P1 - Spanish Lessons Tutorial 1

11/27/2014
Spanish I Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar Learn Spanish Online Free Spanish Lessons
Spanish I Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar
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1. BASIC PHRASES
NEW! If you'd like to study these phrases (and their pronunciations) individually, please go to
Basic Spanish Phrases.
Buenos das!
bway-nohs dee-ahs
Hello! / Good morning!
Buenas tardes!
bway-nahs tard-ays
Good afternoon!
Buenas noches!
bway-nahs noh-chays
Good evening! / Good night!
Hola! / Chao!
oh-lah / chow
Hi! / Bye!
Adis.
ah-dee-ohs
Good bye.
Por favor.
por fah-bor
Please.
Hasta la vista / Hasta

luego.
ah-stah lah vees-tah / ahstah loo-ay-go
See you / See you later.
Hasta pronto.
ah-stah prohn-toh
See you soon.
Hasta maana.
ah-stah mahn-yahn-ah
See you tomorrow.
(Muchas) Gracias.
(moo-chahs) grah-see-ahs
Thank you (very much).
De nada.
day nah-dah
You're welcome.
Bienvenidos
byen-veh-nee-dohs
Welcome
http://www.ielanguages.com/spanish1.html
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Lo siento
loh see-ehn-toh
I'm sorry
Con permiso / Perdn /

Disculpe
kohn pehr-mee-soh / pehrdohn / dees-kool-peh
Excuse me / Pardon me
Vamos!
bah-mohs
Let's go!
Cmo est usted?

koh-moh ay-stah oo-sted
How are you? (formal)
Cmo ests?
koh-moh ay-stahs
How are you? (informal)
Qu tal?
kay tahl
How's it going?
Bien / Muy bien

bee-ehn / moy bee-ehn
Good / Very good
Mal / Muy mal / Ms o

menos
mahl / moy mahl / mahs oh
may-nohs
Bad / Very bad / OK
S / No
see / noh
Yes / No
Cmo se llama usted?

koh-moh say yah-mah oosted
What is your name? (formal)
Cmo te llamas?
koh-moh tay yah-mahs
What is your name?
(informal)
Me llamo... / Mi nombre
es...
may yah-moh / mee nohmbreh ess
My name is...
Mucho gusto. /
Encantado.
moo-choh goo-stoh / encahn-tah-doh
Nice to meet you.
Igualmente.
ee-guahl-mehn-tay
Same here. / Same to you.
Seor / Seora / Seorita

sayn-yor / sayn-yor-ah /
sayn-yor-ee-tah
Mister / Mrs. / Miss
De dnde es usted?
day dohn-day ehs oo-sted
Where are you from? (formal)
De dnde eres?
day dohn-day eh-rehs
Where are you from?
(informal)
Yo soy de...
yoh soy day
I'm from...
Cuntos aos tiene

usted?
quahn-tohs ahn-yohs teeay-nay oo-sted
How old are you? (formal)
Cuntos aos tienes?

quahn-tohs ahn-yohs teeayn-ays
How old are you? (informal)
Yo tengo _____ aos.

yoh tayn-goh _____ ahnyohs
I am _____ years old.
Habla usted espaol?

ah-blah oo-sted eh-spahnyol
Do you speak Spanish?
(formal)
Hablas ingls?
ah-blahs een-glehs
Do you speak English?
(informal)
(No) Hablo...
noh ah-bloh
I (don't) speak...
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Entiende usted? /
Entiendes?
ehn-tyen-deh oo-sted / ehntyen-dehs
Do you understand? (formal /
informal)
(No) Entiendo.
noh ehn-tyen-doh
I (don't) understand.
Yo (no lo) s.
yoh noh loh seh
I (don't) know.
Puede ayudarme?
pweh-deh ah-yoo-dar-meh
Can you help me? (formal)
Claro / Claro que s

klah-roh / klah-roh keh see
Sure / Of course
Cmo?
koh-moh
What? Pardon me?
Dnde est / Dnde

estn... ?
dohn-deh eh-stah / dohndeh eh-stahn
Where is ... / Where are ... ?
Aqu / Ah
ah-kee / ah-ee
Here / There
Hay / Haba...
eye / ah-bee-ah
There is / are... / There was /
were...
Cmo se dice ____ en

espaol?
koh-moh seh dee-seh ___
en eh-spahn-yol
How do you say ____ in
Spanish?
Qu es esto?
keh ehs ehs-toh
What is that?
Qu te pasa?
keh teh pah-sah
What's the matter (with you)?
No importa.
noh eem-por-tah
It doesn't matter.
Qu pasa?
keh pah-sah
What's happening?
Sin novedad.
seen noh-veh-dahd
Nothing much.
No tengo ninguna idea.

noh tehn-goh neen-goo-nah
ee-deh-ah
I have no idea.
Buena idea!
bweh-nah ee-deh-ah
Good idea!
Pase!
pah-seh
Go ahead!
Estoy cansado / enfermo.

eh-stoy kahn-sah-doh / ehnfehr-moh
I'm tired / sick.
Tengo hambre / sed.

tehn-goh ahm-breh / sed
I'm hungry / thirsty.
Tengo calor / fro.

tehn-goh kah-lohr / free-oh
I'm hot / cold.
Estoy aburrido.
eh-stoy ah-boo-ree-doh
I'm bored.
No me importa.
noh meh eem-por-tah
I don't care.
No se preocupe.
noh seh preh-oh-koo-peh
Don't worry
Est bien.
ehs-tah bee-ehn
Me olvid.
meh ohl-vee-deh
Tengo que ir ahora.

tehn-goh keh eer ah-oh-rah
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That's alright. / It's ok.
I forgot.
I must go now.
Listo?
lees-toh
Ready?
Quizs / Depende.
kee-sahs / deh-pehn-deh
Maybe / It depends.
Todava no.
toh-dah-vee-ah noh
Not yet.
Qu chistoso!
keh chees-toh-soh
How funny!
Que le vaya bien!

keh leh vah-yah bee-ehn
Have a nice day!
Nos vemos!
nohs veh-mos
We'll see you!
Salud!
sah-lood
Bless you!
Felicitaciones!
feh-lee-see-tah-see-ohnehs
Congratulations!
Buena suerte!
bweh-nah swehr-teh
Good luck!
Te toca a ti.
teh toh-kah ah tee
It's your turn. (informal)
Callate!
kah-yah-teh
Shut up!
Te amo.
tay ah-moh
I love you. (informal and
singular)
1. Notice that Spanish has informal and formal ways of speaking. This is because there is more
than one meaning to "you" in Spanish (as well as in many other languages.) The informal you
is used when talking to close friends, relatives, animals or children. The formal you is used
when talking to someone you just met, do not know well, or someone for whom you would like
to show respect (a professor, for example.)
2. Encantado, cansado, enfermo, and aburrido are the masculine forms of the words. If the
words refer to a woman or are spoken by a woman, then the final o changes to a:
encantada, cansada, enferma, and aburrida
3. In Spain, as well as Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela, the
Spanish language is called castellano instead of espaol.
4. Por favor is often shortened to just porfa.
5. Please keep in mind that because Spanish is spoken in many countries, there are several
regional dialects and accents so pronunciation rules may not apply to all countries. This
tutorial is mostly concerned with the standardized varieties that are spoken in Mexico and
northern/central Spain, but will also include common variants from other countries and/or
regions. (The southern region of Spain, Andaluca, and the Canary Islands, exhibit features
that are closer to Latin American Spanish.)
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2. PRONUNCIATION
Spanish Letter
English Sound
ah as in father
ay as in bait
ee as in feet
oh as in coat
oo as in moon
ai / all / ay
as in eye
ca, co, cu, c +

cons.
k as in kite
ce, ci
s as in see (most varieties of Spanish) / th as in thief (northern/central

Spain)
similar to th as in thigh when between 2 vowels
ga, go, gue, gu,

gui
g as in go
gua, ge, gi, guo gw

ge, gi
hard h (similar to last sound in loch or Bach)
(silent - not pronounced in Spanish)
hard h (similar to last sound in loch or Bach)
ll
y as in yes (most varieties)

lli as in million (northern/central Spain)
zh as in measure (Argentina)
ny as in canyon
qu
k as in kite
similar to a soft d when between 2 vowels; sometimes weakened to l
rr
r with a roll of the tongue
s as in see but often weakened to h or not pronounced when at end of

syllable (most of Latin America, southern Spain/Canary Islands)
b at beginning of word, very soft b between 2 vowels
s as in see but often weakened to h or not pronounced when at end of

syllable (most of Latin America, southern Spain/Canary Islands) / th as in
thief (northern/central Spain)
1. The five vowels in Spanish are all pure vowels: [a], [e], [i], [o], [u] Be sure that you do not
pronounce a diphthong as we do in English (the extra yuh or wuh sound at the end). Other
consonants not listed are pronounced as in English, i.e. m as in man, y as in yes, etc.
2. The two major differences in pronunciation between southern Spain/Latin America and
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northern/central Spain are called seseo and yesmo. Seseo refers to the pronunciation of
both s and z as s, while yesmo refers to the pronunciation of ll as y - both are features of
southern Spain/Canary Islands/Latin America Spanish.
3. One feature of Spanish pronunciation that is often missing from textbooks is the loss of final s. When -s is at the end of a syllable, it often weakens to -h or it is not pronounced at all. This
occurs in southern Spain, the Canary Islands, and throughout Latin America, with the
exception of some parts of Mexico and the Andean areas of South America. Final -r can also
weaken to -l or even -y in Cuban Spanish. In fact, many consonants are much weaker and
softer in Spanish than in English, as noted above with d, r, and v.
Stress: Just as in English, Spanish stresses a certain syllable in a word. If a word ends in a
consonant, except s or n, the stress is on the last syllable. If a word ends in a vowel, or s or n, the
stress is on the second-to-last syllable. For words that do no follow these rules, an accent is
written over the vowel so that you will know to stress that syllable, as in el pjaro (bird).
3. ALPHABET
ah
hoh-tah
bay
kah
rr airr-ay
say
ay-lay
ay-say
ch chay
ll
ay-yay
tay
day
m ay-may u
oo
ay
ay-nay
bay chee-kah
ay-fay
ayn-yay w
bay doh-blay
hey
oh
ah-kees
ah-chay p
pay
ee-gree-ay-gah
ee
koo
say-tah
air-ay
The Spanish language academy no longer considers the ch, ll or rr to be separate letters in
dictionaries, but they are still separate letters in the alphabet. In Spain oo-bay is used for v, but in
Latin America most varieties just use bay and an adjective, such as chica (Mexico and Peru) or
corta (Argentina and Chile). Spain also uses oo-bay doh-blay or doh-blay oo-bay for w.
4. ARTICLES & DEMONSTRATIVES
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Masc. Singular
Fem. Singular
Masc. Plural
Fem. Plural
the
el
la
the
los
las
a, an
un
una
some
unos
unas
this
este
esta
these
estos
estas
that
ese
esa
those
esos
esas
that
aquel
aquella
those
aquellos
aquellas
El is also used with feminine nouns beginning with a or ha when the accent is on the first syllable.
Words that end in -o and -or are generally masculine, with a few exceptions: la mano (hand), la
foto (photo). Words that end in -a are generally feminine, with a few exceptions: el mapa (map),
el problema (problem). Other feminine words end in -cin, -tad, -dad, or -tud.
Use the ese forms to mean that when what you are talking about is near the person you are
addressing. Use the aquel forms when what you are talking about is far from both you and the
person you are addressing. Esto and eso are the neuter forms of this and that. They can be
used in general and abstract ways.
Demonstrative adjectives (listed above) are used before a noun; if you want to use the
demonstrative pronouns, which are used before a verb, add an accent on all of the first e's: ste,
sta, stos, stas, se, sa, sos, sas, aqul, aqulla, aqullos, aqullas.
5. SUBJECT PRONOUNS
singular
first
person
yo
yoh
plural
I
nosotros
nosotras
noh-sohtrohs
noh-sohtrahs
we
you (informal)
they (masculine)
they (feminine)
you (informal /
formal)
second
person
t
vos
too
bohs
you (informal)
vosotros
vosotras
boh-sohtrohs
boh-sohtrahs
third
person
l
ella
usted
ail
ay-yah
oo-sted
he / it
she / it
you (formal)
ello
ellas
ustedes
ay-yohs
ay-yahs
oo-stedays
1. The various pronouns meaning you can be tricky to use correctly in Spanish. The informal
forms are used to show familiarity with other people, while the formal forms indicate social
distance. There are many factors that determine the familiarity or formality, such as gender,
age, location, social class, etc. In general, informal you is used with family members, friends,
children, animals, etc. while formal you is reserved for those to whom you wish to show
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respect. These rules are not steadfast though, and there is a lot of variation throughout the
Spanish-speaking world. For example, usted is used among family members in Colombia,
whereas most other Spanish speakers would use t or vos. It is best simply to listen to
which pronoun is used in the variety of Spanish that you are most interested in learning to
figure out when to use each one.
2. The use of vos as a second person singular pronoun, either in addition to t or in place of
t, is called voseo. Old Spanish used this pronoun in addition to t, but it became somewhat
stigmatized when the standardized language of Spain stopped using it. Various regions of
Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela use both t and vos, while
Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay (known together as the Ro de la Plata region) and most of
Central America use vos in place of t. Although voseo rarely appears in Spanish
textbooks, it is used in some form by a majority (about two-thirds) of the Spanish-speaking
population.
3. Because every noun in Spanish has a gender, there are two ways to express it. If the noun is
masculine, use l, which also means he. If the noun is feminine, use ella, which also means
she.
4. Vosotros is the plural form of t in northern and central Spain only, for informal you.
Ustedes is the plural form of usted for formal you. Since vosotros is not used in the rest of
the Spanish-speaking countries, Ustedes is both informal and formal you in these countries.
5. Usted can be abbreviated to Ud. or Vd. (from the phrase vuestra merced). Ustedes can
also be abbreviated to Uds. or Vds.
6. Nosotras and vosotras refer to a group of all females, as does ellas. If there is a group of
people that is mixed (both male and female), use the masculine forms: nosotros, vosotros
and ellos.
7. Subject pronouns are often only used for emphasis or to avoid ambiguity when the verb
conjugation is the same for different people (such as l and usted.)
6. TO BE & TO HAVE
ser - to be
present
preterite imperfect
future
(yo)
soy
I am
fui
era
I was
ser
I will be
(t / vos)
eres /
sos
you are
fuiste
eras
you were
sers
you will be
(l / ella)
(usted)
es
es
he / she / it fue
is
fue
you are
era
era
he / she / it
was
you were
ser
ser
he / she / it
will be
you will be
(nosotros / as)
somos
we are
we were
seremos we will be
fuimos ramos
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(vosotros / as)
sois
you are
fuisteis erais
you were
seris
you will be
(ellos / ellas)
son
(ustedes)
son
they are
you are
fueron
fueron
they were
you were
sern
sern
they will be
you will be
eran
eran
estar - to be
present
preterite
imperfect
future
(yo)
estoy
I am
estuve
estaba
I was
estar
I will be
(t / vos)
ests
you are
estuviste
estabas
you were estars
you will be
(l / ella)
(usted)
est
est
he / she / estuvo
it is
estuvo
you are
estaba
estaba
he / she / estar
it was
estar
you were
he / she / it
will be
you will be
(nosotros /
estamos we are
-as)
estuvimos estbamos we were
(vosotros /
estis
-as)
you are
estuvisteis estabais
you were estaris
you will be
they are
you are
estuvieron estaban
estuvieron estaban
they were estarn

you were estarn
they will be
you will be
(ellos /
estn
ellas)
(ustedes) estn
estaremos we will be
tener - to have
present
preterite
imperfect
tuve
tena
I had
tendr
I will have
tenas
you had
tendrs
you will have
tena
tena
he / she /
tendr
it had
you had tendr
tenamos
we had
tendremos we will have
you have tuvisteis
tenais
you had
tendris
you will have
they have tuvieron

you have tuvieron
tenan
tenan
they had
you had
tendrn
tendrn
they will
have
you will have
(yo)
tengo
I have
(t / vos)
tienes /
tens
you have tuviste
tiene
tiene
he / she /
tuvo
it has
you have tuvo
(l / ella)
(usted)
(nosotros /
tenemos we have
-as)
(vosotros /
tenis
-as)
(ellos /
tienen
ellas)
(ustedes) tienen
tuvimos
future
he / she / it
will have
you will have
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Highlighted forms are only used in northern/central Spain. You do not need to use the subject
pronouns unless you want to emphasize the person, or to avoid ambiguity.
The conjugation for vos is usually only different from the t conjugation in the present tense and
the imperative (commands), though there can be differences in the preterite and subjunctive as
well. Sometimes the present tense conjugation is identical to the t conjugation (in which case,
there will only be one form given in the conjugation charts). For the present tense conjugation of
ser, in some regions of Chile, Colombia, and Cuba the vos conjugation is soi, whereas in some
parts of Panama and Venezuela it is sois. A final -s may or may not be used for the vos
conjugation in the preterite tense. There is a lot of variation in the vos conjugations, in addition to
the use of the pronoun t with a vos conjugation or the pronoun vos with a t conjugation. Voseo
is usually associated with Argentina but there are many more places in Latin America that use
vos in some form so it is important to be aware of it.
The difference between the preterite and imperfect tenses will be explained in Spanish II. In
general, the preterite expresses a completed action in the past while the imperfect expresses a
repeated or continuing action in the past. For now, just learn the forms for recognition purposes.
Ser is used to identify or describe. It tells what something is, its basic
characteristics, or its origin. Estar is used to tell the location of something or how someone
feels.
Uses of Ser
Identify person/object
Inherent characteristics
or qualities
Nationality/Occupation
Telling time
Express ownership
Impersonal expressions
Passive voice
El edificio es un templo.
La casa es grande.
Carlos es pobre.
Es carpintero.
Son las tres.
Los libros son de Juan.
Es necesario.
El telfono fue inventado por
Bell.
The building is a temple.

The house is large.
Charles is poor.
He is a carpenter.
It's three o'clock.
The books are John's.
It is necessary.
The telephone was invented by
Bell.
Uses of Estar
Location/position
Temporary
condition/state
State of health
Form progressive tense
El libro est en la mesa.

La ventana est abierta.
Juan est enfermo.
Miguel est estudiando.
The book is on the table.

The window is open.
John is sick.
Michael is studying.
Sometimes changing the verb can completely change the meaning: ser aburrido means to be
boring, while estar aburrido means to be bored. Others include: ser bueno - to be nice, estar
bueno - to be in good health; ser callado - to be discrete, estar callado - to be silent; ser
moreno - to have brown hair, estar moreno - to be tan.
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Many common expressions using the verb "be" in English use the verb "tener" in Spanish (but
not all):
to be afraid
tener miedo
to be in a hurry
tener prisa, estar de prisa
to be against
estar en contra
to be jealous
tener celos
to be at fault
tener la culpa
to be lucky
tener suerte
to be careful
tener cuidado
to be patient
tener paciencia
to be cold
tener fro
to be sleepy
tener sueo
to be curious
ser curioso/a
to be successful
tener xito
to be fed up
estar harto/a
to be thirsty
tener sed
to be happy
estar contento/a
to be tired
estar cansado/a
to be hot
tener calor
to be ___ years old
tener ___ aos
to be hungry
tener hambre
Tener is also used with the following expressions that use "have" in English:
No tengo ni idea. I have no idea.
Tienes un resfriado? Do you have a cold?
Tengo que irme. I have to go.
7. QUESTION WORDS
what
qu
which
cul(es)
who
quin(es)
how much
cunto (-a)
how
cmo
how many
cuntos (-as)
when
cundo
whom
a quin(es)
where
dnde
whose
de quin(es)
why
por qu
8. CARDINAL & ORDINAL NUMBERS

0
cero
say-roh
uno
oo-noh
first
primero
dos
dohs
second
segundo
tres
trays
third
tercero
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cuatro
kwah-troh
fourth
cuarto
cinco
seen-koh
fifth
quinto
seis
says
sixth
sexto
siete
see-ay-tay
seventh
sptimo
ocho
oh-choh
eighth
octavo
nueve
new-ay-vay
ninth
noveno
10
diez
dee-ays
tenth
dcimo
11
once
ohn-say
eleventh
undcimo
12
doce
doh-say
twelfth
duodcimo
13
trece
tray-say
thirteenth
dcimo tercero
14
catorce
kah-tor-say
fourteenth
dcimo cuarto
15
quince
keen-say
fifteenth
dcimo quinto
16
diez y seis
dee-ays ee says
sixteenth
dcimo sexto
17
diez y siete
dee-ays ee see-ay-tay
seventeenth
dcimo sptimo
18
diez y ocho
dee-ays ee oh-choh
eighteenth
dcimo octavo
19
diez y nueve
dee-ays ee new-ay-vay
nineteenth
dcimo noveno
20
veinte
bayn-tay
twentieth
vigsimo
21
veinte y uno
bayn-tay ee oo-noh
twenty-first
vigsimo primero
22
veinte y dos
bayn-tay ee dohs
twenty-second
vigsimo segundo
30
treinta
trayn-tah
thirtieth
trigsimo
40
cuarenta
kuar-ain-tah
fortieth
cuadragsimo
50
cincuenta
seen-kuain-tah
fiftieth
quincuagsimo
60
sesenta
say-sain-tah
sixtieth
sexagsimo
70
setenta
say-tain-tah
seventieth
septuagsimo
80
ochenta
oh-chain-tah
eightieth
octogsimo
90
noventa
noh-bain-tah
ninetieth
nonagsimo
100
cien(to)
see-ain-(toh)
hundredth
centsimo
meel
thousandth
milsimo
1000 mil
If you are just saying 100, you use cien. If it's over 100, you use ciento. So 101 is ciento uno
and 156 would be ciento cincuenta y seis. Also you can use diecisis, diecisiete,
dieciocho, and diecinueve for 16, 17, 18, and 19, respectively. They are pronounced the same
but are combined into one word. Additionally, 21-29 can be written as one word (veintiuno,
veintids, veintitrs, etc.), but you need to use y for the rest of the numbers.
Primero and tercero drop the final -o when used directly before a noun.
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9. DAYS OF THE WEEK

Monday
lunes
loo-nays
Tuesday
martes
mar-tays
Wednesday
mircoles
mee-air-coh-lays
Thursday
jueves
hway-bays
Friday
viernes
bee-air-nays
Saturday
sbado
sah-bah-doh
Sunday
domingo
doh-ming-oh
day
el da
dee-ah
week
la semana
say-mahn-ah
weekend
el fin de semana
feen day say-mahn-ah
today
hoy
oy
tonight
esta noche
es-tah noh-chay
last night
anoche
ah-noh-chay
yesterday
ayer
eye-yair
tomorrow
maana
mahn-yahn-ah
my birthday
mi cumpleaos
mee coom-play-ahn-yohs
next
prximo / prxima
prok-see-moh / mah
last
pasado / pasada
pah-sah-doh / dah
day before yesterday
anteayer
ahn-teh-eye-yair
day after tomorrow
pasado maana
pah-sah-doh mahn-yahn-ah
the following day
el da siguiente
dee-ah see-gwee-ehn-teh
the day before
la vspera
vees-peh-rah
Days of the week are all masculine in gender and they are not capitalized in writing. The definite
article is not used after the verb ser, but at all other times it is required and there is slight change
in meaning if it is singular or plural: el lunes = on Monday but los lunes = on Mondays
10. MONTHS OF THE YEAR
January
enero
ay-nair-oh
February
febrero
fay-bray-roh
March
marzo
mar-soh
April
abril
ah-breel
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May
mayo
mi-oh
June
junio
hoo-nee-oh
July
julio
hoo-lee-oh
August
agosto
ah-gohs-toh
September
septiembre
sayp-tee-aim-bray
October
octubre
ohk-too-bray
November
noviembre
noh-bee-aim-bray
December
diciembre
dee-see-aim-bray
month
el mes
mais
first of [a month]
el primero de [month]
pree-mair-oh day _____
year
el ao
ahn-yoh
decade
la dcada
deh-kah-dah
century
el siglo
see-gloh
millennium
el milenio
mee-leh-nee-oh
The preposition en is used with months: en abril = in April. Also notice that primero is used for
the first of the month, but the rest of the days are referred to using the regular cardinal numbers:
el primero de junio but el dos de julio. Months of the year are also all masculine and not
capitalized in writing.
Cual es la fecha de hoy? What is today's date?
Hoy es el primero de agosto. Today is August 1st.
11. SEASONS
spring
la primavera
in spring
en primavera
summer
el verano
in summer
en verano
winter
el invierno
in winter
en invierno
autumn
el otoo
in autumn
en otoo
12. DIRECTIONS
north
to the right
a la derecha
to the left
a la izquierda
straight ahead
todo derecho
el norte
northeast
el noreste
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south
el sur
northwest
el noroeste
east
el este
southeast
el sureste
west
el oeste
southwest
el suroeste
13. COLORS & SHAPES

red
rojo / roja
circle
el crculo
pink
rosado / rosada
square
el cuadrado
orange
anaranjado / anaranjada
rectangle
el rectngulo
yellow
amarillo / amarilla
triangle
el tringulo
green
verde
oval
el valo
blue
azul
cube
el cubo
light blue
celeste
sphere
la esfera
purple
morado / morada
cylinder
el cilindro
violet
violeta
cone
el cono
brown
marrn
octagon
el octgono
black
negro / negra
box
la caja
gray
gris
pyramid
la pirmide
white
blanco / blanca
golden
dorado / dorada
dark
oscuro / oscura
silver
plateado / plateada
light
claro / clara
All adjectives in Spanish are placed after the noun that they describe and they agree in gender
(masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with the noun. Notice that some colors do
not change for gender (marrn) or number (gris). To change an adjective to the feminine form,
you usually just change the final -o to -a. To make an adjective plural, simply add an -s.
a red house = una casa roja
14. TIME
Qu hora es?
What time is it?
Es la una.
It's one.
Son las dos/tres/cuatro...
It's two/three/four...
Es medioda.
It's noon.
Es medianoche.
It's midnight.
Son las cinco y cinco.
It's 5:05
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11/27/2014
Son las ocho y cuarto.
It's 8:15
Son las diez menos cuarto.
It's 9:45
Son cuarto para las diez.
It's 9:45 (common in Mexico)
Son las nueve menos diez.
It's 8:50
Son diez para las nueve.
It's 8:50 (common in Mexico)
Son las tres y media / treinta.
It's 3:30
de la maana
in the morning / AM
de la tarde
in the afternoon / PM
de la noche
in the evening / PM
en punto
exactly / sharp
A qu hora?
At what time?
15. WEATHER
Qu tiempo hace?
What's the weather like?
Hace buen tiempo.
The weather's nice.
Hace mal tiempo.
The weather's bad.
Hace fro.
It's cold.
Hace calor.
It's hot.
Hace sol.
It's sunny.
Hace viento.
It's windy.
Hace fresco.
It's chilly.
Est nublado.
It's cloudy.
Hay niebla.
It's foggy.
Hay neblina.
It's misty.
Hay humedad.
It's humid.
Hay granizo.
It's hailing.
Llueve.
It's raining.
Nieva.
It's snowing.
Truena.
It's thundering.
Llovizna.
It's sprinkling.
16. PREPOSITIONS
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11/27/2014
at, to
al lado de
beside, alongside of
con
with
alrededor de
around
contra
against
cerca de
near, close to
de
of, from
lejos de
far from
en
in, on
delante de
in front of
entre
between, among
debajo de
below, under
hacia
towards, about
en frente de
opposite
para
for, in order to, by
detrs de
behind
por
for, through, along, via
encima de
above, on top of
sobre
on, over
hasta
till, until
sin
without
desde
from, since
There are two prepositional contractions with definite articles. A and el combine to form al, and
de and el combine to form del.
Para often drops the second syllable in speech in the Caribbean and some Latin American
countries. In informal writing, it is usually written as pa'
17. FAMILY & ANIMALS
family
la familia
cousin (m)
el primo
parents
los padres
cousin (f)
la prima
husband / spouse
el marido / el
esposo
cousins
los primos
wife / spouse
la mujer / la esposa
relatives
los parientes
father / dad
el padre / el pap
stepfather
el padastro
mother / mom
la madre / la mam
stepmother
la madrastra
son
el hijo
stepbrother
el hermanastro
daughter
la hija
stepsister
la hermanastra
children
los hijos
stepson
el hijastro
brother
el hermano
stepdaughter
la hijastra
sister
la hermana
godfather
el padrino
brothers & sisters
los hermanos
godmother
la madrina
only child (m)
el hijo nico
baby
el beb
only child (f)
la hija nica
teenager
el adolescente
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kid / boy
el muchacho
boy
el nio
kid / girl
la muchacha
girl
la nia
half-brother
el medio hermano
boys & girls
los nios
half-sister
la media hermana
man
el hombre
father-in-law
el suegro
woman
la mujer
mother-in-law
la suegra
adult
el adulto
brother-in-law
el cuado
twins (m)
los gemelos
sister-in-law
la cuada
twins (f)
las gemelas
son-in-law
el yerno
dog
el perro
daughter-in-law
la nuera
cat
el gato
grandfather
el abuelo
bird
el pjaro
grandmother
la abuela
fish
el pez
grandparents
los abuelos
gold fish
la carpa dorada
grandson
el nieto
horse
el caballo
granddaughter
la nieta
goat
la cabra
grandchildren
los nietos
pig
el cerdo
uncle
el to
cow
la vaca
aunt
la ta
rabbit
el conejo
aunts & uncles
los tos
turtle
la tortuga
nephew
el sobrino
mouse
el ratn
niece
la sobrina
deer
el ciervo
nieces & nephews
los sobrinos
duck
el pato
18. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

Initial Forms
Terminal Forms
singular
plural
singular
plural
yo
my
mi
mis
mo
ma
mos
mas
t / vos
your
tu
tus
tuyo
tuya
tuyos
tuyas
l / ella ; usted
his / her / its ;

your
su
sus
suyo
suya
suyos
suyas
nosotros /
nosotras
our
nuestro
nuestros
nuestro
nuestros
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nuestra
nuestras
nuestra
nuestras
vosotros / vosotras your
vuestro
vuestra
vuestros
vuestras
vuestro
vuestra
vuestros
vuestras
ellos / ellas ;
ustedes
su
sus
suyo
suya
suyos
suyas
their ; your
Remember that vuestro forms are only used in northern/central Spain. Only nuestro and vuestro
change for gender (masculine -o becomes feminine -a) in the initial forms.
Su and sus are the possessive adjective for only the usted form (singular you) in Latin America.
For his, her, its, your (plural), and their, use de + the subject pronoun after the noun.
los libros de ellos their books (literally: the books of they)
The terminal forms are placed after the noun, and the noun must be preceded by the definite
article, except in direct address. When used with the indefinite article, it corresponds to the
English "of mine, of yours," etc.
el libro mo my book
un amigo mo a friend of mine
19. TO DO / MAKE
hacer - to do or make
present: do(es),
make(s)
preterite: did,
made
imperfect: did,
made
future: will do, will

make
(yo)
hago
hice
haca
har
(t / vos)
haces / hacs
hiciste
hacas
hars
(l / ella / usted) hace
hizo
haca
har
(nosotros /
nosotras)
hacemos
hicimos
hacamos
haremos
(vosotros /
vosotras )
hacis
hicisteis
hacais
haris
hacen
hicieron
hacan
harn
(ellos / ellas /
ustedes)
Qu haces, hijo mo? What are you doing, my son?

Qu hace tu padre ? What does your father do?
20. FORMATION OF PLURAL NOUNS
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11/27/2014
1. If a singular noun ends in a vowel, just add -s to make it plural: la casa las casas
2. If a singular noun ends in a consonant, a vowel with an accent, or y, add -es to make it plural:
el papel los papeles
3. Singular nouns that end in -z change the z to c and add -es to form the plural: la luz las
luces
4. A few nouns that have an accent in the singular will lose it in the plural and vice versa: la
cancin las canciones, el examen los exmenes (but notice that there is no
change for el lpiz los lpices)
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Spanish I Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar

Hasta la vista / Hasta

Con permiso / Perdn /

Cmo est usted?

Bien / Muy bien

Mal / Muy mal / Ms o

Cmo se llama usted?

Seor / Seora / Seorita

Cuntos aos tiene

Cuntos aos tienes?

Yo tengo _____ aos.

Habla usted espaol?

Claro / Claro que s

Dnde est / Dnde

Cmo se dice ____ en

No tengo ninguna idea.

Estoy cansado / enfermo.

Tengo hambre / sed.

Tengo calor / fro.

Tengo que ir ahora.

That's alright. / It's ok.

Que le vaya bien!

ca, co, cu, c +

s as in see (most varieties of Spanish) / th as in thief (northern/central

similar to th as in thigh when between 2 vowels

ga, go, gue, gu,

gua, ge, gi, guo gw

hard h (similar to last sound in loch or Bach)

(silent - not pronounced in Spanish)

hard h (similar to last sound in loch or Bach)

y as in yes (most varieties)

similar to a soft d when between 2 vowels; sometimes weakened to l

r with a roll of the tongue

s as in see but often weakened to h or not pronounced when at end of

b at beginning of word, very soft b between 2 vowels

s as in see but often weakened to h or not pronounced when at end of

you were estars

estuvimos estbamos we were

you were estaris

they were estarn

you will have

tendremos we will have

you have tuvisteis

you will have

they have tuvieron

you have tuviste

The building is a temple.

El libro est en la mesa.

The book is on the table.

tener prisa, estar de prisa

to be ___ years old

tener ___ aos

8. CARDINAL & ORDINAL NUMBERS

9. DAYS OF THE WEEK

feen day say-mahn-ah

day before yesterday

day after tomorrow

the following day

the day before

pree-mair-oh day _____

13. COLORS & SHAPES

What time is it?