Manuscript Preparation

Manuscript Preparation
Manuscripts should be printed or typed on standard-size paper8 by 11 inches. The text should be
double-spaced. If the paper is being submitted for publication and will be edited and set into type,
everything should be double-spacedincluding block quotations, footnotes, and referencessince it is
difficult to edit material that has less than a full line of space between lines of text. While covers may be
attractive for certain purposes, most editors and instructors find that they make manuscripts more difficult
to handle efficiently. Pages must be numbered, preferably in the upper right-hand corner and far enough
from the edge so that the numbers are not accidentally left off when the manuscript is photocopied. Every
manuscript should be copied as a safeguard against loss of the original.
Word processing makes available several features that are not available on the conventional typewriter
italics, boldface, various typefaces, and different possibilities for spacing. If a manuscript is being
prepared for its final readership, then it makes sense to use these capabilities to make it as attractive and
readable as possible. On the other hand, if the manuscript will be edited and set into type, it will be easier
to deal with if a single typeface is used.
Footnotes
Footnotes can be used for additional material that does not fit conveniently into the text . They may be
placed at the bottom of the page or at the end of the text, in which case they are often referred to as
endnotes. Traditionally, footnotes have also been used to cite the sources of information, ideas, and
quotations included in a text. This is no longer a recommended practice. It is now more common to
include brief identifications of sources in parentheses within a text and give full information in a
reference list at the end. In-text citations and reference lists are discussed in the next two sections.
In-Text Citations
There are two main ways of citing sources within a text: (1) the author-page system, which is widely
used in the humanities; and (2) the author-date system, which has been adopted by the social sciences
and some of the natural sciences. Each of these systems has several variations. The recognized standard
for the author-page system is The MLA Style Manual, which is published by the Modern Language
Association. The most widely used version of the author-date system can be found in the Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA), 3rd ed. The brief descriptions of each system
that follow are based on these two sources.
The basic technique in both systems is to include just enough information in the text to enable the reader
to find the relevant item in the reference list. In the author-page system, this information includes the
author of the work referred to and the relevant page number.
American novelists have always had a difficult relationship with their public (Brooks 247).
If the author is mentioned in the text, then just the page number is needed in parentheses.
As Brooks has observed, American novelists have always had a difficult relationship with their
public (247).
If the reference is to a work as a whole rather than to a specific part, then no additional citation is needed.
In Gilded Twilight, Brooks establishes himself as the most thoughtful of poststructuralist critics.
When there is more than one item in the reference list by the same author, the title of the work referred to
is included in the parentheses, usually in a shortened form.
Brooks' comments on Melville are surprisingly negative (Gilded 83).
When works by different authors are referred to, all the references are included in the same parentheses.
Recently critics have had surprisingly negative things to say about Melville (Brooks, Gilded 83;
Adams and Rubens 432; Leibniz 239).
In the author-date system, the in-text citations include the author's name and the date of publication . As
with the author-page system, material that already appears in the text is not repeated within the
parentheses.
A recent study carried out at McGill came to the opposite conclusion (McBain, 1991).
McBain (1991) demonstrates that there is at least one alternative to the accepted view.
In a 1991 study, McBain showed that there is at least one alternative to the accepted view.
When the reference list contains more than one work published by a particular author in the same year,
letters are used to distinguish among them.
Several innovative studies in the last few years have demonstrated that this matter is not as settled
as was once thought (Brewer, 1989; Fischer & Rivera, 1988; McBain, 1989a, 1989b, 1991;
Silvano, Blomstedt & Meigs, 1987).
Ordinarily, page numbers are included only when there is a direct quotation.
One respected researcher notes that little notice has been taken of "the substantial number of
counterexamples that have not been either questioned or explained" (McBain, 1991, p. 238).
Notice how the two systems differ in details: for example, one uses and, the other &; one follows the
author's name with a comma, while the other does not.
In some publications in the sciences, the items in the reference list are numbered and these numbers are
used in citations in the text.
One group of experiments has led researchers to believe that despite the enormous difficulties, a
vaccine will eventually be produced (3,22,39). Much depends on the availability of funds and
staff to carry out the work (14). Motley observes, however, that "whether the administration has
the will to make the painful choices necessary is highly doubtful" (19, p. 687).
With a number system, the items in the reference list may be put in either alphabetical order or the order
in which they occur in the text.
The following table shows how items in the reference list would be treated in the author-page and authordate systems. It is important to realize that in following a particular style, the writer must be consistent in
every detail of wording, abbreviation, spacing, and punctuation. There is space here for only a limited
variety of items. Those who are preparing texts for publication will probably need to consult the relevant
manual.
Sample Reference Lists
Author-Page System (MLA) Works Cited
Stewart, Donald C. "What Is an English Major, and What Should It Be?" College Composition and
Communication 40 (1989): 188202.
Roediger, H. L. (1990). Implicit memory: A commentary. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 28, 373
380.
Journal article: two authors
Brownell, Hiram H., and Heather H. Potter. "Inference Deficits in Right-Brain Damaged Patients." Brain
and Language 27 (1986): 31021.
Tulving, E., & Schacter, D. L. (1990). Priming and human memory systems. Science, 247, 301305.
Journal article: more than two authors
Mascia-Lees, Frances E., Pat Sharpe, and Colleen B. Cohen. "Double Liminality and the Black Woman
Writer." American Behavioral Scientist 31 (1987): 10114.
Author-Date (APA) References
Barringer, H. R., Takeuchi, D. T., & Xenos, P. C. (1990). Education, occupational prestige and income of
Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census. Sociology of Education, 63, 2743.
Graff, Gerald. Professing Literature: An Institutional History. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1987.
Rossi, P. H. (1989). Down and out in America: The origins of homelessness. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Erikson, Erik. Childhood and Society. 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1963.
Kail, R. (1990). Memory development in children (3rd ed.). New York: Freeman.
Book: corporate author
College Board. College-bound Seniors: 1989 SAT Profile. New York: College Entrance Examination
Board, 1989.
American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.,
rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
Book: no author
Guidelines for the Workload of the College English Teacher. Urbana: National Council of Teachers of
English, 1987.
Standards for educational and psychological tests. (1985). Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.
Edited book
Kerckhove, Derrick de, and Charles J. Lumsden, eds. The Alphabet and the Brain: The Lateralization of
Writing. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988.
Campbell, J. P., Campbell, R. J., & Associates. (Eds.). (1988). Productivity in organizations. San
Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Glover, David. "The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of: Masculinity, Femininity, and the Thriller." Gender,
Genre and Narrative Pleasure. Ed. Derek Longhurst. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989. 6783.
Wilson, S. F. (1990). Community support and integration: New directions for outcome research. In S.
Rose (Ed.), Case management: An overview and assessment. White Plains, NY: Longman.
Translated book
Lacan, Jacques. Ecrits: A Selection. Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: Norton, 1977.
Michotte, A. E. (1963). The perception of causality (T. R. Miles & E. Miles, Trans.). London: Methuen.
(Original work published 1946)
Republished book
Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. 1937. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1978.
Ebbinghaus, H. (1964). Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology. New York: Dover. (Original
work published 1885; translated 1913)
Magazine article
Miller, Mark Crispen. "Massa, Come Home." New Republic 16 Sept. 1981: 2932.
Gibbs, N. (1989, April 24). How America has run out of time. Time, pp. 5867.
Newspaper article
"Literacy on the Job." USA Today 27 Dec. 1988: 6B.
Freudenheim, M. (1987, December 29). Rehabilitation in head injuries in business and health. New York
Times, p. D2.
Review
Kidd, John. "The Scandal of Ulysses." Rev. of Ulysses: The Corrected Text, by Hans Walter Gabler. New
York Review of Books 30 June 1988: 3239.
Falk, J. S. (1990). [Review of Narratives from the crib]. Language, 66, 558562.
Report available from ERIC
Baurer, Barbara A. A Study of the Reliabilities and Cost Efficiencies of Three Methods of Assessment for
Writing Ability. ERIC, 1981. ED 216 357.
Hill, C., & Larsen, E. (1984). What reading tests call for and what children do. Washington, DC: National
Institute of Education. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 238 904)
University report
Flower, Linda. The Role of Task Representation in Reading to Write. Technical Report No. 6. Berkeley:
Center for the Study of Writing at U of California, Berkeley and Carnegie Mellon U, 1987.
Elman, J., & Zipser, D. (1987). Learning the hidden structure of speech (Report No. 8701). Institute for
Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego.
Dissertation

Hubert, Henry Allan. "The Development of English Studies in Nineteenth-Century Anglo-Canadian
Colleges." Diss. U of British Columbia, 1988.
Thompson, L. (1988). Social perception in negotiation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Northwestern
University, Evanston, IL.
Conference paper
Moffett, James. "Censorship and Spiritual Education." The Right to Literacy Conference. Columbus,
Ohio, September 1988.
Hogan, R., Raskin, R., & Fazzini, D. (1988, October). The dark side of charisma. Paper presented at the
Conference on Psychological Measures and Leadership, San Antonio, TX.

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