand a very expensive bag
deployment.
13. c. Wear safety glasses and gloves when handling deployed air bags because there may
be caustic residue on the module, and two-stage bags may have only deployed the first
stage and could still be armed. Disconnect the negative battery cable and wait at least
30 minutes before servicing the air bag system.
14. a. Passive restraints such as seat belts must operate automatically, with no action
required by the vehicles occupant.
15. False. Wait at least 30 minutes before beginning any service on or around the air bag
system.
16. c. Both technicians are correct.
17. c. Both technicians are correct.
18. a. Roller-type sensors rely on the roller that is held against a stop by small springs,
not a magnet.
19. c. Seat belt retractors can help limit the forward movement of the occupant, but they
cannot pull the occupant back during a crash.
20. Crumple zones are areas of the vehicles body that bend or break away to protect
passengers.
TECH MANUAL
The following procedures are included in Chapter 23 of the Tech Manual:
1. Inspecting seat belts.
2. Working safely around air bags.
98
Chapter 23
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
c
False
a
c
b
SECTION 3
Answers to ASE Prep Test Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
c
c
a
d
d
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
b
a
b
c
a
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
c
a
c
a
d
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
a
a
b
a
c