General Studies - Answer Writing Challenge

Mains 2014 General Studies
Daily Answer Writing Challenge

By
http://insightsonindia.com
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Insightsonindia Team
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Note:
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The answers are in a simple language written by co-aspirants.
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correct/update them. You can just click the heading (Challenge No) which takes
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Prepared by AK Musham
INSIGHTS 2014. All Rights Reserved.
Challenge 45 23 Oct, 2014

Topic: Communism, Regionalism
Q) Examine the effect communism had on China after Mao Zedongs death. (200
Words)
Ans: by Abdaal Akhtar
1) Communism in China had never been in the classic Marxist-Leninist mould. Maoism
was considered to be Communism modified according to Chinese conditions. This
was also at the root of the Soviet Sino split. However Maoist ideas like forced
collectivisation and industrialisation had a deadly effect on Chinese society and
economy.
2) After Mao's death, his widow and the so-called Gang of Four were sidelined and
Deng Xiaoping took over. Deng stressed on "socialism" (as distinct from
communism) with Chinese characteristics. It is to Deng's credit that instead of
adopting doctrinaire policies like Pol Pot's forced agriculture or the North Korean
Juche, he prodded China on to building its core competencies.
3) Modernisation in agriculture, industry, science and military was encouraged. Deng
also promoted the Export Manufacturing Zones (or SEZs) to produce globally
competitive goods.
4) This changed the face of hitherto poor Southern provinces like Guangdong. Entrepot
trade was encouraged at the Shanghai Port which grew to become one of the largest
in the world. Small scale manufacturing of consumer goods proved to be the
backbone of China's sustained economic growth under Deng.
5) The increasing prosperity and the winds of change in the broader Communist world
led to a student led movement at Tiananmen Square in 1989. This was brutally
crushed by the Chinese state. The Government cracked down on political dissent
while promising economic gains and employment in return for support. This has
served the Communist Party well over the last quarter century.
Q) What is New Regionalism? Explain the differences between old and new
regionalism in international relations. (200 Words)
Ans: AK Musham
1) New Regionalism refers to a transformation of a particular region from relative
heterogeneity to increased homogeneity in different dimensions like: culture, security,
economic policies and political regimes.
2) A few examples:
a) Cultural SAARC; South Asian Countries; Socio-cultural development of the
region
b) Security SCO; Eurasian; Security, Military, Economic and Cultural Cooperation
c) Economic NAFTA; North America; Economic Cooperation
d) Political African Union; Africa; mainly Political Cooperation

3) Differences between Old and New Regionalism
Differences between Old and New Regionalism
Old
New
Period
1950s and 1960s
After 1980
Nature
Bipolar, Cold War driven
Worldwide, Globalisation driven
Focus
Specific objectives, narrow Comprehensive, multifaceted and
focus
multidimensional process
Structure
Protectionist and state
Open, market based, competitive
intervention was there
and democratic
Process
Often imposed, directly or
Involves more spontaneous
indirectly, from above and
processes that often emerge from
outside, very much in
below and within the region itself,
accordance with the bipolar and more in accordance with its
cold war power structure
peculiarities and problems
Participation No/limited role for nonInteraction of both state and nonstate actors like NGOs,
state actors like multinational
MNCs
corporations, non-governmental
organizations, and other interested
social groups
Examples
NATO, Warsaw Pact,
ASEAN, UNASUR, APEC,
SEATO, CENTO, the Rio
MERCOSUR etc.
Pact and ANZUS etc.
Challenge 44 - 22 Oct, 2014
Topic: Impacts on Environment
Q) Critically examine the effects of offshore drilling on environment. (200 Words)
1) Offshore drilling for oil has a long history especially considering the rich deposits
found on Continental Shelves. However its environmental record has been more
chequered.
a) Petroleum ooze that leaks out during drilling kills birds and mammals. It destroys
the oceanic flora and has a debilitating effect on the fish population. It stains
beaches on the coast and also ends up having an effect on the local tourist
economy.
b) The lubricating hydraulic oil used in drills is extremely poisonous. When it
leaks in sensitive areas, it can finish off large populations of endangered species.
c) Even the trapped sea-bed water that is generally released as harmless has an oil
content that is enough to adversely affect local biology.
d) Large scale drilling operations have a potential for catastrophic failures as seen
in the recent BP-Gulf of Mexico disaster. The possible harm to the marine
environment cannot be quantified.
e) In Azerbaijan, the use of inefficient sealants has destroyed all the fisheries in the
Baku bay area.
2) While offshore drilling has become a lot safer with technological advancements,
companies still seek to cut costs by compromising on safety standards. Rusty pipes,
lack of proper sealants, careless disposal of carbon waste are the major issues that
need to be addressed by offshore riggers.
Q) Write a critical note the environmental impact of tourism worldwide with
suitable examples. (200 Words)
Ans: by SSB
Tourism linked with environment is complex. It has both positive & negative aspects.
1) Merits: It has the potential to contribute towards protection & awareness about
environment as in:
a) Revenue earned in the form of park entrance fees can be attributed towards
conservation & management of environment.
i) E.g. Safari World in Thailand utilizes the charges to maintain the forest.
b) It plays key role in spreading environmental information & raising awareness
about consequence of their actions.
i) E.g, Schools, Colleges take their wards out to wildlife sanctuaries or forests to
learn about them.
c) In order to maintain attractiveness, natural areas are kept alive by preserving
them.
i) E.g, in Hawaii, new laws & regulations were enacted to preserve native
species.
2) Demerits: Negative impacts occur when we try to utilise the environment beyond the
limit.
a) Degradation of natural resources like land, water or soil
i) Increased construction & recreational facilities puts tremendous pressure on
these resources.
ii) Frequent movement of boats or ship, water sports for leisure causes coral
reefs, mangroves to destruct.
(1) E.g in Maldives, tourism has caused depletion of fish & other marine
ecosystem.
iii) Overuse of water for maintenance & disposal of waste in water causes water
scarcity & filth.
(1) E.g: Dal Lake in Kashmir is deeply polluted due to houseboats.
iv) During trekking, tourist uses fuel wood causing deforestations & air pollution.
v) Noise occurred due to transport or recreational facilities impact the behaviour

of animals & other species.
vi) Also such pollution leads to acid rain, global warming, drying of wetlands,
etc. disturbing the activity pattern in animals.
b) Natural calamity
i) Excessive Infrastructure building over utilises materials, hampers smooth flow
of water causing desalination & soil erosion threatening environment.
ii) E.g, Uttarakhand disaster.
c) Waste accumulations & gradual development of dead zone in wetlands & forest
causes health hazards.
3) Therefore, we must savvy that beauty of tourism can exist only if we sustain our
environment
Topic: Impact of floods and climate change
Q) Critically examine the impact of frequent floods in Assam on states wildlife
population.
Ans: by akmusham
1) Besides the beneficial aspects such as replenishing the soil, floods for Assam
represent virtually an annual scourge, with their after-effects persisting even longer
than elsewhere. 40 percent of Assam is classified as flood-prone.
2) Having a special geomorphic environment and Tropical Monsoon Rainforest Climate,
Assam experiences heavy rainfall. During floods, the Brahmaputra and the Barak,
along with their major tributaries and innumerable sub-tributaries, have periodically
caused huge losses to infrastructure, wildlife, livestock, crops etc.
3) Being one of the richest biodiversity zones in the world and home to two UNESCO
World Heritage sites the Kaziranga National Park and the Manas Wildlife
Sanctuary, Assam has conserved the one-horned Indian rhinoceros from near
extinction, along with the Pygmy hog, tiger and numerous species of birds. It
provides one of the last wild habitats for the Asian elephant and has the largest
population of the Wild Water Buffalo in the world.
4) Hundreds of animals die every year due to floods. Deaths in floods are part of the
natural process. But poaching poses a major threat now. When flood waters enter,
animals flee from the core of the Park to the higher uplands where they become an
easy prey for poachers. They get starved due to lack of food. Water contamination
due to decaying dead animals aggravates their plight. Poachers take advantage of the
situation and target animals, particularly the one-horned rhinos which stray out of the
park during the high floods.
5) Preparing the highlands and building high platforms for animals to take shelter,
making food arrangements until the waters reside, enhanced patrolling to prevent
poaching, seeking information about fleeing animals from local communities etc can
help reduce the wildlife losses.
Q) Write a note on the impact of climate change on the flora and fauna of
Himalayas. (200 Words)
Ans: by Rushnaf
1) The Himalayan region is most sensitive to climate change. Studies have reported that
rate of temperature increase across them is 3 times the global average, while the
present annual change is +0.06 degrees Celsius. Global warming has caused an
adverse impact on the biotic and abiotic components due to glacial retreat, disease
infestations and change in agricultural patterns.
2) The effects on the regions flora and fauna are as follows:
a) Upward migration:
i) Gradual warming has forced upward migration causing reduced range sizes
and distribution limits of species.
ii) It causes endemism and extinction in higher elevation species.
b) Population decline:
i) The breeding season and reproductive strategies have changed due to warmer
temperatures and altered habitats, leading to reduced reproductive rates and a
population decline.
ii) Irregular rainfall pattern poses serious threats, especially to amphibians.
c) Skewed sex-ratio:
i) As higher temperature favours female individuals, the sex ratio has become
biased.
ii) It can disrupt the population dynamics of various species.
d) Invasive species:
i) With upward migration, the influx of exotics has threatened the local
diversity.
ii) The prey-predator relationship and food chain is also affected by non-native
species.
e) Wildlife encroachment:
i) Climate change has affected habitats and food availability for wild animals.
ii) It has thus caused encroachment around human habitations in search for food.
f) Shifting tree lines:
i) Elevational distribution of life zones would shift significantly.
ii) Evergreen forests would decrease and tropical lowland forest, increase.
3) Thus, urgent steps are required to combat the effects of climate change, preserve the
natural habitats and address the issues of the flora and fauna of sensitive species-rich
ecosystems.

Topic: Environment
Q) Critically analyse the impact of hydraulic fracking on environment.
Ans: by Ramesh and Navya
1) Hydraulic Fracking or Hydrofracking or Hydraulic Fracturing is the process of
extracting shale gas lying underneath the sedimentary rocks at deeper depths under
Earths crust. It is a controversial oil and gas extraction technique which involves the
smashing of rock with millions of gallons of water along with sand and chemicals to
bring gas to the surface. This technology has led to massive increase in production of
natural gas in US and Canada but the potential for environmental degradation is also
huge.
2) Impacts of hydraulic fracking:
a) Air pollution:
i) Release of benzene, toluene, xylene, CO, nitrogen oxides and other metals due
to the drilling operations leaves a huge impact paving way for numerous
poisonous chemicals getting released to the atmosphere leading to several
disorders among the humans.
b) Water pollution:
i) Chemical additives being used in drilling produces millions of gallons of toxic
fluid which pollutes the water bodies.
c) Soil and oil spill contamination:
i) Chemically stained soil from drilling waste has increased to a high level over
the past decade leading to soil contamination.
d) There are other impacts like contamination of groundwater, methane pollution,
earthquakes, blowouts due to gas explosion, exposure to toxic chemicals etc.
3) Adoption of a sound National Energy Policy will help prevent many of these impacts
on environment.
Q) Write a note on the effect of cyclones on Sundarban forests. (200 Words)
Ans 1: by MJ
1) The Sunderbans, being the largest mangrove islands in the world, is home to a large
number of flora and fauna- both terrestrial and aquatic. Since mangroves are known
for being able to protect human population from the bad effects of natural disasters
because of a variety of vegetation, they themselves are prone to being destroyed.
Some effects of cyclones are mentioned below:
a) Uprooting of trees can lead to damage of infrastructure- cell towers, buildings,
water vessels etc., death of animals and erosion further increasing salinity.
b) Carcasses of these dead animals can breed environmental hazards risking lives of
other wildlife.
c) Increasing salinity of water (though mangroves already house saline water) can
cause potential harm to existing vegetation and wildlife.
d) Potential loss of revenue since trees- palm, coconut, timber etc. - would be
destroyed. In addition, tourism gets affected.
2) Measures to reduce the impact plus increase disaster preparedness need to be taken to
ensure that Sunderbans can be saved. As the region around Sunderbans is highly
prone to natural calamities a number of cyclones have hit the region in the past. These
include Bhola, Khulna, Sidr and others. Super cyclone Sidr is the most recent one to
hit the region in the year 2007.
3) The kind of devastation it manifested over the region can be summarized as follows
a) It killed around 5000 people in the region and rendered thousands homeless.
b) th of the forest area was destroyed. 8-10% of the forest had been damaged
completely and 15% partly damaged.
c) Forest area infrastructure including administrative buildings such as Range,
Station, Patrol Posts and forest camps were severely damaged. Important
documents were lost and many communication towers destroyed.
d) A large amount of wildlife was washed away by the cyclone. Ponds were infested
with salt water which made the water non potable for animals. Broken trees
restricted the movement of animals which in turn created food scarcity.
e) Infrastructure facilities developed by tour operators were destroyed leading to a
fall in tourism which in turn lowered the revenue earnings out of tourism.
Ans 2: by Gurukumar
1) Sundarban forests are a large contiguous block of mangrove forests which lie in
regions facing south west part of Bay of Bengal. The region is home to wild animals
including tigers. Sundarban apart from providing livelihood for the population in
vicinity, to large extent is helpful in protecting the environment for instance; it
maintains the coastal water quality by filtering pollutants and by slowing the water
flow which facilitates deposition of sediments.
2) Cyclones have devastating effects on Sundarban
a) Cyclones like Sidr have almost destroyed 8 to 10% of Mangrove forest of
Sundarban region.
b) Secondly cyclones can result in large scale destruction of wild animals, and the
carcasses of such animals may affect the other living animals, further the
destruction of forest may also create hurdles for movement of animals which may
ultimately result in lack of fodder.
c) Eco tourism for which Sundarban is famous will be affected resulting in economic
loss for country. Fourthly the infrastructure in forest area will be destroyed as a
result of which poaching will be easy.
3) Destruction of Sundarban forest can affect not only environment but also economy.
The need of the hour is to protect the existing mangrove forest and increasing the area
of mangrove forest by planting mangrove trees and prevent human encroachments in
such areas. Furthermore a comprehensive disaster management plan needs to be in
place to protect the infrastructure in surrounding areas.
Topic: Changes in critical geographical features
Q) Write a critical note on the impact of climate change on Arctic ecosystem. (200
Words)
Ans: by Navya
1) Climate change is faster and more severe in the Arctic than in most of the rest of the
world with the warming rate twice that of the global average. Slight increase in
temperature(even 2 degree Celsius) because of increase in alarming rate of global
warming results in melting of glaciers, forest fires, damage to the coastal
communities in the Arctic contributing to increase in sea level.
2) Climate change can alter several of the environmental factors to which arctic plant
species have become adapted.
a) E.g: Some species can carry metabolic and reproductive processes just above or
below 0 degree Celsius.
3) As the arctic climate increases it will suppress the vegetation already growing there
which will affect the animal species dependent on the vegetation.
4) Climate change would affect the symbiotic relationship between insects and plants as
warmer climate could result in early flowering of the plant which would affect the
insects.
5) The formation of ice crusts on the grazing grounds at the different time period could
result in lack of food and starvation.
6) It will affect the migratory birds as it will lead to increase in cloud formation and
greater precipitation.
7) Life in seas gets affected as increase in temperature would disturb the spawning and
distribution of young fish, along with change in algal bloom and also increase in Co2
adds to ocean acidification affecting coral reefs and crustaceans.
8) Immediate cut in green house gas emissions can only prevent the catastrophic change,
if not done warmer climate will affect the entire Arctic ecosystem leading to a huge
disaster.
Q) Examine the major threats faced by Amazon rainforests. Write a note on the
consequences of reduced forest cover in Amazon rainforest region. (200 Words)
1) Along with the Siberian Tundra, the Amazonian Rainforests are the largest and the
most extensive forests in the world. They are also the most diverse and rich of the
world's ecosystems.
2) The major threats faced by them are:
a) Logging-An area the size of a small province is cleared of forests every year by
loggers. The expensive hardwood is exported illegally around the world.
b) Agriculture- Increased pressure from agriculture has led to land being cleared for
growing soya, sugarcane and banana, especially in Brazil.
c) Hydroelectricity- A series of dams and power projects in Andean Amazon have
heavily tapped the Amazon's tributaries which have led to ever decreasing water
flow.
d) Population movement from Brazil's overcrowded coastal regions has caused
growth of cities like Manaus at the heart of the forest.
3) The consequences of reduced forest cover in the Amazon basin are catastrophic.
a) Decline in precipitation-The whole biome of the broader North Latin American
system depends on the freshwater discharged by Amazon. This can alter
completely.
b) Loss of biodiversity- More species are found in the Amazonian basin than in all of
the remaining Americas. Once lost these will never be recovered.
c) Brazil will face a freshwater crisis of enormous proportions for its growing
population.
4) The forests are the world's largest carbon sink. Their loss will lead to an immediate
rise in Global Warming.
Challenge 40 - Oct 17, 2014
Topic: changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps)
Q) Until 1960, many rated the Aral Sea as the 4th largest inland sea, alongside the
Caspian Sea, and Lakes Victoria and Superior. Today this sea is completely dried
up and has turned up into a poisonous desert. Critically examine the reasons behind
this and suggest solutions to revive this sea. (200 Words)
Ans: by Navya
1) Until 1960, Aral Sea was rated as the 4th largest inland sea, other three being the
Caspian Sea, Lakes Victoria and Superior.
2) Today this sea is completely dried up and has turned up into a poisonous desert.
3) Some of the reasons behind this are:
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a) Giant irrigation projects were started in 1960s to irrigate cotton fields because of
which, the two rivers Amu Darya and Syr Darya got diverted to cotton fields
rather than flowing into the Aral Sea.
b) Climate got further affected by rising summer temperatures with temperature
almost reaching 40 degree Celsius because of which sea started drying up
gradually.
c) Weapons testing, industrial projects, pesticides & fertilizer runoff from the cotton
fields have left huge plains covered with salt and toxic chemicals due to which sea
has turned into a poisonous desert.
4) Some steps suggested by experts to bring back Aral to its previous level:
a) Cultivating crops other than cotton that will consume less water.
b) Installing dams to fill the Aral Sea which will help it to get back to the previous
level.
c) Redirecting water from the Volga, Ob and Irtysh Rivers to restore the Aral Sea
which was in its full level 20-30 years back.
d) Using fewer chemicals and pesticides while growing cotton so that it doesnt turn
into a poisonous desert.
Q) Examine the impact of global warming on the wetlands and explain the
importance of wetlands in the mitigation of climate change. (200 Words)
Ans: by SSB
1) Wetland is a distinct feature of ecosystem which is rich with species & other complex
environments. However, they are threatened by global warming like rising
temperature, CO2, melting glaciers & ice cover. The effect of same can be seen as
below:a) Reduced water & rise in temperature will lead to fall in oxygen which implies risk
of reduction or distribution of amphibians & aquatic species as they try to find out
their climatic optima. It can also disturb wetland plants. It can be converted into
dead zone & thus contribute harmful algal species.
b) Sea level rise threatens many coastal wetlands with little room to move inland due
to coastal development. Floods, droughts, hurricanes will alter water flow & thus
disturb composition of nutrients in wetlands.
i) E.g. Hurricane Katrina destroyed Louisiana's coastal wetlands.
2) Extensive restoration of wetlands has great potential to minimize the impact of global
warming as below:
a) It minimizes storm flows & keep stream temperature down thus hurricane
strength in coastal areas can be dissolve to some extent. It also helps to control
flood.
b) Mangroves & marshes have ability to sink carbon thus improve water quality. It
also serves as sediment & provides crucial repositories.
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c) It provides livelihood to many people staying in & around it.

3) Moreover, effective monitoring will minimize the loss of our extensive biodiversity.
Topic: Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic
activity, cyclone etc., geographical features and their location
Q) Tropical cyclones are classified and named differently in different parts of the
world. Examine how low pressure systems are classified by the Indian
Meteorological Department and explain the criteria used to name tropical cyclones
as accepted by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). (200 Words)
Ans: by Lloyd
1) Low pressure systems over Indian Ocean are classified by the IMO on the basis of
a) maximum sustained wind speeds associated with the system and
b) the pressure deficit/number of closed isobars associated with the system
2) The pressure criteria are used, when the system is over land and wind criteria is used,
when the system is over the sea.
a) Low - The system is called as low if there is one closed isobar in the interval of 2
hPa.
b) Depression - It is called depression, if there are two closed isobars, a deep
depression, if there are three closed isobars and cyclonic storm if there are four or
more closed isobars.
3) The international panel on tropical cyclones led by the WMO has formed a committee
of scientists hailing from Middle East and South Asia decides name for cyclones.
4) There are 8 countries represented in the committee which include
a) India,
b) Pakistan,
c) Thailand,
d) Myanmar,
e) Sri Lanka,
f) Oman,
g) Bangladesh and
h) Maldives
5) Each country gets its turn for naming a cyclone and a name is suggested by the
general public of that particular country or its government.
a) E.g. This year, cyclone Hudhud was suggested by Oman.
b) Hudhud stands for the Hoophoe bird which lives in the Middle East.
c) The cyclone Phailin which had hit the Indian coast in 2013 was named by
Thailand.
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6) The names suggested should be short and readily understood when broadcast, not
culturally sensitive and not convey some unintended and potentially inflammatory
meaning.
Q) Write a note on the importance of volcanic activity to climate and environment.
(200 Words)
Ans: by Abhishek Mishra
1) Volcanic activity causes the magma or the molten rock inside the earth's surface to be
ejected out in to the atmosphere. The material ejected out of volcanoes constitute
gases, ashes, smoke, magma, water vapour, pyroclastic material, etc.
2) Volcanic activity is an important source of information regarding the composition of
the interior of the earth. It has helped scientist in predicting and analysing the
structure of the earth.
3) Volcanism also contributes to the formation of new rocks. The surface rocks when
comes in contact with hot molten lava undergoes restructuring of its inner
composition due to thermal effect.
4) Volcanic activity played an important role in the primordial times in degassification
of the earth by pouring out water vapour and CO2 into the atmosphere. This
subsequently caused the large rainfall leading to filling up the depression of the earth
by forming oceans.
5) However, volcanoes also have detrimental effect on the environment. The smoke and
dust ejected from them pollutes the air and remains suspended over the atmosphere
for very long time. This reduces the amount of sunlight reaching the surface. The
gases like sulphur and nitrogen causes acid rain which again affects the vegetation
and soil profile of the region.
Topic: Regionalism and Communalism
Q) Compare and contrast the nature of regionalism in Asia and Europe. (200
Words)
Ans: by madforias
1) There is a deep contrast between the nature of regionalism in Asia and Europe.
a) Europe has seen a blood thirsty fight for ideology where governments were
collaborating against their own countrymen, followed by two devastating world
wars that shook the base of Europe and made them rethink over sovereignty wars.
i) This led to the greater cooperation at the political as well as economic level
within Europe.
b) However, Regionalism in Asia is mostly driven by Economic Cooperation due to
two prime reasons.
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i) First, the late 90s crisis in East Asia made them realize the importance of
regional economic cooperation, specially, due to high handedness of IMF in
handling the crisis.
ii) Second, most of the Asian countries have achieved their independence
recently along with some countries following the communist ideologies,
which ensures no reason for political regionalism like Europe.
2) Despite differences in Political regionalism, the ASEAN and Europe have shown a
similarity on economic regionalism by using a cooperation method to facilitate each
others trade.
Q) Critically comment on the influence of globalization on religion and secularism
in different parts of the world. (200 Words)
Ans: by Veera Reddy
1) Globalization is not new for the world, it happened several times in the past and had a
profound influence on the lives of the people and became a cause for different
conflicts.
2) Globalization is not just interconnecting economies of different states but is
revolution itself. In 18th and 19th century Europe when it got industrialized and sought
market and raw materials, it led to colonialism and first ever globalization.
a) So what in Europe started as protestant movements against Church authority, have
later spread to different parts of the world through globalization.
b) It threatened the very structure and composition of society which was mostly
dictated by religion and there by came in conflict with religion.
3) Those who accepted this change were called modernists and others orthodox. These
modernists themselves called secularists, whose meaning is debated till now.
4) Globalization, which seeks efficiency and profit making, led to secularist societies
because of which religion revivalism occurred in different parts of the world.
5) Some examples are:
a) Europe and USA - the Protestant movement
b) Asia Hindu and Confucianism revivalism,
c) Middle East - Arab nationalism & Islamic revivalism
6) Globalisation and Secularism require one another to survive. Secularism sometimes
threatens religion as in Europe but can coexist peacefully as in India. So religion
revivalism can no longer treat globalization as a threat. So we can conclude by saying
secularization of religion is made possible by globalization.
Topic: Indigenization of Technology; Security Issues
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Q) Critically examine how Indian Governments recently launched Make in India

policy bodes well for indigenisation of defence technology in India. (200 Words)
Ans: by Lloyd
1) Make in India policy of the new government includes 25 sectors including defence
manufacturing.
2) It seeks to attract foreign investment in defence in order to make India a hub in
defence manufacturing. It also aims to cut down fiscal deficit by reducing defence
related imports. The opening of the strategic defence sector for private sector
participation will help foreign original equipment manufacturers to enter into strategic
partnerships with Indian companies and leverage the domestic markets and also aim
at global business. Besides helping build domestic capabilities, this will bolster
exports in the long term.
3) However on the flip side:
a) Although the make procedure was introduced in 2006 to promote indigenous
research, design and development of high tech complex systems, not even a single
make project has been taken up so far. The issues involved in its failure need to be
looked into.
b) Investment decisions need to satisfy certain tangible criteria such as ease of doing
business, security of investment and IPRs in which India still lags behind. India
has fallen three ranks from 131 to 134 in 2014 according to WBs Ease of Doing
Business.
c) Also certain laws related to acquisition of land, labour laws and taxation, require
legislative action, cooperation of the states and a huge attitudinal change in the
bureaucracy.
d) India badly needs technology to produce sophisticated weapons and it is highly
unlikely that such technology will come to us by introducing FDI in the sector. If
we have to buy technology, we must have the requisite procedure in place to
evaluate technology. The procedure permits procurement based on intergovernmental agreements or strategic considerations but appropriate procedures
do not seem to be in place to facilitate such procurement.
e) Indigenous research in the field is suffering due to paucity of funds and quality
manpower, setting up of a separate fund to provide resources to public/private
sector, including SMEs, as well as the academic and scientific institutions to
encourage research.
4) Necessary policies need to be framed to encourage ordnance factories, defense PSUs
and the private sector to strengthen their R&D.
Q) In the light of recent border skirmishes between China and India, discuss about
the existing mechanism to resolve border disputes without escalating them into
military confrontations. (200 Words)
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Ans: by sagarsumit
1) The recent border skirmishes between India and China result due to lack of clear
demarcation of Line of Actual Control (LAC) in the Aksai Chin region.
2) However, both countries have agreed not to use force and exercise maximum selfrestraint in a face-off situation.
3) The following mechanisms exist to resolve the border dispute:
a) 1993 Agreement between India and China on the Maintenance of Peace and
Tranquility along the LAC.
b) 1996 Agreement between the two countries on Confidence Building Measures
(CBM) in the Military Field along the LAC, including the protocol and modalities
for implementation of CBMs signed in 2005.
c) 2012 Agreement on the Establishment of a Working Mechanism for Consultation
and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs.
d) 2013 Border Defence Cooperation Agreement (BDCA).
4) Realising that 21st century is an Asian century; the two giants of Asia acknowledge
the need to maintain peace, stability and tranquility along the LAC and to continue
implementing CBMs.
a) At the military level, regular flag meetings between border personnel of both
sides are held to prevent such face-off situations.
b) At the diplomatic level, rounds of talks between Special Representatives of both
countries are held to give effect to the existing mechanisms and expedite the
border dispute resolution
Topic: Juvenile Justice and Consumer rights
Q) Write a note on the important features and the importance of recently
introduced The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Bill, 2014. (200
Words)
Ans: by Lloyd
1) The act of 2014, replaces the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act,
2000. It seeks to address the objectives of United Nations Convention of the Rights of
Children ratified by India in 1992.
2) It specifies procedures to be followed in cases of children in conflict with law and
those in need of care and protection and seeks to address challenges in the existing
Act.
3) The key features of the Bill include:
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a) Coverage: A child is defined as anyone who is less than 18 years of age.

However, a special provision has been inserted where 16-18 year old children
may be tried for committing heinous offences, as adults. A heinous offence is an
offence for which the minimum punishment is seven years.
b) Juvenile Justice Boards: These are constituted for dealing with children in conflict
with law and are to be established in every district of states. JJBs are composed of
a Metropolitan or Judicial Magistrate and two social workers.
c) Childrens Courts: These courts will try 16-18 year olds that commit heinous
offences, after confirming that they are fit to be tried as adults.
d) Child Welfare Committees (CWCs): CWCs are constituted for dealing with
children in need of care and protection such as orphans, abandoned children and
sexually abused children. CWCs are composed of a Chairperson and four other
members, with experience in relevant fields, as appointed by the state
government.
e) Adoption: Eligibility of prospective adoptive parents has been specified.
4) In India due to abject poverty and illiteracy many parents are not even able to provide
even basic facilities such as food and education to children. Many children more
importantly girls drop out of schools at primary level itself due to social taboo. Such
children become vulnerable to drug addiction, crime and sexual abuse. Many children
are sexually abused, most of the time by their own near and dear ones.
5) Many are left orphaned and loitering on the streets while many others are lured into
begging by begging syndicates. Many children are molested by pedophiles. RTE,
2009 hasnt impacted the lives of many children.
6) Therefore, a comprehensive law is required for empowerment of vulnerable children
so that the most precious years of their lives arent ruined due to apathy of the state
and society.
Q) Recently RBI released a draft charter of consumer rights. Examine its
importance and critically comment on present status of consumer rights in India.
(200 Words)
Ans: by Rushnaf
1) Financial stability rests upon the three pillars of
a) financial inclusion,
b) financial education and
c) consumer protection
2) In the present scenario, initiatives have been undertaken to ensure consumer rights
such as:
a) Consumer Protection Act, 1986
b) BCSBIs Codes of Banks Commitments
c) Consumer Courts
d) Regulatory agencies SEBI, IRDA, RBI, MCA
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e) Ombudsman Scheme
3) However, it has been observed that quality of delivered service needs improvements.
An indicator has been the enormous amount of complaints registered.
4) The draft Charter of Consumer Rights, circulated by the RBI, is aimed to
safeguard the customers from discrimination and spells out the responsibilities of the
Financial Services Provider (FSP), which includes all entities regulated the Reserve
Bank. Ex: Banks, NBFCs etc.
5) The Charter has been framed based on best global practices, due to need for consumer
protection, which is an integral part of financial inclusion. The need for consumer
protection is felt due to
a) High financial Illiteracy
b) Limited set of FSPs
c) Consumer vulnerability
6) The five consumer rights to be provided are as follows:
a) Right to fair treatment: No discrimination on grounds of gender, age, religion
caste and physical disability.
b) Right to transparency, honesty and fair dealing: Contracts and agreements
between customers and FSPs should be transparent and east to understand.
c) Right to suitability: Financial products offered should be suitable to needs of the
consumer.
d) Right to privacy: Personal information of consumers to be kept confidential.
e) Right to grievance redress and compensation: FSP accountable for products
offered, including third party products. Facilitation for easy grievance redressal.
7) Their significance:
a) Pricing will be transparent and non-discriminatory.
b) Speedy, secure delivery of services.
c) Financial products and services shall be appropriate to customers risk profile.
d) More financial inclusion as trust and confidence in the financial system increases.
e) Consumer centric system which ensures their voice is heard.
Topic: Security issues and border management
Q) Write a note on Indias border disputes with Nepal and Bangladesh. Examine
how India is trying to resolve the issue. (200 Words)
1) With Nepal
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a) India's border disputes with Nepal date back to the colonial Treaty of Sagauli
under which substantial territory was ceded by Nepal to British India. The treaty
is labelled as unjust and unfair in Nepal and is frequently invoked in the popular
discourse, especially by the Maoists.
b) The problem is further compounded by the fact that the India-Nepal border is
absolutely open and unmarked along significant stretches.
c) A beginning towards resolving this was made in July, 2014 when a joint
boundary working group proceeded to mark the missing boundary pillars.
i) A previous attempt in the 80s had failed because Nepal wanted the issue of
certain contentious areas dating from the Sagauli treaty to be resolved first.
ii) However some headway has been made as both countries have agreed to the
others' point of view in this instance.
2) With Bangladesh
a) The issue revolves around the complex enclaves in the Cooch Behar region.
b) An early attempt in the 50s for land exchange was struck down by the Supreme
Court in India vs. Berubari case as unconstitutional.
c) Recent attempts through the 119th Constitution Amendment Bill in India have
faced significant resistance from political quarters in Assam and West Bengal
who see an ulterior motive in exchanging enclaves.
d) India has however allowed Bangladesh access to its largest exclave through the
Teen Bigha Corridor.
e) It is hoped that the Indian Parliament shall take up the onus of ratifying the
enclave exchange immediately as Bangladesh has already consented to the same.
Q) Critically comment on the situation of Kurds in the Middle East. (200 Words)
1) The Kurds are an Iranian people spread over Turkey, Iraq, Iran and the Caucasus.
a) They are mostly Sunni Muslims with a strong minority population of Yazidis and
other indigenous religions.
b) Their culture is syncretic and markedly different from their Turkish and Arab
neighbours.
2) The post World War 1 Sykes-Picot arrangement did not grant a homeland to the
Kurds for political reasons.
a) Resentment at being divided into many fragments led to the rise of the left wing
PKK in Turkey that was accused by the Turkish Government of being a terrorist
outfit.
b) Abdullah Ocalan of the PKK has been jailed for many years now on these
grounds.
3) In Iraq, the Kurds used the first Gulf War to establish an almost independent zone in
North Iraq around the city of Kirkuk.
a) Their autonomy was enforced through no-fly zones declared by the US.
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b) In the post Saddam Hussain era, the Kurdish Zone entered into a loose
confederation with the rest of Iraq.
c) It is extremely wealthy due to its oil wealth and its Peshmerga guerilla fighters
enjoy a great reputation.
4) The recent rise of the ISIS has led to targeting of Kurds as infidels.
a) The stretched Peshmerga managed to hold back the ISIS militants but has suffered
reverses in certain areas.
b) At the same time, the decline of the Iraqi State has led the Kurds to occupy further
territory and virtually declare independence-a move viewed with alarm in Turkey
and Iran.
5) The lack of a recognised Government and Turkish unwillingness to help the Iraqi
Kurds has resulted in a situation where the only fighters against ISIS on the ground
are virtually all alone. Hundreds of Muslim Kurds and Yazidis have been killed by
the ISIS militants.
Topic: Art forms
Q) Traditional theatre forms incorporate not only the common mans interests but
there is also a classical element in them. In the context of India, illustrate with
examples. (200 Words)
Ans: by thistakesagestotype
1) Theatre is an art form that is primarily entertaining. However, traditional theatre in
India has a long legacy of being 'classical'. Classical refers to a framework of rules
that are passed on so that art forms continue to be characterized by those basic
elements.
2) The classical elements of theatre can be traced back to the Natya Shastra, which was a
treatise on the performing arts. Similar to the Classical Unities in Aristotle's Poetics,
the Bharata Muni's Natya Shastra set down a clear theory of drama based on eight
rasas that should be used to evoke different emotions. It also dealt with all aspects of
stagecraft right from makeup to stage design.
3) It is these elements that can still be observed in traditional theatre forms today,
though to a lesser degree because of the influences of time and space. This is also the
reason why most theatre forms still are performed on common themes of mythology.
4) Kootiyattam is the only surviving form of the classical Sanskrit drama. Most theatre
forms today are semi-classical like Yakshagana in Karnataka with heavy regional
influences. Dances like Kathakali, have classical elements of both theatre and dance.
5) The classical forms are appreciated for their heritage. Thus, despite having lost some
of those elements in the contemporary setting, it is also heartening to note that even
early Indian cinema has been heavily influenced by classical elements like rasa and
bhava.
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Q) Write a note on the nature and important role played by Pali and Prakrit
literature in ancient India. (200 Words)
Ans: by fabulous
1) In ancient India, Pali and Prakrit were two chief languages which were spoken by
masses. These languages played significant role at that time in the following ways a) Sanskrit was difficult to understand and learn. Moreover, lower strata of society
were not permitted to learn Sanskrit. So, Pali and Prakrit became languages of
masses. This made the masses of lower strata a united and integrated force, which
gave rise to several social reform movements.
b) Lord Buddha spread his ideas through these masses' languages only. Thats how
one of the major religions of world came out through these languages. Several
Buddhist literatures are written in these languages only.
c) Jainism also born and spread by getting popularised among lower strata of people.
Thus several of Jain literature is written in these languages.
d) Ashoka used these languages to spread his message of 'Dhamma' to masses to
masses through inscription on stone pillars. These messages were read out louder
by officer called 'Mahamatta'.
e) Later on, in Gupta period, when people were not indulging in agriculture,
Brahmanas also used these languages to convince the masses of necessity of
labour.
2) Thus, Pali and Prakrit language were the languages of masses and played significant
role various reforms in socio-religious arena which spread over centuries.
Topic: India and its neighbours Strategic Issues
Q) Critically comment on the nature of India Bhutan relationship in the light of
Indias recent coercive commerce diplomacy and Bhutans geographical imperatives
and its evolving relationship with China. (200 Words)
Ans: by bikashree
1) Indias relation with Bhutan has been largely cordial and India has always avoided
playing a big brother role. But excessive economic independence on India and some
coercive commercial diplomacy has made Bhutan think of realigning its relationship
with India vis--vis China.
2) Indias limitless flow of subsidy, loan, grant, line of credit etc, has given Bhutan both
development and dependence. Now Bhutans three-fourth trade is with India. Subsidy
support by India has made Bhutan import even essential items, stunting growth of its
domestic industry. Pegging the currency with Indian rupee has made it susceptible to
rupee volatility and inflation. Slight delay in providing grant or assistance creates a
crisis like situation in Bhutan. Huge loans given for hydro-electric projects have
mainly Indian stakeholders leading to jobless growth.
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3) A small and land-locked country like Bhutan can not develop in complete economic
isolation. Chinese expansionist policy, its border dispute and religious persecution of
Tibetans had pulled it toward India. But economic rise of China and need to curb such
over dependence on India are slowly bringing it closer to China. Resolving the
longstanding border dispute is a first step. Engagement with Chinese on border talk
just after Indian PMs visit is an indication of all these.
4) No country will ever compromise on its strategic autonomy. India must respect this in
case of its Himalayan neighbor by facilitating sustainable development rather than
financial assistance.
Q) Whatever the outcome of the nuclear negotiations between Iran and the western
interlocutors, India need to keep its long-term energy security interests in mind and
engage with Iran before it becomes too late. Critically comment. (200 Words)
Ans: by rashmi
1) The negotiations between P5+1 and Iran, if does not attains its said objective, may
become a problem for India's energy security. Though India has maintained its energy
ties with Iran even after the sanction imposed by the US, but any further sanctions
will complicate the matter.
2) Benefits of oil from Iran:
a) It is cheaper than the oil from Arab and Iraq.
b) Iran accepted payments in Rs thus enabling India to manage its Current account
deficit.
3) But after India voted against Iran at the IAEA in 2005, Iran withdrew its facility of
the payment in Rs, and subsequently its position dropped from 2nd to 11th in the
terms of oil exporter to India.
4) Apart from providing comparatively cheap oil, Iran is also stable region compared to
the other oil exporting countries like Iraq. And if the conditions in Iraq dont become
normal, India may have to suffer the burn. Thus in this situation it is important for
India to maintain and improve its energy security via improving relations with Iran.
Topic: Art Forms
Write Short Notes (150 Words)
1) Thitambu Nritham
2) Perini Shivatandavam
3) Nangiarkoothu
4) Tanjore Paintings
Ans: by Abinaya Ramesh
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1) Thitambu nritham is a ritual art form in north Kerala and it is 700 years old. It is
performed only by namboothri community. The dancer usually carries aloft of 10-30
kgs and two namboothris carry a lamp, seven others play percussion instrument. The
notable one is the footwork performed according to the thalam.
2) Perini shivathandavam is the state dance of recently declared state Telangana. It
was at its pinnacle during the reign of Kakatiyas. It was performed warriors before
going to war. Later it has seen its decline with the advent of kuchipudi. And it was
recreated by musicologist late Nataraja Ramakrishna during 1970's.
3) Nangiarkoothu is a solo performance comprises of acting and dancing and
developed as a part of ancient Sanskrit theatre koodiattam. Koodiattam literally
means acting together. It is performed only by a woman from nambiar community.
Hence it is called as nangiar koothu. Nangiar means women. Themizhavu is played
by male member and kuzhithalam is played by the female member of the nambiar
community. Usha nangiar was the greatest nangiar koothu artist who got trained
under ammanur training centre for koodiattam.
4) Tanjore paintings have rich heritage. It has been widely used by people of
Tamilnadu from 2nd century. It flourished during chola dynasty of Tanjore and thus
got its name. It was patronised by nayakas of Vijayanagara Empire, Rajus of Trichy
and Tanjore and Marathas. The paintings were of gods and goddesses since many
temples have been constructed at that time. And the paintings have round shaped
faces and large and are notable for adornment of semi precious stones, natural color
paints, gold foils and glassworks.
Topic: World History
Q) The writings of the philosophers had a tremendous influence on the minds of the
people and created a revolutionary awakening in their minds and formed the
intellectual creed of the French Revolution. Examine. (200 Words)
Ans: by Mukesh Repaswal
1) The French Revolution was an outcome of the oppression of the Third Estate, who
though bearing the entire burden of the state had no share in the political power.
However without the French Philosophers whose ideas formed the bedrock of the
revolution it would have been nothing more than a riot and would have been easily
suppressed.
2) Contributions:
a) Montesquieu - his idea that the state existed for the welfare of the people and if it
did not serve that purpose it should be removed.
b) Voltaire - advocated freedom of expression and criticised the corrupt monarchy
and clergy.
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c) Rousseau - his impact on the FR is most discernible in the motto 'liberty,

fraternity and equality' which Rousseau coined and the FR adopted. His call for a
new 'social contract' with the state also influenced the people.
d) Diedrot - a physiocrat he prepared an encyclopedia of challenges faced by France
and suggested solutions.
3) It was only because of the ideas of these philosophers that the French Revolution
could sustain itself against the combined might of the European rulers of Austria,
Prussia and others who wanted to restore the old order in France.
Q) Analyse the factors for the collapse of Soviet Communism and Soviet Union
during 1985-1991. (200 Words)
Ans: by
** No answer yet **
Q) Critically analysis the cause and the results of the Chinese revolution of 1949 and
analyse its significance. (200 Words)
Ans: by Radhika
1) The Chinese revolution of 1949 was caused by
a) Struggle against the corrupt KMT party by the communist leader Mao Zedong.
b) Little improvement in working conditions in factory as the KMT govt was
capitalist in nature
c) Peasant poverty in china. No land reform movement.
d) Ineffective resistance to Japanese troops in Manchuria.
2) It had great significance on the chinese economic and social life
a) Communist government was set up in place of a corrupt capitalist govt of Chiang
Kai Sheik supported by USA
b) Rapid economic growth was observed with focus on agriculture and small scale
industries.
c) Land reorganization was done and many efforts to improve working conditions of
industrial workers were taken.
d) China was taken more seriously at international level due to economic and
military strength (which it showed during UN invasion of North Korea). Also,
there was a shift from US led international affairs to USSR.
3) Thus Chinese revolution brought changes in economic, cultural and international
affairs of China.
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Q) The Russian Revolution (1917) was an economic explosion hastened by the

stupidities of the autocratic Government. Comment (200 Words)
Ans: by Ameya
1) The Russian Revolution of 1917 was mainly aimed at achieving economic rights for
the people, along with political ones.
2) The condition of workers and peasants was very bad. Though Serfdom was abolished,
majority of farmers owned too little land. They had little capital to develop it. The
workers also suffered due to low wages and bad working conditions.
3) Two out of four demands made by the revolutionaries to the regime were related to
economic justice
a) land to the tiller and
b) control of industry by workers
4) Another demand was that of peace, as Russia was then fighting the First World War.
This caused huge loss of revenue and scarcity in the country.
5) The Russian autocratic government still believed in the divine rights of King. They
fired at a group of peaceful protesters going to give a petition, killing thousands. This
event called the Bloody Sunday fanned the revolution.
6) The government promised an elected body called Duma to frame the laws. But, it
went back on its promise had it not done so, it might have avoided it complete
overthrow.
7) Russia might have become a Constitutional Monarchy like English.
Q) France was more fertile than Britain in producing new Socialist theories and
movements, though they bore less concrete results in France than in Britain.
Examine (200 Words)
Ans: by Ameya
1) The French Revolution was based on ideas of several philosophers at its different
stages.
2) Starting with Montesque's ideas of a Constitutional Monarchy on lines of Britain with
three centers of power being the Monarch, the Church and the Aristocratic Court.
3) While these ideas were very popular it did not include the natural rights that were
demanded by the people. So, new ideas were adopted, namely that of Rousseau.
4) The idea of a Republic where people owned themselves. This idea was also very
popular but it was unfortunately twisted and misused during a reign of terror that was
there in France at that time. It ended with Napoleon's coup d'e tat in the year 1799.
25
5) Napoleon favored another philosopher called Voltaire who had expressed the need for
developing scientific temper for solving problems of human scarcity.
6) Napoleon took Voltaire's ideas and combined them with Rousseau's philosophy. He
ultimately gave France a strong Republic that favored education and encouraged
science.
7) Thus, France experimented with many ideas till finally finding the one combination
that suited it best. This was in contrast with Britain who stuck to its system of
Constitutional Monarchy the whole time, even to this day.
Q) New imperialism was a nationalistic, not an economic phenomena. Examine. (200
Words)
Ans: by Abdaal
1) Neo-Imperialism refers to the wave of conquests in Asia and Africa from the early
19th to the mid 20th century. It was differentiated from Colonialism or Old
Imperialism in its emphasis on nationalism rather than economic goals.
2) The colonial setup had no motives of conquering land for the home country. The
early European colonies in North America, for instance, were nominally subservient
to the English Sovereign, but enjoyed almost absolute autonomy otherwise. In fact the
American War of Independence was a direct result of increased interference by the
country in the colony's affairs. Neo-Imperialism, on the other hand, was marked by
direct annexation in the name of the Crown, for the Crown. E.g - Ethiopia by Italy,
Sudan by the UK etc.
3) Old Imperialism was marked by the flag following trade. Private, commercial
enterprises like the Dutch VOC and the British East India Company acquired
enormous land that was later transferred to the Crown. Neo-Imperialism had no such
intermediaries or pretensions. Land was won through outright conquest and annexed
forthwith to the Crown.
4) Neo-Imperialism was tied inextricably to the European Balance of Power where each
country tried to carve out its sphere of influence on Africa and Asia. The motive for
world domination was clearly linked to national pride rather than any economic
reasons. We see this in Japan's conquest of Korea, the American colony in the
Philippines and the Italian invasion of Libya and Ethiopia.
Q) Discuss the main characteristics of Fascism. (200 Words)
Ans: by Abdaal
Fascism is a form of radical authoritarian government that combines certain elements of a
far right establishment with left wing politics. It is generally used to describe the rule of
the Italian dictator, Benito Mussolini. Its main features are:
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1) Extreme Nationalism: The citizen and the state are fused in Fascism. Fascism
frequently talks of a national reawakening accompanied with racial pride. The citizen
enjoys no rights against the State.
2) Absolute Dictatorship: The ruler is obeyed without question. Nationalism is projected
onto the corporeal self of the Dictator whose word is law. The establishment is
totalitarian and permeates every aspect of life. There is no such thing as liberal
democracy in a fascistic setup.
3) Social Engineering: In its obsession with racial superiority, Fascism condemned
every thing outside the racist, patriarchal and heteronormative framework as deviant
and corrupt. Homosexuals, immigrants, working women-all of these were criticized.
4) Political Violence: Violence is a legitimate means of securing political power in the
fascistic world view. This is known as 'Direct Action' as seen in Mussolini's March on
Rome in 1922.
Ans 2: by Nitash
Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) over the course of his lifetime went from Socialism to the
leadership of a new political movement called "fascism" (after "fasces", the symbol of
bound sticks used a totem of power in ancient Rome).
The main characteristics of fascism are:
1) Militant nationalism, proclaiming the racial and cultural superiority of the dominant
ethnic group and asserting that group's inherent right to a special dominant position
over other peoples in both the domestic and the international order
2) The adulation of a single charismatic national leader said to possess near superhuman
abilities and to be the truest representation of the ideals of the national culture, whose
will, should therefore literally be law.
3) Emphasis on the absolute necessity of complete national unity.
4) Militant anti-Communism coupled with the belief in an extreme and imminent threat
to national security from powerful and determined Communist forces both inside and
outside the country.
5) Contempt for democratic socialism, democratic capitalism, liberalism, and all forms
of individualism as weak, degenerate, divisive and ineffective ideologies leading only
to mediocrity or national suicide.
6) Glorification of physical strength, fanatical personal loyalty to the leader, and general
combat-readiness as the ultimate personal virtues.
7) A sophisticated apparatus for systematically propagandizing the population into
accepting these values and ideas through skilled manipulation of the mass media,
which are totally monopolized by the regime once the movement comes to power.
8) A propensity toward pursuing a militaristic and aggressive foreign policy.
9) Strict regulation and control of the economy by the regime through some form of
corporatist economic planning.
10) To conclude, Fascism and Nationalism are inexorably linked. Fascism shows what
exaggerated nationalism can become. Fascism is a twentieth century phenomena
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which has arose largely out of crises from states trying to become nation states or
trying to increase the sense of nationalism.
Challenge 28 30 Sep, 2014
Q) In the long run, the Locarno Treaty (December 1925) was descriptive both of the
Treaty of Versailles and of the Covenant. Examine. (200 Words)
Ans: by Deepika Bantu
1) The Locarno Treaty forms an event of utmost significance in the world history. This
treaty was concluded in 1925 when there was a general improvement in the
international atmosphere because of changes in political leadership and easing out of
plan of German reparation.
2) After Treaty of Versailles both Britain and USA declined to guarantee French
security. France then embarked upon efforts to guard her frontiers. The outcome was
seven agreements involving Germany, France, Britain, Italy, Belgium, Poland and
Czechoslovakia respecting their joint frontiers.
3) The agreements were greeted with enthusiasm all over Europe, and the reconciliation
between France and Germany was referred to as the Locarno honeymoon. However,
one glaring omission was that, no guarantees were given by Germany or Britain about
Germanys eastern frontiers with Poland and Czechoslovakia, the very areas where
trouble was most likely to arise. By ignoring this problem, Britain gave the
impression that she might not act if Germany attacked Poland or Czechoslovakia.
4) The Locarno spirit later led to a series of path-breaking measures and ultimately the
World Disarmament Conference (1933). Though guaranteeing short peace following
the holocaust of WWI, the treaty destroyed the spirit of both Treaty of Versailles and
covenant.
Q) Most of the European Revolutions of 1848 were nationalist as well as popular
insurrection against foreign rule and repressive policy of Metternich. Comment (200
Words)
Ans: by
** No Answer yet **
Q) Discuss the emergence of neo-imperialism in the late nineteenth century. (200
Words)
Ans: by Abdaal
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Neo-Imperialism was the wave of Imperialism that lasted from the early 19th century to
World War-2. It was marked by the following features:
1) It had its origins in the collapse of Colonial Imperialism as seen in Latin America and
the USA. Imperialism now was devoid of its mask of commerce and trade and was
purely exploitative and political in nature.
2) The Industrial Revolution made the UK a manufacturing hub. It also created a need
for markets where these goods could be dumped. Therefore the colonies of the
Empire brought in laws to throttle local production in the interests of the
manufacturing of Dundee, Manchester and Liverpool.
3) Social Darwinism was used as a convenient excuse to justify Imperialism. It was the
'White Man's Burden' to bring to civilizing influence of science and technology into
the lives of ignorant natives who lived like savages.
4) The financial impetus for Imperialism came from the increased demand for raw
materials as the second stage of the Industrial Revolution took hold. These raw
materials were not available in Europe. Therefore Africa became almost a private
fiefdom of kleptomaniac capitalists who sought to denude it of all its resources.
5) The European Balance of Power depended on the territories held abroad. This led to a
race for acquiring colonies between the UK, France, and Germany etc.
6) Newly industrialised countries like Japan and the USA sought to create their own
spheres of influence. This led to the annexation of Puerto Rico, Manchuria,
Philippines and so on.
Q) The capitalism which gave the European empires their apparent solidarity and
permanence also hastened their downfall. Comment (200 Words)
Ans: by Vineela
1) Capitalism is the highest form of imperialism. In the wake of industrial revolution,
the demand for raw material and markets had increased to an enormous extent in the
Europe. This has led to a race among the European countries in search of colonies for
importing raw material, cheap labour (slaves) and exporting their cheap finished
goods.
2) Many countries in Asia, Africa were prey to this greed. The European countries
flourished, the standard of living of their people raised and the region became
economically well off and powerful due to capitalism. The greed for resources has
risen to an enormous extent that is led to competition among the European nations
ultimately leading to two world wars. This resulted in the exhaustion of resources in
the home countries as well as the colonies.
3) Poverty, deaths due to wars and famines created anguish and revolts in colonies. The
already war affected European countries unable to manage the colonies had to
ultimately grant freedom to many of them. They were so war ravaged that
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development was established to aid
rebuilding and reconstruction of Europe.
29
4) Everything has a limit and so is capitalism. Their own greed of capitalism brought an
end to the solidarity of the European nations.
Q) What do you understand by imperialism? State briefly its unique features in the
case of Africa. (200 Words)
Ans: by Abdaal
1) Imperialism refers to hegemonistic domination of a region or country by another
country. Imperialism may be formal, informal, cultural or political.
2) Imperialism in Africa differed from the general colonial trend in many ways. The
distinctive features of African imperialism were:
a) Lack of private colonialism: Unlike the rest of the world, for most of Africa,
Imperialism did not follow colonialism but was in fact concurrent with the latter.
Right from the British Gold Coast to the conquest of Ethiopia in 1910, the
European countries conquered Africa directly in their own name rather than
through private enterprises as in Asia.
b) "Civilising" mission: Imperialism in Africa was presented as something for the
good of the natives-intended to civilise them and make them humans. This
scientific racism was at the root of the utilitarian defence of Imperialism.
c) Competition: Africa was the ground on which Britain and France played their
game of world domination. The Cape to Cairo scheme of Cecil Rhodes and the
Mauritania to Djibouti scheme of Napoleon III are examples of the same.
d) Settler colonies: Just like America, South Africa was treated as terra nullius and
settled by Dutch, Huguenot and English migrants who appropriated all land. The
blacks were progressively pushed deeper into the land and confined to
reservations.
e) Public-Private Partnership: The imperialist conquest of Africa was funded by
private companies who benefited from the exploitation of African resources. De
Beers of Cecil Rhodes in Rhodesia, rubber companies in the Congo, plantations in
Kenya are examples.
Q) Why did Vietnam go through thirty years of war after the Second World War?
Discuss. (200 Words)
Ans: by Neha
1) The war which was started against colonialism became the prey of the Cold war
battleground. The post second world war was witnessed with emergence of conflicts
among the ideologies.
30
2) Vietnam was a French colony which started their revolt against the colonialism by
communist forces of North Vietnam under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh in late
1940s. Ho Chi Minh led the Vietnamese nationalist movement for more than three
decades.
3) The communist forces defeated the France in 1954 which resulted into partition of
Vietnam into Communist region of North Vietnam and pro-America South Vietnam
by demarcating boundaries known as Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). But the permanent
solution didnt take place which led to the Guerilla warfare among those regions.
4) The North Vietnamese communist forces were backed by the communist nations like
Soviet, China while South Vietnam was supported by the US. The growing influence
of communism in the South Asia made the US uncomfortable thereby resulted into
US operation named Operation Rolling Thunder against Vietnam with sustained
bombing campaign as well as sprayed toxic herbicide Agent Orange in thick foliage
of Vietnam jungle to stumble the North Vietnamese army to end. This led to brutal
and bloody war among the ideologies. It was reported the around 4 million civilians
and 1.1 million Vietnam communist fighters were killed during the long three
decades of war with thousands of US army personnel.
5) Thus a prolonged thirty years Vietnam War also known as Resistance war against
America ended with victory of North Vietnamese Army with the fall of Saigon in
1975 which was not only the war against the colonisation but also against the
repression of not so required ideology.
Q) How did the policy of appeasement escalate the problem of Nazi
aggrandizement? Explain. (200 Words)
Ans: by Lloyd
1) In its heyday, Turkey, ruled by the Ottoman kingdom controlled the Middle East,
North Africa and parts of Europe upto Bosnia-Herzegovina.
2) As a consequence of the First World War, Turkeys Ottoman kingdom disintegrated
and its territories were shared by Britain, France, Italy and Greece.
3) However, in the First World War a staggering 53 to 70 million people were killed.
European supremacy over the world ended and US took over it both economically
and militarily. Many colonies ruled by European countries stood up in revolt as the
former had used their resources such as labourers and soldiers to fight the war.
4) The epidemic of influenza which hit the world in 1918 killed millions across Europe
too.
5) Post war redrawing of boundaries of nations led to mass migrations and social
distress. The Peace Treaties signed after the war failed to contain the dissatisfaction
of the defeated countries. Imperialism too could not be ended.
6) The Great Global Depression of 1929-30 engulfed entire Europe very badly.
Countries such as Germany, France and Britain suffered badly from poverty,
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unemployment and epidemics. Millions of citizens perished as a result of these. This

also led to the rise of Fascism in many countries like Italy and Germany.
Q) By 1914, the sick man of Europe was no longer just Turkey: it was Europe
itself. Explain. (200 Words)
Ans: by Lloyd
1) The Fascist powers started to gain power in the 1930s. They emerged mainly in 3
countries viz. Germany, Italy and Japan. Italy perpetuated atrocities in Ethiopia, while
Japan conquered Korea, parts of China and fought wars with Russia.
2) Nazism rose in Germany under Adolf Hitler. This phenomenon increased mainly as a
force to quell the rise of communism in countries such as Soviet Union, Bulgaria and
so on. As the fascists were against the communist democratic capitalist countries like
England, France and the US did not oppose them and on the other hand encouraged
their views and actions.
3) After the First World War, the League of Nations was established. It put severe
restrictions on militarization and there was a limit of 1,00,000 men imposed on each
country. On the contrary Germany went ahead to build a military strength of 8 lakh
men. Nothing was done to stop this.
4) Also as per the Treaty of Versailles, the French area of Rhineland, bordering
Germany had to be demilitarized. In spite of this, in the year 1936 Hitlers troop
entered the region, thus violating the treaty. Although this step alarmed France,
nothing was done to stop Germany.
5) Even during the Spanish Civil War, Germany had tested the effectiveness of many
new weapons without any opposition from the Allied powers. During the same time
Hitler occupied Austria which was again a violation of the peace treaties signed after
the First World War.
6) The Munich Pact was signed between England, France and Germany. According to
this pact the region of Sudetenland, which was highly industrialized and belonged to
Czechoslovakia was given to Germany even without the consent of the former.
7) Thus, as a result of concessions given to the demands of fascist Germany it grew in
power in the country which culminated in the First World War.
Q) The impact of the French Revolution (1789) was initially confined the Europe,
but, that of the Russia Revolution (1917) was global. Critically review. (200
Words)
Ans: by jyoti
1) The French Revolution gave rise to the revolutionary ideas of Liberty, Equality and
Justice in the form of inalienable rights of all citizens. These were accompanied by
the institutionalization of Republic of France.
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2) These ideas had profound impact across Europe, especially the lower and suppressed
classes of peasants and workers. But the relative lack of means of communication and
transportation in 18th century implied that these ideas were confined mostly to
European nations. Moreover the spread of ideas of French Revolution were
deliberately contained by combined efforts of the monarchies of Europe like Austria,
Italy etc. by waging wars on France and Congress of Vienna.
3) Comparatively, the Russian revolutions ripples were felt across the globe. It
essentially provided an alternate ideology of socialism which could counter the
widespread misery brought by the capitalism on the global stage. Thus it led to
formation of Comintern which was supposed to guide communist movements in
different countries. This profound impact of Russian revolution was aided by two
thingsa) Huge progress in telecommunication and communication which facilitated spread
of ideas
b) Common source of misery brought by capitalism through unimaginable working
hours, pathetic work conditions, meager salary to the proletariat
4) Nonetheless, both French and Russian revolutions have shaped the contours of history
which is evident from the fact that ideas from both revolutions have eventually found
place in most of the constitutions worldwide.
Q) Explain how American imperialism in Philippines differed with European
imperialism in Indonesia and Indo-China. (200 Words)
Ans: by Apps
1) America was a late entrant in the race for colonies which had engulfed the European
powers in the 18th century. The US, having been a colony itself, resurfaced as a
formidable power only around 1898.
2) The US acquisition of colonies in Philippines is considered to be a form of New
Imperialism. It was a new variant of imperialism which differed considerably from
the practices of European Imperialism.
3) Though it was in no way an anti-colonialism policy, the main focus of the Americans
was not the subjugation of the peoples of the colonies for prestige, power or wealth.
4) The Americans needed the colonies to keep trade routes open to foreign markets.
5) The Americans did not look at the colonies as sources of raw materials or as markets
for American industries, as the Europeans did. They only wanted the colonies to serve
as bases from where America could protect her international trade.
6) On the other hand, the Europeans used Indonesia and Indo-China as their estates and
set up plantations in these regions and used them as a market for their goods.
7) Philippines was more important as a naval base from which the US could protect its
business interests in Japan and China, rather than being the focus of trade itself.
8) It can thus be said that American Imperialism differed from European Imperialism.
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Q) Was German unification achieved more by coal and iron than by blood and
iron? Examine. (200 Words)
Ans: by Apps
1) In the early 18th century, Germany was divided into several states. Som eof these
states were as small as single cities. Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony were some of the
larger states.
2) During the early 19th century, the Austrian Empire was a powerful force in the
region. The German state of Prussia was the only power that was comparable to the
empire in terms of its resources, size and population.
3) Otto van Bismarck was a Prussian aristocrat who wanted to preserve the
predominance of aristocrats in a united Germany. He came up with the policy of
blood and iron, by which he implied a policy of war.
4) His first aim was to eliminate Austria from the German Confederation. He entered
into an alliance with Italy to defeat Austria and dissolved the Germanic
Confederation.
5) The defeat was due to the weakening of Austria due to loss of allies and surrender of
some territories to France and Italy. On the other hand, Prussia had become the most
industrialised state in Germany. It was producing a lot of resources such as coal and
iron and had managed to set up an economic alliance with other German States. As a
result, Prussia was in a commanding position over the Austrian Empire.
6) Therefore, it can be said that coal and iron was more important than blood and
iron in the unification of Germany.
Q) Any single explanation for the outbreak of the First World War likely to be too
simple. An amalgam of factors intellectual, social, economic as well as political and
diplomatic contributed to this horrifying conflict of monumental propositions.
Examine (200 Words)
Ans: by Apps
The cause for the First World War cannot be attributed to any single event or incident.
The War was the result of a wide range of reasons which can be categorised under the
following heads:
1) Intellectual causes: The growth of nationalism in European countries, especially in
the Austrian Empire, promoted the desire for a limited war, for countries to reestablish their supremacy in the region.
2) Social causes: In states like Germany, the desire of the landed aristocracy to maintain
its superiority led to wars.
3) Economic causes: The colonial rivalry for control over trade and wealth of the
colonies was a major cause of the war.
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4) Political causes: Political rivalries in Europe especially related to colonialism, the

perceived breakdown of the balance of power and intricate system of alliances all
contributed to the War.
5) Diplomatic causes: The Great Powers (Italy, France, Germany, Britain, AustriaHungary, Russia) had various diplomatic stand-offs over European and colonial
issues which had left tensions high
6) Military causes: The arms race kept the threat of a full fledged war always round the
corner.
7) The death of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of the Austrian
Empire was the immediate cause which brought the War that was brewing in the
background, due to the above-mentioned causes and many other reasons, for a few
years to the forefront.
Topic: Role of Women and Womens organisations
Q) A start was made in this period (1970s) toward the formation of womens
organizations along lines completely different from pre-independence ones.
Critically examine the nature, purpose and impact of these organisations.
Reference (Page 24, 25 and 26)
Ans: by Nitin Ashraf
1) There is a distinction between pre-independence and post-Independence womens
movements in India. The pre-independence movements were essentially about social
reforms and initiated by men whereas the post-independence movements demanded
gender equality, questioned gender-based division of labour and highlighted the
oppressive nature of the existing patriarchal structure.
2) Womens movement in India can be seen as forming three waves. The first wave
can be seen during the national movement, when there was mass mobilization of
women for participation in the nationalist movement. The late 1960s saw resurgence
in womens political activity and can be called the second wave. In the late 1970s, the
third wave of the womens movement emerged, which focused on womens
empowerment.
3) Period of 1970s saw development of new ideas by the feminists that led to rise of
many new organisations. Some of them are - The Shahada agitation against the
extortionate practices of local landlords who treated the tribals as sub-human and
anti-price rise agitations in Maharashtra, SEWA and Nav Nirman in Gujarat to protest
against corruption, black marketing and price rise, anti- alcohol agitations, Bodhgaya
math struggle in which womens land rights formed an important part of the demand
of the poor peasants land rights, Chipko movement to protest trees and forests.
4) Period of 1970s encouraged women to start many organisations and to express their
concerns and protest against oppression of women. Although some organisations
were anti patriarchal in nature, they were not effective in changing the patriarchal
mind set of society which is still prevalent.
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Q) The first wave of feminism in India was the period between the years 1880
1940. At this time several organisations formed womens wings which not only took
up the cause of women but gave women space and opportunity to secure the desired
changes. Examine.
Reference (Page 74 onwards)
Ans: by
** No Answer Yet **
Topic: Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country
Q) Critically analyse the basis of demand for and against creation of new states
through constitution of Second States Reorganisation committee. (200 Words)
Ans: by Rajendra
1) The first ARC has recommended realigning the federal map of the country on a
linguistic basis. The reorganisation of states has to be viewed as a continuous process
and not an event in time. The demand for separate statehood around the country has
generated an opinion for constituting a 2 ARC for further reorganisation based on
contemporary issues.
2) Some reasons favouring reorganisation
a) The larger states have been witness to a lopsided growth pattern which has led to
chronic underdevelopment in certain sub regions like Vidarbha in Maharashtra,
Bundelkhand in UP and MP, Telangana in AP etc.
b) The demand that creation of new states can solve the problem of
underdevelopment by bringing the state govt closer to ground realities, due to
geographical compactness, relatively homogeneous identities etc.
c) But there are many hurdles. Reports suggest that size of a state does no
necessarily determine its performance.
d) A small state could not be economically viable hence making it dependent on
central funding and central sector schemes. And there are problems of
infrastructure deficit, administration deficit and asset and liability problem that a
new state has to face.
e) New states cause unnecessary wastage of finances for replicating an entire
administrative machinery etc. It also leads to Inter State Water disputes in a
populous country like India.
f) Geographically large states could be better administered by technological
interventions
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3) Therefore it is important to take a dispassionate and unbiased view on the issue

considering all round merit based on objective criteria instead of just political
calculation or popular demand. It is possible through an independent body like a
SRC.
Q) Critically comment on the role played by then superpowers in Indias 1971 War
with Pakistan. (200 Words)
Ans: by Sudhakar
1) 1971 is inked as one of the watershed years of Indian positioning on regional &
global stages. It forged new relations: some sour, some sweet. 1971 is the year of
India's 3rd with Pakistan & the most open one.
2) Pakistani forces were taking repressive actions against demonstrators in East
Pakistan. It led to huge influx of migrants to India. India was forced to intervene
despite adverse position of America & China.
3) Both were supporting Pakistan and had warned India of severe repercussions if it took
to arms against Pakistan. India, meanwhile, signed "Treaty of Peace & Cooperation"
with Russia. Indo-Russia partnership proved to be fruitful for several decades to
come. It gave India a global safeguard against Chinese or American adversity.
4) China & USA wanted to benefit from Indias vulnerability. They under-estimated
Indias military prowess. In the end, it was Russia and India who benefitted from it.
Russia got a reliable ally in Indian Ocean while India found an all weather friend.
Topic: Population and related issues
Q) The ever increasing world population is a huge challenge, but is also an
opportunity. Critically comment. (200 Words)
Ans: by adwivedi814
1) Population growth has always been an issue of debate. The world population is
projected to increase to 11 billion by the century end with the highest growth in the
sub Saharan region. The increase in the medical facilities has facilitated the increase
along with the cultural factors.
2) World is already facing the brunt due to the increased exploitation of the natural
resources to meet the current demand. The food security and energy security has
already come under pressure. The climate change and the increase in pollution are
results of increased burden on the limited resources.
3) The increase in population would only exacerbate the condition. Moreover, in the
face of the enough employment problems, it would give rise to increased crimes and
extremist tendencies. It may result into bigger conflicts over the acquiring the
resources to meet the needs. The situation would only be worse in the developing and
37
underdeveloped countries which still find difficult to provide basic amenities to their
citizens.
4) However, on a positive note, it should be realized that if the population is made
capable with good education and health opportunities, it may turn into a boon,
becoming the drivers of the economic growth. It would counter the ageing problem
which some of the countries including India would face in the times to come.
5) Therefore, a well planned and coordinated approach could turn the threat into an
opportunity.
Q) Population growth has a staggering effect on gender inequality, which in turn
affects economies and national development. Critically examine. (200 Words)
Ans: by adwivedi814
1) Population growth leads to increased burden on the existing limited resources. The
situation becomes worse in the countries which have higher prevalence of gender
inequality.
2) In the countries with higher gender inequality, the women section is denied the basic
human necessities giving them a secondary status. The increase in population only
pushes the inequality further. The lack of access to education for the girls, reduces
their status in the society, depriving them of growth opportunity. This results into
higher fertility ratios, thereby resulting into further increase in population.
3) The decrease in fertility ratio is necessary for the increase in the higher per capita
income, a parameter considered essential for the economic growth and development.
However, the population growth cycle combined with the gender inequality in the
societies only exacerbate the condition.
4) The population growth could be reaped by providing adequate capabilities to the
citizens through the entitlements and opportunities. However, gender equality in the
society hampers the reaping of the potential of the population growth.
5) Therefore, it becomes an imperative for the nations to reduce the gender inequality to
progress and achieve higher economic growth.
Topic: Urbanization, their problems and their remedies
Q) Recently released World Urbanization Prospects-2014 report by the UN has
revealed new trends in urbanization across the world. Comment on some of its
important findings. (200 Words)
Ans: by Sanjana
1) In contrast to 1950, where 30% of global population is urban, but today it is 54% and
in 2050 the expected rise is to be 66%.The trend in this rise is due to that rural
population mainly depends on farming, low wages manual works etc. This does not
fulfill the economic prospects of rural labourers where the productivity in farming is
38
2)
3)
4)
5)
dwindling due to the adverse climatic conditions and thus because of less
opportunities for education, health, employment people are moving to urban areas.
This action becomes productive only when the migrated population engages in the
activity status to become part in increasing the national income, otherwise if they
present in the status of not in labour force, for their livelihood they may engage in
illegal or criminal activities.
The most urbanized nations of the world today are those where the industrial
revolution was started in 1800s and they boomed in this period due to technological
inventions. Thus the demand of the industrial labour drew people away from
countryside to urban areas although the salaried days in factories were dark and
dangerous due to inhumane conditions.
Again in 1900s technological development made the production easier in farming
which simultaneously reduced the demand for labour force which arises people to
move to urban areas.
The report says the largest urban growth will take place in India, China and Nigeria
by 2050.This can be accounted to the fact that service sector is booming in India in
comparision with industrial and agricultural sector and at present it is the largest. As
the service sector forms the heart and sole of the urban areas the rise in urban growth
can be seen by 2050.
As the more urban areas in any country determines its status as developed,
developing, it is encouraging to have urban areas but at the same time well developed
planning is made to develop the particular town/city.
Q) What India needs is not a whole lot of very costly, brand new cities but a
revamping of urban institutional structures and policies to improve the obvious
squalor and inefficiencies of the countrys existing 8,000 cities and towns. Examine.
Ans: by adwivedi841
1) Urbanization is a natural result of the economic development of the country. Urban
population stands at 27.8 percent and is projected to increase to 40 percent of the total
population till 2031.
2) The lack of access of basic necessities in the urban areas highlights the inefficiencies
in the urban administration. More than 25 percent of urban India lives in slums. The
access to piped water is only limited to few towns.
3) The quality of the drinking water with the increasing pollution. The inadequate
capacity of the sewage treatment to treat the domestic and industrial wastes further
exacerbates the conditions. The condition of the roads and public transport remains
inadequate to cater to the needs of the rising urban population.
4) Realizing the importance of the urban areas as are drivers of the economic growth, it
is essential to take measures for their development. Creation of few brand new cities
with better infrastructure will only aggravate the situation rising inequality among the
regions. Moreover, for sustainable economic growth, it would be essential for
39
removing the root causes of the inefficiencies prevailing in the existing towns and
cities.
5) The strengthening of the ULBs and infusing them with commensurate financial
competence would improve the governance, which can ensure a coordinated, well
planned and sustainable growth of urban areas.
Topic: Social Empowerment
Q) Critically examine the socio-economic status of Scheduled Caste population in
India. Do you think governments SC Sub Plan is a right approach to development
of SC community? Evaluate. (200 Words)
Ans: by Gurukumar
1) The evil of discrimination on the basis of Caste is not a new phenomenon to India and
might be the only country in the world where such discrimination existed merely on
basis of caste. The lowest in the cast hierarchy were termed as untouchables and were
stripped off of their basic rights like right to own property, right to education, right to
health etc.
2) From time to time after enactment of the constitution many laws were framed to
improve the conditions of SCs, however no enactment achieved the desired result, as
per the recent survey the literacy rate among SCs is just 54% as compared to over all
literacy of 64%, School dropout is high, Child mortality ratio among SCs are also
high as compared to over all population.
3) Governments SC Sub Plan a central government scheme is no doubt a pious step to
bring SC communities on par with other communities wherein the funding is made by
the Central Government on basis of population of SCs, however it suffers from
lacunae.
4) Firstly not all states have passed legislation to this effect to have proper
implementation of SC Sub Plan.
5) Secondly many states use the fund for irrigation development, communication
development etc which is not the purpose of SC Sub plan.
6) SC Sub Plan which is for over all development of SCs shall remain a distinct dream
in absence of proper implementation of the scheme.
Q) Critically analyse the provisions of The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Bill,
2014 (200 Words)
Ans: by Apps
1) The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Bill, 2014 aims to replace the Persons with
Disabilities (Equal Opportunities Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act of
1995.
40
2) Changes proposed in the Bill:

a) Definition of disability: The 2014 Bill provides for a wider definition of
disability by including 19 conditions as compared to the 1995 Act which confined
it to confines it to just seven.
b) Rights recognised: The 1995 Act only recognised the right to education and
reservation in employment. It was supplemented by some measures to reduce
physical barriers. The 2014 Bill recognises more rights such as protection from
inhuman treatment and equal protection and safety in situations of risk, armed
conflict, humanitarian emergencies and natural disasters. It also provides for the
access to inclusive education, vocational training and self-employment of disabled
persons. All government institutions of higher education and those getting aid
from the government are required to reserve at least five percent of seats for
persons with benchmark disabilities.
3) Despite being an improvement on the 1995 Act, the 2014 Bill still has some major
drawbacks. Some of these are:
a) The Bill does not meet the standards prescribed under the United Nations
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disability, to which India is a
signatory.
b) The Bill provides that its provisions shall be in addition to, and not in derogation
of, the provisions of any other law in force, which effectively meant that all laws
which actively discriminated against persons with disabilities remained
untouched.
c) The Right of Equality is curtailed as Section 3 states that the right against
discrimination exists unless it can be shown that the impugned act or omission is
a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim', but neither proportionate
means nor legitimate aim has been defined in the Bill.
4) Thus, the new Bill on the Rights of Persons with Disability suffers from a lot of
loopholes, which need to be addressed before the legislation is passed.
Topic: Regionalism & Secularism
Q) What do you understand by regionalism and nationalism? What are their
differences and similarities? Explain with examples. (200 Words)
Ans: by Apps
1) Regionalism is an ideology that focuses on the interests of a particular group of
regions whereas nationalism involves the idea of a national identity and a sense of
attachment to the nation.
41
2) The main differences between nationalism and regionalism are based on their area of
operation. While regionalism may act in provincial or smaller local levels,
nationalism is concerned with the nation-state.
3) The similarities between the two ideologies are that both of them promote a sense of
brotherhood and fraternity among the people. They help in creating a bond amongst
people.
4) However, both nationalism and regionalism, in their extreme forms, can give rise to
harmful tendencies. Strong regional movements, such as the son-of-the-soil issue rose
from time to time in states like Maharashtra, the demand for new states such as
Gorkhaland, Bundelkhand etc., have strong fissiparous tendencies and tend to
threaten the unity of the nation. Similarly, extreme nationalism based on ethnic or
racist ideas such as those proposed by Nazi Germany too can severely impact the
population of the country.
5) Thus, both the ideologies tend to have both positive and negative effects. It is
essential that the citizens and establishment differentiate between the ideas promoting
unity and development and those promoting chaos and disharmony.
Q) Critically examine the nature of secularism practiced in India. (200 Words)
Ans: by DVA
1) Indian secularism is based on the fundamental traditional concept of Sarva Dharma
Sambhava, which is being practiced by society from ancient times. Constitutional
framers also stressed upon the same concept with different provisions in FR, DPSP
and later the Secular word itself was included in preamble of constitution by 42nd
Amendment Act 1976.
2) Indian secularism is quite different from other advanced democracies of the world
like UK, USA where secularism is seen as general apathy and neutrality by the state
whereas in India it sees every religion with same respect and honor. Because of
Indias vast size, shape and huge population with varied composition, the notion of
secularism is understood differently by different regions and also by different sections
of society.
3) Though the basic philosophy of secularism is embodied in the Constitution, Indian
secularism is mostly remained a political issue rather than religious issue. The British
policy of divide and rule is a great example of politicization of this issue. With
common man daily struggling for its living, religious issues are never on priority list
for him. Complex nature of society, economic interdependence, matrimonial relations
in newly changing world are few signs of healthy and progressive secular structure
found in India.
4) Apart from few religious disturbances, India largely remained a successful secular
state which will give India a solid foundation in 21st centurys global leadership.
Topic: Effect of Globalization on Indian Society
42
Q) Critically comment on the effect of globalisation on working women in India.

(200 Words)
Ans: by
1) Globalization is the process of integration of world economies by overcoming trade
barriers and ensuring free flow of capital, labor and technology.21st century can be
regarded as the era of globalization. Today its impact can be seen in the nook and
corner of our country. However, recently steady streams of reports have revealed that
globalization is a double edged sword showing both its positive and negative face on
all the sections of the society in general, women in particular.
2) The effects of globalization on Indian women is as follows:
a) Positive effects:
i) Economic Independence
(1) Generation of employment opportunities
(2) Generation of self employment opportunities
(3) Equal pay for equal work
ii) Social Independence
(1) Prejudice against women got subsumed
(2) Status of women both in the family and in the society got enhanced
(3) it has changed the perception of men on women
(4) it made the women to prove that they are not just means but are end in
themselves
(5) It promoted women education
(6) It promoted the health status of women
iii) Political Independence
(1) women started occupying higher positions in the private corporate, ex:Chanda Kochchar, Arundhati Bhattacharya, Kiran M Shaw etc
(2) it empowered women and inculcated leadership capabilities in them
(3) it enhanced their decision making
(4) it has increased their participation in electoral process
b) Negative effects:
i) Sexual harassment is continuing unhindered
ii) the effect of globalization can be seen only in urban educated women
iii) it eroded the traditional family system
iv) it has eroded the traditional value system
v) it has alienated the children from the love of their mother
vi) most of the women got involved in low profile jobs
Q) People with disabilities are one of the most disenfranchised groups in India.
Critically examine how economic globalisation has affected them. (200 Words)
43
Ans: by Optimus
1) Being a weakly constituted group serving no political brownie points, the disabled
groups are the worst affected in terms of social security cuts of the Government in
line with the privatization policies.
2) Moreover the urban cities are not at all amenable to the movement of the disabled
thus grossly affecting their independence and growth prospects. Similarly with the
growing files of clearances and permissions in face of globalization has led to burying
of disabled files in government offices which needs to be cleared for availing the
government benefits.
3) Privatization of healthcare undoubtedly has opened new vistas for improved
healthcare but their high costs; concentration only to urban areas has failed to accrue
the benefits to all (80% of disabled reside in rural areas).
4) Economic globalization and inherent new technology brought into the country has
eased the life of the disabled and empowered them to take up jobs, engage in
vocational activities but technology has also substituted old jobs like telephone
operators, translators by IVRS.
5) The early opportunities of education and health are grossly neglected for the disabled
child thus rendering them incapable of competing for the high skilled jobs
globalization has brought in. This leads to a vicious cycle of poverty where low skills
lead to low payment and unequal opportunities for subsequent generations.
Topic: Salient features of worlds physical geography
Q) What do you understand by mid-latitude cyclones? How are they formed? What
are their features? Explain. (250 Words)
Ans: by Karthik
1) Mid-latitude cyclones are a type of cyclone formed when warm currents from the
tropical region meet the cold water currents from the higher latitudes. This leads to
rising of the water into the atmosphere, with a marked low pressure area.
2) Features:
a) Mid-latitude cyclones are low-pressure zones.
b) They cause moderate amount of rainfall and are not as destructive or powerful as
tropical cyclones.
c) They are found between the tropical and the Polar Regions.
d) Mid-latitude cyclones cause a wide variety of precipitation including rain, snow,
hail, sleet, etc.
e) Though the amount of wind-speed caused by mid-latitude cyclones, at maximum,
is comparable to that of weak hurricanes, damage caused is particularly high
during the winter months.
44
Q) Write a short note on the following (150 Words)

Arctic and Alpine Tundra
Tropical Savannah Biome
Ans: by Karthik
1) Arctic & Alpine Tundra
a) The Arctic & Alpine Tundra biome is found predominantly in the Polar Regions
and a few other regions where the maximum average temperature throughout the
year does not exceed 10 degrees.
b) This region is mostly snow-covered all through the year and vegetation is
minimal. The kind of vegetation found here is moss, lichens, etc. This vegetation
in turn supports herbivores like caribou, musk ox, etc, which, in turn, support
carnivores like the Arctic fox, polar bears, etc.
c) Rainfall is less and mostly in the form of snowfall. Human habitation is minimal
in these regions.
2) Tropical Savannah Biome
a) Tropical Savannah biome refers to grasslands in the tropical regions which are
marked by high rainfall and high temperatures.
b) These regions are some of the richest in biodiversity, marked by high grass
growth, supporting animals like giraffes, zebras and deer.
c) Predators like lions prey on these herbivores. Apart from grass, a few trees are
also found.
Q) The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 was a major reform of the boundaries of
Indias states and territories, organising them along linguistic lines. Critically
examine the highlight of this act and how the reorganisation was carried out. (250
Words)
Ans: by Madforias
1) After Independence the states have been categorised under A, B, C and D category
based on administrative ease. The State Reorganisation Act abolished that
categorisation and recognised 14 states and 6 administrative territories
2) Salient features of the Act
a) Reorganisation is based on the welfare of the people and benefits to the nation
45
b) It was not based entirely on language and culture but was on a balanced approach
along with economic, administrative and political ease
c) Ensured that communication and education need of all groups within the state are
met
d) The concept of "Home Land" refuted and people all over the nation given the
right to be treated equally across the country
e) The states have been reorganised to avoid any economic disparity
3) After Independence dividing states on the basis of language was very low in priority
due to prevalent bad economic condition, war like situation with Pakistan etc. Hence
First S.K. Dar commission and then JVP committee argued against the language
based state division.
4) But, the state of Andhra Pradesh case was too strong to deny, after the death of Potti
Sriramulu, Nehru was left with no choice but to recognise Andhra Pradesh. JVP
committee report met with agitation across the nation.
5) It led to SRC commission finally, but the outcome of the SRC cannot be said
completely rational. It led to numerous protest and clashes in Bombay Presidency
which led to division in Maharashtra and Gujarat. Similarly, the case of PEPSU went
till communal violence and then split into three states.
Q) What were the objectives of the First Five Year plan? Critically evaluate its
contribution to nation building. (200 Words)
Ans: by Avinash
1) India adopted the planning through central planning commission in 1951 and
launched its first five year plan for a 5 year term till 1956 on the basis of Harrod Domar model.
2) This agricultural country was since facing large food grain imports in 1951 so the
prime importance was given to the Agriculture and its allied activities in the plan.
Irrigation and power projects came into lime light.
3) Emphasis of the plan was:
a) Reconstruction of economy damaged due to WW II.
b) To solve the food crisis & to improve the availability of raw materials, especially
jute & cotton.
c) To check inflationary pressures.
d) To incite the economic progress of the country and increase production.
e) To frame the institutional set up of the country required to development needs.
4) With the Nehru at the helm, the plan hinted at nation building approach through
socialism in place of capitalism. About 45% of the total outlay went into the pockets
of PSU's. His government took steps to rehabilitate landless farmers.
5) The target growth rate was 2.1 % and achieved 3.6%. Good agricultural production
was the biggest contributor towards achievement of the goals. Bhakra dam, Hirakud
46
dam were set up and also the 5 IIT's gave the hope and filled the inner self with
confidence in the people of this newly independent nation
6) This first plan didn't get everything good. Due to high expectations from the public
and lofted socio economic goals set up in the plan lead to some drawbacks. The
administration lacked ability to keep corrupt ministers and stooges away from the
plans.
7) On the success and failures of the first plan we could say that it contributed more and
costed less (though not nil). It was a quasi successful plan.
Q) Critically evaluate the main objectives, nature and outcome of the Bhoodan and
Gramdan movements. (200 Words)
Ans: by awivedi814
1) Bhoodan Gramdan movement was one of the novel attempts made at the solving the
land problems during the post independence period. Vinoba Bhave started the
movement aiming at the redistribution of the land in the favour of the welfare of the
deprived sections.
2) The voluntary proposal of land donation by RamChandra Reddy, local landlord of the
Pochampalli village to meet the needs of the land for the Harijans made Vinoba
Bhave realize the potential of such a move in solving the land problem in India and
thereby ensuring a more equitable society.
3) The movement turned into a mass movement akin to the Gandhian movements during
the national movement. It gradually transformed into the Gramdan movement leading
to donation of the villages for the general welfare of the village and redistribution
among the land deprived sections.
4) It also led to the re-emergence of the Gandhian ideals of the socio economic
reconstruction and provided a non violent method to ensure a solution to the land
distribution in India.
5) Though the movement achieved great fame due to its novel approach, yet there were
certain areas where the movement did not achieve success. The movement was not
successful in the non tribal areas.
6) The Bhoodan-Gramdan movement did not only provided a harmonious solution to the
redistribution of the land but was also instrumental in the reviving the Gandhian
values.
Q) Critically comment on the contribution of Jayaprakash Narayan to postIndependent India. Also critically examine the influence of Gandhian principles on
his ideology.
Ans: by Shanky
47
1) Jayaprakash Narayan was a freedom fighter, social worker and great socialist thinker
of India. He gave major contribution in social reconstruction and was linked with
Bhoodan, Gramdan movement. He gave a concept of Total Revolution to change the
corrupt, autocratic and rotten system.
2) During the Indian independence movement he was arrested, jailed, and tortured
several times by the British. He established Congress Socialist Party in 1934. He
played a great role during the Quit India movement. As a follower of Marxism, he
accepted violent way of revolution for freedom movement and established Azad
Dasta which was a group of violent revolutionaries for freedom movement.
3) Before the independence of India, JP Narayan was influenced by Marxism but after
independence he understood the depth of the philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi and
accepted it. He believed that socialism could not be established through communism
and democratic socialism; it can be established only through Sarvodaya. Sarvodaya, a
term meaning universal uplift or progress of all, was first coined by Gandhiji.
After independence he gave Sarvodaya Plan for economic upliftment of all classes.
4) According to Jayaprakash Narayan, Communism, democratic socialism and
Sarvodaya are the different forms of socialism. Communism is a violent movement
and democratic socialism is government action but Sarvodaya is a non-violent
movement in which socialism is established by ideological changes in all human
beings. He was awarded with Indias highest civilian honor, Bharat Ratna.
Topic: Terrorism and Strategic Issues
Q) What do you understand by Nuclear Terrorism? Critically discuss its possible
origins and threats to India. (200 Words)
Reference IDSA (Introduction and Page 45)
Ans: by adwivedi814
1) Nuclear terrorism refers to the use of the fissile material by the terrorists to inflict
catastrophic damages to further their cause. This has gained prominence with the
increased possibilities of the access to the fissile material by these elements due to
proliferation of the nuclear capabilities.
2) The proliferation of the nuclear capacities and varied level of the security to restrict
access to these materials has increased the threat of nuclear terrorism. Moreover,
adapting to this method would increase the bargaining capacity of these groups
enormously. The higher potential of the fissile material to cause damage may be one
of the reasons for adapting to nuclear terrorism. The greater number of ways to get
access to and lower security would further facilitate its growth.
3) India has been considered to be under the target of the groups due to multiple reasons.
The proximity with US has further exacerbated with these forces aiming to target US
and its partners. The unstable conditions in Indias neighbourhood would provide
conducive conditions for pursuing such motives to these groups. The slackness of
security at prime locations in India would further increase the threat.
48
4) Since nuclear terrorism could have catastrophic consequences, therefore there is a

need to take measures at multiple levels. Bolstering security of these prime locations
in charge of the nuclear installations and concerned information. The collaboration at
the international level to restrict the access to these materials to extremist elements
and taking endeavours for ensuring stable conditions in the neighbourhood could be
some of the measures to counter the threat of nuclear terrorism.
Q) It is said that USA is inching towards energy independence. Discuss it
geopolitical implications, especially on India. (200 Words)
Reference IDSA (Page 80)
Ans: by Rashmi
1) After the discovery of shale gas, it is estimated that by 2020 the US will become
energy self sufficient and can become an exporter also. It will have following
ramifications:
a) Its interest in the security and stability of West Asia will reduce. As it is seen via a
withdrawal of the NATO forces from Afghanistan, the process has begun.
b) The current support which it provides to Israel and Saudi Arab will also be not of
same level. It is also evident from its desire to solve the nuclear issue with Iran,
much to the chagrin to both Israel and Arab.
c) The US may make Europe the primary market for its exports, thus curbing the
market of Russian energy. This in turn will remove the dependency of Europe on
Russia. And thus may pave a path for more open conflicts.
2) Implications on India:
a) The prices of energy and gas may reduce. Since India exports nearly 80% of its
energy requirement, it may prove beneficial for it.
b) Russia will search new market, as evident by recent deal of pipeline with China,
and India will be a natural choice.
c) The unwillingness of the US to play a role of global policemen, and no other
country taking her place will pose both risk and opportunity to India. On one hand
the rise in terrorism in West Asia will pave a direct security threat to it, while it
may also result in a strong alliance among the countries like China, Russia and
India to fight the terrorism.
3) Thus, as the discovery of oil in the West Asia played an important role in carving
history in the 19th and 20th century. The energy revolution in the US may change the
future course of history.
Ans 2: adwivedi814
1) Shale gas explorations in US would not only provide energy security to the country,
but would have greater implications over the world dynamics.
49
2) The demand for the energy resources has been one of the reasons for the conflicts in
the international arena. The desire for the control over the resources such oil had led
to US playing a greater role in controlling the Middle East. However, the discovery of
the potential Shale gas resources would decrease the importance of the Middle East
for US. This may lead to reduced role of US in the international dynamics, especially
of the Middle East.
3) The greater resources may not only provide energy security to US , but may also be
used for the export purposes. This may lead to decreasing the importance of OPEC
countries, which had hitherto enjoyed the almost monopoly over the energy
resources.
4) India may look for diversifying its energy imports. The import of gas from US may
reduce the burden due to the lower gas prices. The induction of the technology of
fracking may enable India to explore and tap its own Shale gas potential. Moreover,
this would lead to reduction in the prices of oil due to demand and supply
equilibrium.
5) Therefore, it could well be realized that the Americas energy independence may not
only increase the energy availability globally, but also has the potential of reducing
the conflicts thereby modifying the world dynamics.
Topic: Development and Extremism
Q) Critically comment on the dynamics of Maoist insurgency and the government of
Indias approach to it. (200 Words)
Ans: by noboundriz
1) Maoist insurgency which started in WB spread to 9 districts and became one of main
security threats that India faces. It aims at replacing the democratic government by
the use of violence and force.
2) The GOI approach to this threat is multi pronged. It involves use of force and
development of the Maoist affected regions and ideological counter attack. In
development approach building roads, providing education, employment and health
facilities are the main components. The preference will be given to tribal districts.
There are programmes like Roshni and IAP which are solely directed to address the
developmental deficit in the tribal areas. All these will motivate the tribals not to join
the cadres of Maoists and this approach is the most effective of the all. But the
government deficit makes the implementation of the schemes difficult.
3) Use of force is not the successful one because of the unfamiliarity with the terrain, the
superior capabilities of Maoists and procedural lapses on the part of security forces
etc. But this step is necessary when the things are out of control and semblance of
order is needed to implement other strategies may it be development or ideological
battle.
4) In Ideological battle, the military forces involve in creating good image by involving
in provision of public goods like health, education and employment. They pose
50
themselves as friends of people and the use of force is restrained. This method is most
successful in N-E states like Tripura and is a good model to emulate by others.
5) But there are some procedural lapses in certain aspects of the governance like proper
implementation of PESA, FRA and 5th 6th schedule provisions. Most of the times the
main complaint of the tribal population is their rights over jal, jungle, and jameen
are violated. Though structurally everything is in place to protect their rights, on the
ground the implementation of the same is not satisfactory. Unless this issue is
addressed the rest of the strategies would prove ineffective.
Q) Do you agree with the view that underdevelopment is the primary reason behind
the growth and spread of extremism in India? Critically comment.
Ans: by noboundriz
1) Extremism in India is manifested in the form of Naxalism, insurgency in the north
east and terrorism in J&K. In all these aspects underdevelopment is one of the resons
but not the major reason. Evaluating one by one will reveal that fact.
2) Naxalism is spread across states like WB, Bihar, Jharkhand, MP, Chhattisgarh, AP,
Orissa etc. In these states, areas dominated by tribals are the regions of Maoist
influence. One of the major reasons for the tribal unrest is the property rights over
minor forest produce, land and forest resources. Displacement caused because of
mining and dams are also the reasons. But lack of development adds to the anger but
not the sole or main reason.
3) Similarly the insurgency in the N-E is mainly caused because of the problems
associated with the national integration. The geographical isolation of N-E, border
with other countries and under development compounds the matter. Again the
demand is from autonomy to secession but not the development. So, development is
only one of the reasons but not the sole or main reason.
4) In J&K the terrorism is cross border and secession is the main demand.
5) If under development is the reason for extremism then states like Himachal Pradesh
and Rajasthan etc should also have extremist elements but that is not so.
Underdevelopment results in extremism only when all other conditions required are
conducive.
Q) The European Union is the new sick man of Europe. Critically evaluate.
Ans: by MSI
1) The foundation of European Union was laid way back in 1957 in the form of
European Economic Council. It evolved and expanded to form the present EU. The
objective behind EU formation was to establish a homogenous market with similar
51
2)
3)
4)
5)
rules and regime. Off late the objective itself has become a curse earning EU a
sobriquet of sick man of Europe.
EU is entangled in the problem of common economic policy regime that constricts its
ability to ward of economic crises. Common regime prevents any unilateral change in
laws, thus domestic currency slumps making crises even deeper. Also, the natural
benefits of economic cycle i.e. boost in trade due to plummeting rupee are not
accruing as exchange rates are determined by EU market and not by individual
country market. Further, the EU poles notably Germany and France balance any fall
in Euro.
EU was also formed to epitomize democracy. The present victory of EPP despite
securing fewer votes than S&D party due to skewed law of 'uniform country
representation' highlights the flawed democratic structure.
EU another aim was to establish regional peace. It has failed to contain violence
whether in neighbouring Yugoslavia or the present Ukraine.
These failures on multiple ground highlights why it earned the sick man title. But we
cant belittle this unique experiment. It does provide a template for future
development of common markets that are going to be the reality of future globalised
and integrated world. It also shows how countries with varying political, social,
economic and demographic structure can be united.
Q) There must be an end to white monopoly on political power, and a fundamental

restructuring of our political and economic systems to ensure that the inequalities of
apartheid are addressed and our society thoroughly democratized. Discuss.
Ans: by Optimus
These excerpts from Mandelas Our long march to freedom speech envisage the future
path to be adopted by ANC for reconstruction of South Africa. It was in 1948 with
declaration of racial segregation by PM Malan that apartheid was made an official policy
of South Africa in order to preserve the white supremacy.
1) Political Power:
a) The blacks lost their representation in the Parliament and were disenfranchised.
b) Their residence was restricted to segregated areas known as Bantustans which
could be diminished and moved at the will of the white members.
c) As per the Pass laws every member had to carry official pass in order to move in
white territory to work and couldnt leave without his masters permission.
2) Economic Power:
a) The resource rich South Africa and her industries was controlled by the minority
white population with the blacks not even given sufficient land to grow crops for
self sufficiency.
b) Worst forms of slavery, forced labour, and denial of quality education and health
services to the Blacks was practiced.
52
3) Adopting the path of non violence and tenets of American and French Revolutions
that all men are equal and social contract was staunchly propagated by the ANC
against the prevailing regime. Mandela following his victory restructured the political
and economic policies so that all could participate in the making of a new South
Africa on the basis of equality, justice and freedom for all.
Q) New imperialism was a nationalistic, not an economic phenomena. Critically
examine.
Ans: by keysersoze
1) The collapse of Soviet Union in 1991 was due to its incapability to maintain itself.
2) This was due to:
a) Self-contradictions of communist system surfaced in due coarse. The over-the-top
oppressive and coercive system with no freedoms for people had its limits.
b) Its economic model of self-dependence and complete state managed production
and distribution became unsustainable.
c) Expenditure on the arms race with the US led block jeopardised its economy.
d) The success of US led privatisation and democratic model undermined the
ideological strength of communist block.
e) Debacle of Soviet Union in Afghanistan and Independence of Yugoslavia did
much harm.
3) Thus, the economic, political and social resources needed to maintain a superpower
got eroded and it collapsed eventually.
Q) By the 1980s, the Communist system of the Soviet Union was incapable of
maintaining the countrys role as a Superpower. Elucidate.
Ans: by Abhi007
1) New Imperialism refers to colonial expansion of European powers, and later of USA
and Japan during later half of 19th and early 20th century (1850-1914). This period is
distinguished by an unprecedented pursuit of empire for empires sake, rise in spirit
of nationalism, aggressive competition for new colonies and spheres of influence, and
doctrine of racial superiority.
2) New Imperialism as a phenomenon was majorly fuelled by following factors:
a) NATIONALISM Due to consolidation of France, Germany a new spirit of
nationalism rose among people. Revival of working class militancy and
53
emergence of socialist parties during Great Depression led conservative

governments to view colonialism as a force for national cohesion.
b) ECONOMIC COMPETITION To gain power as well as find new sources for
raw material and new markets for their finished products, European powers
competed for colonies and trade which led to the Scramble for Africa, cutting of
the Chinese Melon and greater interference of government or complete takeover
in existing colonies like India. Tariff barriers by major European countries against
each other led to closing of European market for European goods. Also, with
strengthening of many powers (Germany, France and England in Europe, Japan in
Asia and USA), governments were under pressure to protect their existing
colonies, which led to colonisation of new strategic areas to protect their interests
and investments.
c) MISSIONARY SPIRIT Rudyard Kipling urged European powers to take up
White Mans burden to civilise the colonies. The doctrine of Social Darwinism
also held much sway in this period.
3) Thus the rise of new imperialism, although partly influenced by spirit of nationalism,
was majorly driven by economic aspirations of governments, elite and business
classes.
Q) In spite of the careful framing of the Charter, the role of UNO as peacekeeper
and international mediator has been somewhat lacklustre and muted and that
continues to be so even after the end of Cold War. Elucidate.
Ans: by
1) UN charter basic principles are
a) No interference in domestic matters
b) International cooperation to ensure international peace.
c) Sovereignty of states
d) Principal of Equality & self-determination by people
e) Take corrective actions to maintain peace and on the basis of international law &
justice
2) To a larger extent UN has been able to maintain international peace & its neutral
position in matters. However there were number of instances where it failed to justify
its mandate, which range from inactivity during crisis (eg. Rwanda, Kosavo) to allow
members to fulfill there personal agenda in the name of international peace thereby
allowing unwanted interference like IRAQ.
3) Specially after Cold war when the world will become uni polar. This effect in end of
inherent balancing & tilting of decision making in the strategic benefit of few parties.
4) Reason for the same are
a) Inadequate funding
b) Non-permanent army
54
c) Structure of Security Council( Veto power)

5) In the wake of new world order it is very much necessary to
a) Include checks & balances in functioning of UN
b) Provide adequate representation to developing countries.
6) Enhanced funding & independent army without too much dependence on any country
or block.
Ans 2: by 123
1) The United Nations was formed on the backdrop of the Second World War to
promote world peace and co operation. But it is still unable to work up to its
expectations.
2) The UN, when it was formed had the most powerful nations of that time as its
permanent members. But things have changed now and new powers have emerged.
The permanent membership is still seen as an exclusive club and the p5 nations are
reluctant to expand the permanent membership. Adding to that, the P5 are divided
among themselves with China & Russia on one side and the rest three on the others
side. Each P5 member with a veto power can vote out the bills that others propose.
3) The United Nations is still dominated by the western powers. Hence, the UN takes
selective notice of few issues and omits the rest. The voices and concerns of the third
world countries are not taking into consideration. The UN has to improve its
credibility by taking impartial action against the erring nations.
4) The United Nations has to raise the strength and capabilities of its peace keeping
forces. And their deployment is regions of conflict have to be done in an unbiased
manner.
5) The UN is still not a lost cause and course correction is what is need ate the present
scenario to fulfill its obligations as mentioned in the UN charter.
Q) Change in Britain came comparatively peacefully through democratic process
in the first half of the nineteenth century and a model of a functioning democracy
through ballot box was successfully put in place. Elaborate.
Ans: by Madforias
1) The emergence of democracy happened in 1066 AD with Norman conquest of
Britain, when William I set the first Parliament. In 1215 King john was forced by
Nobles to sign the Magna Carta which protect many rights of citizens like writ of
Habeas Corpus.
2) However, till 1832 the democracy was not complete and the voting rights were only
confined to a few rich men. With the emergence of French Revolution in France,
Britain with the fear of similar incident occurrence in Britain had introduced 1832
Reform Act; it extended voting rights to some more men and removed some of the
location based biases.
55
3) Under the pressure from the demand by the Chartists some more reform introduced,
which brought Reforms Act 1867, it extended voting rights but still middle class were
dominating the election process.
4) In 1872, the Ballot Act was introduced to make the process secret and protect the
voters along with removing malpractices like intimidation, bribing etc.
5) Between this and world war there were series of reforms introduced into the system
but real change happened with the introduction of "1918 Representation of People
Act", which gave universal franchise to all men above 21 years and all women above
30 years. Subsequently the introduction of "1928 Representation of People Act"
extended same voting rights to women as men.
Q) If the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia (that resulted in the creation of the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or Soviet Union) inaugurated an international
competition for the hearts and minds of people all over the globe, the Chinese
Revolution raised the stakes of that struggle.
Ans: by Madforias
1) The 1917 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia gave presence to the Socialist and
Communist ideas in the world, even though these ideas were presented by many
philosophers and sociologist decades ago but could never get such a center stage. It
was a strong blow to the capitalists and the imperialist forces. The properties and
investments in Soviet Union had been nationalized, so does the entire economy and
political system. It gave impetus of this idea to many countries including India which
saw emergence of many communist parties.
2) Its Comintern was given the task of spreading communism across the world. Many
European countries followed the pursuit.
3) But the Chinese struggle actually gave it a bigger dimension; world most populist
country became communist. USA sent military aid to Kai Chang Shek to stop
communist forces but they failed. It was a great defeat to USA and other capitalist
forces and a win for the worker and peasant classes.
4) China subsequently supported many countries fighting against imperialist forces even
till Africa. This revolution strengthen the idea that socialism and communism going
to be the next political order of this world.
Q) Decolonization has finished. It definitely belongs to the past. Yet somehow it has
refused to become history.
Ans: by Lazarus
1) Decolonization in Asian and African countries was a direct outcome of two factors.
External events like weakening of Western powers due to constant wars and
56
economic downturn and internal events like freedom movements in the respective
colonized countries. Most of the countries were able to gain independence from
foreign powers by the middle of 20th century. This helped them to frame independent
policies in political, social and economic areas.
2) After the WW-II traditional imperialism dissolved and a new form of imperialism
started viz. Neo-Imperialism. With this, even though the nations appeared politically
independent, economically they started becoming dependent on western money.
3) Through 'Dollar diplomacy', USA has been successful in influencing the countries in
Western Europe, Africa, Asia and Latin America. These economic dependencies have
many implications in the social, political and diplomatic fields of the dependent
countries.
4) Chief means adopted by the neo imperialists are:
a) Financial Assistance and trade
b) Multinational companies and corporations
c) Establishment of military bases
d) Bilateral Treaties
5) Although most of the countries in Asia and Latin America are trying to make regional
alliances to counter this western dependency, but it can be rightly said that though
decolonisation has ended, it still persists.
Q) Six hundred thousand men had died. The Union was preserved, the slaves
freed. A nation conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men
are created equal had survived its most terrible ordeal.
Ans: by Balu .B
1) These words refer to the American Civil War. Occurring over a span of 4 years (1861
-1865), the war posed a major threat to the unity and integrity of the Union.
2) The economies of Northern and Southern regions of America had fundamental
differences. The North had a diversified economy with both farms and industries. .
On the other hand a few cash crops like cotton formed the backbone of the South's
economy. It relied largely on the cheaply available slave labour.
3) With the westward expansion of America, the economic differences between the two
regions escalated to a conflict over slavery. Northerners who considered slavery
morally wrong, wanted to abolish it altogether, while the southerners wanted to
institutionalize slavery. This disagreement also brought into question the rights of
individual states in a federation.
4) This conflict reached its zenith, with the election of Abraham Lincoln as President in
1860. Southern States began to secede from the Union and formed the Confederate
States of America. The simmering tensions erupted into a fully fledged war when
57
Confederate forces fired on Fort Sumter, a federal fort. The 4 year war was ended
with the defeat and surrender of the Southern States.
5) Though the war took a heavy death toll in terms of Men and material, it had
substantial positive impact on America. It prevented the disintegration of the Union.
In keeping with the spirits of the Declaration of Independence, slavery was abolished.
The war necessitated mass production and distribution which boosted industrial
production and growth. By 1914 US was leading industrial power in the world.
6) Thus it can be rightly said that with the end of the civil war the United States has
survived the toughest test of its democracy.
Q) Colonialism not only deprives a society of its freedom and its wealth, but of its
very character, leaving its people intellectually and morally disoriented.
Ans: by Apps
1) Colonialism refers to the practice of acquiring colonies by conquest and making them
dependent on the country so acquiring them.
2) The economic effects of colonialism are quite well known. However, it is not just in
the economic aspect that the country is exploited. The people's minds too are affected
by subjugation. The conquerors behaved in a manner showing a sense of superiority
of their own civilisation while degrading those of the colonies, even in case of ancient
civilizations like India. This created a sense of inferiority complex in the minds of the
people, leading them to consider themselves intellectually less qualified than the
colonisers.
3) The policy of racial discrimination followed by the Colonisers also broke the spirit of
the people. Further, their disdain for traditional arts and crafts and the age-old
customs and traditions further aggravated the situation, causing the people to doubt
their own faith and belief.
4) Thus, colonialism had an impact not just on the economy of the country but also on
the intellect of the people of the colony.
Topic: Security Issues
Q) Write a critical note on the revised defence FDI policy and its significance. (200
Words)
Ans: by Dumb Chor
1) The FDI policy for defence sector has been revised and it has great significance on
the defence sector of the country.
2) FDI caps have been increased from 26% to 49%. All kinds of foreign investment
have been allowed like QFI, FII, NRI deposits etc. Hot money (or) all foreign flows
except FDI has been capped at 24%.
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3) FDI greater than 51% is allowed in special circumstances relating to 'state of art'
technology. The chief security officer has to be an Indian. Joint venturing has been
made easy with only the criteria that the management has to be in control by Indians
and there is no need of a single owner having 51% equity. The FDI approval
committee has been expanded with Ministry of External Affairs also joining the
group.
4) The significance of the revised policy lies in the fact that Indigenization has been the
prime motive. The foreign nations are forced to make JV's as that is the only way to
do the majority trade. The entry caps relaxation will bring more foreign flows and it
has made entry easier. As the cap is only 49%, it affects foreign partners as they will
be shy in sharing propriety technology without the majority share of 51%.
5) Economically, it will reduce the import dependence and also brings lot of foreign
currency, the trade balance and corresponding CAD will be improved. There is a
scope for export of arms & ammunitions also. Due to indigenization, we can
secure our weapon and don't have to worry about back-doors of foreign nations that
may make the weapons obsolete/malfunction in times of crisis. A strong nation with
modern arms will prove an effective deterrent thus making many neighbouring
countries not to engage in war, proxy or other-wise. It also provides employment and
the technology so developed can be used in other spheres of economy also.
6) Some of the suggestions to reform the policy are:
a) Easy and single window clearance
b) Timelines for clearance
c) Objective criteria for deciding on state of art technology for FDI greater than
49%.
d) Special economic zones with private partners for export to world market and
incentivize the FDI policy for the same.
7) The law & order situation and the ideal of peaceful democracy can be attained and
supported by having modern arms and ammunition as an effective check against antisocial elements that harm the national security and interest and the revised FDI policy
is on the right path for achieving the same.
Q) The issue of illegal migration from Bangladesh to India has been the most
vexing issue in the bilateral relations of the two countries. Critically analyse the
issue and its effect on both the countries. (200 Words)
Ans: by aa
1) Illegal immigration, in todays world of porous borders, is an apple of discord among
many nations. Not only does it put additional pressure on the resources of the host
nation, but also leads to economic, social and human resource loss to the country of
origin.
59
2) In this regard, the issue of illegal immigration from Bangladesh to India is indeed a
vexing one. Emigrants from Bangladesh in order to escape from either poverty,
unstable politico-social environment or the prevalent religious exploitation are
entering illegally into the neighboring states of West Bengal, Assam and Tripura. Not
only has this put excessive pressure on the already over-burdened resources, but the
resulting social tensions has led to activities like crime, terrorism or loss of job
opportunities being ascribed to the immigrants which has further compounded their
adversity.
3) The plight of the country of origin is no different. The massive outflow of manpower
not only is resulting in economic losses, but is also further accelerating the hold of
religious extremism in the country. Diplomatic tensions on account of this issue do
not bode well for relations between the two countries.
4) In totality, no one prefers to leave their home country for an alien one, unless
circumstances force them to do so. For the effective resolution of this problem, both
India and Bangladesh have to work in unison and address the concerns of immigrants
directly. A stable and monitored border will go a long way in ensuring a peaceful
Indian sub-continent.
Q) Write a critical note on the Operation Zarb-e-Azb (200 Words)
Ans: by aa
1) Throughout its tumultuous history of coups and suicide bombings, Pakistan has
suffered both economic as well as human resources loss. In the absence of a strong
govt., insurgents and so-called jihadists have played havoc with the lives of our
neighbors. It is perhaps, in order to effectively counter these vested state (or nonstate) actors, that Pakistan has launched its anti-insurgency operation, nicknamed
Operation Zarb-e-Azb.
2) While in terms of scale, it is definitely a huge anti-insurgency operation, what is
important for this operation is that it is the first conscious effort of Pakistan to not
only challenge the enemies that threaten its internal peace but also is a strong
statement to the global order regarding its seriousness to tackle terrorism and misuse
of its soil. The full support of civic and the military administration is a welcome
departure from the otherwise military dominated maneuvers of Pakistan.
3) However, just like in any other sphere of life, results are of the utmost importance
here. We must see how effective this operation actually turns out and Pakistan, on its
end, must ensure that this operation does not merely end up becoming a lip-service.
Effectively, when Imran Khan and Nawaz Sharif quarrel, it is the insurgents, the
target of Zarb-e-Azb, that gain the most.
Q) Critically analyse the establishment of proposed Maritime Silk Route (MSR) by
China and its ramifications on India. (200 Words)
60
Ans: by
1) The proposed Maritime Silk Route (MSR) by China is one more symbol of growing
political, economic and strategic might of China in Indo-Pacific region. The project
raises both aspirations and concerns of the neighbouring region.
2) India Ocean, especially Strait of Malacca, constitutes the vital sea link between
Middle East and American countries. This sea line of communication is vital to
energy security of Americas and South-East Asian countries as 2/3rd of the world oil
passes through this region, besides commercial trade worth billions of dollar. Yet, the
region lacks vital infrastructure necessary to handle such traffic.
3) With the future demands in consideration development of MSR becomes essentially
important. But, China's recent history and its aspirations in South China Sea, its
Strings of pearls policy and its expansionist mindset cast serious apprehension about
its benign intentions being limited to just commercial purpose. China's military
budget amounting to 10% of its GDP, development of aircrafts carriers etc further
aggravates these doubts.
4) India, which is next to China in the emerging global order has serious ramification
with the development of MSR.
a) China already has a containment policy termed 'strings of pearls' directed against
India. In case of transformation of commercial ports of MSR to military purposes,
Indian security will be highly jeopardised. China's ambiguity and partial
disclosure of project report is sufficient to raise concerns.
b) Secondly, Indian deep sea exploration technology is still in nascent stage. With
china already gaining contract to explore sea-beds of Mauritius, Indian control
over sea resource may further dilute.
c) Thirdly, with MSR in place China footprints in otherwise alien territory of IOR
will increase, thus reducing Indian capability to drive IOR.
d) Fourthly, Indian current fiscal position leaves less space for joining such a mega
project.
5) But, India can also not fall out of line in the emerging order. It thus needs a calibrated
approach to delay the project till it is financially, technically and militarily capable of
taking care of MSR.
Challenge 3 30 Aug, 2014
Q) Recently there were violent clashes between Naga tribes and few groups from
Assam in the border region between these two states. Examine the genesis of this
border dispute and clashes between different communities there? Suggest solutions
to the problem. (200 Words)
Ans: by Gyaan
1) Assam-Nagaland border witnessed violent clashes when local groups of the area in
Assam were holding an economic blockade on Asian Highway 1 (NH 49) leading
61
into Nagaland. The violence is not a result of recent events but ha sits genesis in
history.
2) The border dispute is due to claims of local communities mainly the Tea tribes of
Assam and Lotha Nagas over the border area after Nagaland achieved statehood in
1963. Nagas claim the area on the basis of Ahom kingdom when these areas were
inhabited by Nagas. But the British rulers annexed the area into Assam administrative
districts. The area has been designated as Disturbed Area Belt and kept under Central
Police Force after an interim agreement between the two states.
3) Recent clashes occurred when Naga lothas were constructing a thatched house on the
land which was leased out to Tea tribes of Assam. This land usage dispute led to
violent confrontation, kidnapping, house damage and extortions.
4) There is lack of border law enforcement and in order to curb such incidents in the
future following steps need to be taken:
a) Resolving the border dispute quickly
b) Land records should be created and local administrative systems need to be
strengthened in order to deal with land disputes.
c) Involvement of local social and tribal councils as facilitators
d) Disarmament of groups on both the sides
Q) Bangladesh and Myanmar have had a not-too-stable a relationship on the
border both land and maritime. Critically comment and examine implications on
India and its role in resolving border dispute between Bangladesh and Myanmar.
(200 Words)
Ans: by DR
1) Bangladesh and Myanmars shared history of cooperation in economic and cultural
spheres has been severely jeopardized by incidents along the border, both land and
maritime.
2) With the maritime boundary issue being resolved amicably, the major source of
tension now emanates from cross border skirmishes, border fencing by Mayanmar,
illegal immigration of Rohingyas into Bangladesh, and associated incidents of
insurgency and drug trafficking.
3) The border issue is more of a border management issue than a case of border
demarcation. The influx of Muslim Rohingyas, facing persecution by Mayanmar
State, poses a serious economic and domestic security threat to Bangladesh.
4) The regrouping of fleeing Rohingyas into an anti Mayanmar insurgency group
(Rohingya Solidarity Organization) operating from across Bangladeshs border areas,
in turn, is a potent threat to Mayanmar.
62
5) The situation is further exacerbated by drugs, humans, arms trafficking along the
porous border which brings both countries in conflict with each other in pursuit of the
offenders.
6) The spill over effects of above developments in India may be manifolds
destabilization of entire region impacting trade and political stability, disaffection
within Rohingyas may serve as a fertile ground for Islamic terrorism, threat of
insurgent groups collaborating with NE insurgents to inflict terror within India,
migration of evicted Rohingyas into Indias North east creating demographic,
economic and security challenges, threat of Chinese interference in regional disputes,
and fear of major humanitarian crises.
7) Hence, leveraging its goodwill among both its neighbours, India may act to diffuse
the conflict by subtly persuading Myanmar to accord basic minimum rights of
residence, livelihood, and security to Rohingyas, shifting focus away from conflicts
towards greater economic cooperation (given Myanmars rich resource reserves),
leveraging platforms such as BIMSTEC, SAARC, Kaladan project etc., identifying
areas of synergy and collaborating as partners on border security and fighting
insurgency.
Q) The recent award by the Hague-based Permanent Court of Attribution (PCA)
awarding Bangladesh an area in the disputed maritime boundary in the Bay of
Bengal with India on July 7 has huge economic significance for a small state like
Bangladesh. Critically examine and also explain whats Indias gain and loss. (200
Words)
Ans: by MSI
1) Bangladesh is suffering from a constant problem of population explosion. With
limited resources to meet its need, the latest judgment of PCA has come as a blessing
for Bangladesh. India's stamp of approval on the award has opened the gate of
multiple opportunities for Bangladesh.
2) Benefits to Bangladesh
a) The PCA awarded 4/5th of the disputed area between India and Bangladesh to
Bangladesh and clearly demarcated its EEZ and maritime boundary.
b) The clear demarcation of maritime boundaries will help Bangladesh to attract
foreign investment for oil and natural gas exploration.
c) The submarine bounties, both surfacial and subsurfacial can be explored without
legal hassles and infuriating India. Fishermen too get right to catch without fear of
languishing in foreign jail.
d) The judgment will also clear AL of the blame of acquiescing with India, thus
checking rightwing element from creating internal troubles in Bangladesh.
3) Benefits to India
63
a) Overtly the award appears to go against India as India gains only 1/5th of the total
disputed area. The award does establish a clear maritime boundary freeing India
precious diplomatic time for more important discussions like cross border
infiltration, refuge to NE insurgents, LBA etc.
b) India can join exploration operation both in Indian zone and sign the contracts
with Bangladesh giving boost to Indian energy security.
c) Chinese footprint in Indian Ocean and slipping of Bangladesh to Chinese lap will
also be checked.
d) The confidence developed in Bangladesh for India is conducive for India's
ambitious transit project to North East through Bangladesh.
e) Acceptance of PCA'S judgment reaffirms India's commitment to global
institutions and increases its soft power footprints in global diplomacy.
4) Thus, the award is a win-win situation for both countries where Bangladesh made
more short term overt gains and India made long term covert gain. It also presents
both countries an opportunity to cooperate on diverse fields like biodiversity of
sunderban to global climate change.
Q) What is the purpose of proposed Technology Development Fund in the defence
sector? Also analyse important recommendations of the Kelkar Committee set up
by the Government to examine and recommend changes in the acquisition
procedures and enabling a greater participation of private sector in defence
production. (200 Words)
Ans: by MSI
1) Technology Development Fund was established in 2011 as follow up to the twin
funds recommended by Kelkar committee.
2) TDF objective: It aims to provide necessary resources to public and private sector
companies, including SMEs, as well as academic and scientific institutions to support
research and development of Defence systems that enhance cutting-edge technology
capability in the country.
3) Kelkar committee recommendations:
The committee was set up 2005 to suggest measures for acquisition procedures and
private participation. It recommended setting up two funds which are:
i) Strategic Defence Industry Fund(SDIF)
ii) Defence Technology Product Development Fund(DTPDF)
4) SDIF got initial disapproval from Finance ministry due to its not lapsable nature. It
also created burden on already stressed revenue budget of defence sector. But the
64
pronouncement of Defence procurement policy of 2006, calling for upto 80%

investment from MoD served the raison d'tre of SDIF.
5) DTPDF/TDF was delayed due to absence of any scheme to utilise it. A similar
technology fund is available with DRDO, a principal arm for technology development
for defence sector, thus creating confusion and overlapping. It also suffers from the
problem of its control i.e. the fund dispersal need legislative approval every time. It
has to be distributed among three services, each getting a token amount insufficient to
meet its purpose.
Q) Critically comment on the structure and composition of Indias national security
decision making apparatus and mechanism. (200 Words)
Ans: by Ramya
1) India's national security decision making apparatus suffers from different limitations
like lack of proper hierarchy and integration among the various bodies which are
responsible for the maintenance of weapons, deployment of forces and strategic
decision making in case of armed intrusions.
2) This has been exposed at different point of times viz. Pokhran tests, IPKF deployment
in Sri Lanka, India's declaration to OPCW about possession of chemical weapons etc.
The long term security decisions in India are taken by National Security Council
while the short term decisions are approved by Cabinet Committee on Security.
3) India is the only country with nuclear weapons which doesn't have a Chief of Defence
Staff for interfacing between Prime Minister, National Command Authority and the
military who own the weapons.
4) There is no hierarchical gradation between the military, DRDO and the DAE which
makes the deployment of nuclear arsenal a haphazard process in case of a nuclear war
contingency. Often in the current system, the national security decisions are
politically guided without appropriate inputs from the armed forces.
5) This is a major lacuna in the current apparatus without long term defence planning.
There is critical need to improve the budget allocations to modernise the defence
equipment in order to avoid the mishaps as in the case of INS Sindhurakshak.
6) Such incidents throw light on the neglect of the defence ministry in dealing with
timely phasing out and modernisation of the equipment. Defence reforms suggested
by Naresh Chandra Committee, Kargil review committee etc cannot be disregarded if
we are to be prepared for various security challenges arising from our disquieted
neighbourhood.
7) Ad hoc decisions and knee jerk reactions are detrimental to India's long term security
interests.
Ans 2: by MSI
1) The Pokhran test, acceptance of possession of chemical weapons or the decision to
send IPKF to Sri Lanka has surprised our defence forces equally as it did the world
community. This highlights the structural vulnerability of the critical defence decision
making process.
65
2) Indian defence decision making is divided into two compartments ie long term
planning by National Security Council (NSC) and immediate security crises handled
by Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS). Post Kargil war, an Integrated Defence
Staff headed by Chief of Staff Committee (CJSOC) was establish to ensure
operational coordination.
3) An insight into the control of nuclear arsenal further aggravates the agony. Nuclear
arsenal is controlled by Nuclear Command Authority headed by PM. In the event of
crises it orders Strategic Force Command to ready arsenal. SCA in turn works with
DAE, DRDO and CJOSC. Thus the nuclear triad and second strike capability is
jeopardised.
4) The defence decision making thus appears divided with political, bureaucratic,
intelligence and defence decision makers running amok. It appears split, lacking
holistic and long term perspective and suffering from multiple layered intrusions.
There is a need for holistic approach to ensure seamless integration.
5) For this a professional body as proposed by Naresh Chandra committee consisting of
domain experts, all three chiefs and PM as head should be established to avoid any
knee-jerk reactions.
66

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Mains 2014 General Studies

Daily Answer Writing Challenge

There could be factual and grammatical errors.

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Challenge 45 23 Oct, 2014

d) Political African Union; Africa; mainly Political Cooperation

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v) Noise occurred due to transport or recreational facilities impact the behaviour

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Challenge 42 - 20 Oct, 2014

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c) It provides livelihood to many people staying in & around it.

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Q) Critically examine how Indian Governments recently launched Make in India

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a) Coverage: A child is defined as anyone who is less than 18 years of age.

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c) Rousseau - his impact on the FR is most discernible in the motto 'liberty,

Q) The Russian Revolution (1917) was an economic explosion hastened by the

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unemployment and epidemics. Millions of citizens perished as a result of these. This

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4) Political causes: Political rivalries in Europe especially related to colonialism, the

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3) Therefore it is important to take a dispassionate and unbiased view on the issue

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2) Changes proposed in the Bill:

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Q) Critically comment on the effect of globalisation on working women in India.

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Q) Write a short note on the following (150 Words)

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4) Since nuclear terrorism could have catastrophic consequences, therefore there is a

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Q) There must be an end to white monopoly on political power, and a fundamental

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emergence of socialist parties during Great Depression led conservative

c) Structure of Security Council( Veto power)

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pronouncement of Defence procurement policy of 2006, calling for upto 80%

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