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Gravity System
Slab transfers gravity load to floor beams
(secondary and primary beams)
Beams transfer loads to columns/walls
Columns/walls transfer loads to the foundations
The shorter the load path, the better the
structural efficiency
Composite Construction
composite slab
composite column
composite beam
floor = beam + slab
Unpropped
Construction
Propped
Construction
Composite Beams
Conventional and innovative composite beams
C
T
Composite Element
Composite Slab
Composite Slab
Why Composite?
Minimum floor weight
Self-supporting during
construction
Buildability
Integration of
mechanical and
electrical services
Fire resistance
Long span and large
floor plate
Composite Beams
<0.6D to 0.7D
<1.5D to 2D
Cellular
Beam
Ceiling Line
Suntec City
8 Storeys Building
Area = 98500m2
Steel weight = 16500 tons
167kg/m2
Max. live load = 17.5kN/m2
Encased Steel Columns
Composite plate girders
Treasury Building
(1986)
52-Storey
Height = 231m
Diameter = 37m
H/D ratio = 6.2
Steel usage
g =
2
112kg/m
25 m internal core
with 11.6m
cantilever girders
Haunched beams
Ceiling Line
Haunch
Connections
Notched Beam
Composite Truss
R
At the end
R = w (L/2)
T = R/sin
At the mid-span
C=T=MxD
Suntec City
OUB Building
4.3m
950
20m
Hybrid
system of
steel
frames with
concrete
core
(c
)
Parallel
Beam
System
Parallel Beam
System
Primary steelwork
Precast
concrete slabs
S
Metal decking
Decking in place
Pumping concrete
Beam +
Overall floor
slab
l b
zone
depth
Building
g
height
Floor slab
dead load
Total steel
weight
i ht per
floor area
STRUCTURAL FORM
mm
mm
KN/m2
Kg/m2
237
550
13.0
3.0
43.4
305
650
13.4
2.8
51.7
295
650
13.4
2.7
42.2
435
800
14.0
2.0
38.9
775
1100
15.2
2.0
46.6
725
1050
15.0
2.0
50.2
Flat slab
construction
Tube-in-tube
composite
columns
Normal concrete,
35 MPa
Flat slab
construction
Tube-in-tube
composite
columns
Normal concrete,
35 MPa
D1
t2
RC
CFT
HSCFT
Number of
stories
RC
CFT
HSCFT
12
900
650
500
30
1500
1100
750
50
1800
1400
900
Save 1.9m
S
19 2
per column
D1
t2
RC
CFT
HSCFT
Number of
stories
RC
CFT
HSCFT
12
900
650
500
30
1500
1100
750
50
1800
1400
900
Save 1.9m
S
19 2
per column
Composite Column
Encased Column
Infilled Column
Composite Columns
Shear
connectors
welded to
web of
profile
fil
Methods
Part 5 of the Bridge Code BS 5400
Part 1 of BS 5950 : conservative but simple
"cased strut" method
EC 4: Johnson and Smith
Roik and Bergmann
Axial Resistance
EC4 Part 1.1
N pl,Rd 0.67f ck A c 0.87f ys A s 0.95f ya A
BS5400:Part 5
N u 0.45f cu A c 0.87f ys A s 0.91f ya A
Stiffness:
EIeff E a Ia 0.5E cm Ic E s Is
Factor for cracking of concrete
EC 4 approach
Determine
Ieff of the equivalent steel section
Radius of gyration r
L/r
Reduction ratio x
Buckling resistance x Npi,Rd
Beam section
Construction Sequence
2 Steel columns
& Steel beams
1 Central Core
wall
3 Metal decking
4 Casting of
concrete
Composite
beams
CAPITAL TOWER
Completed in May 2000
52 storey building
Height = 260m
Width = 45m
Height/Width = 5.7
Steel Weight = 10,500 t
Steel usage = 87 kg/m2
M&E
services
M&E
services
High -Rise
High -Rise
Mid -Rise
Knock-out panel
2 nos. per typical
floor for future
inter-floor stairs
connection by
tenants
M&E
services
Low - Rise
M&E
servic
CAPITAL TOWER
C
Composite
it b
beams and
d
trusses as primary
members
composite beams as
secondary members
Steel truss = 18m
composite
it beam
b
= 11
11.5m
5
Composite Floor with
Bondek
Perimeter frame with
infilled circular columns
CAPITAL TOWER
Primary beam span
between core wall and
perimeter columns
Secondary beams
designed as simply
supported
Simple Construction
Beam to RC wall
OUTRIGGER
TRUSSES
Outrigger truss @ 36th floor
Technical Innovation
Roof Top Construction
Stainless steel bow truss externally for
the frameless skylight allows full
utilization of the internal space without
any structural encumbrances
The intermediate bracing
g truss doubles
up as maintenance platform and
sunscreen
Capital Tower,
Singapore
Summary
Various long span options are available
Integration
I t
ti off building
b ildi services
i
reduce
d
overall height
Composite design provides extra saving
Cost effective if choice of connections is
correct
Light, Dry, speed and buildable
Aesthetic
Summary
Long Span Option
EXAMINATION
Quiz = 20% (27 Oct 2008)
Assignments (20%)
Main Exam = (60%)
Answer all questions
Open Book
Use the design tables provided
Presentation materials and selected solutions to
homework problems are available on
http://ivle.nus.edu.sg
6500
6500
6500
6500
6500
BRACING
8000
A
B
Roof
80000
BRACING
A
B
Unfactored
wind load
64 kN m
2nd
64 kN m
44 kN m
64 kN m
64 kN m
1st
20 kN m
64 kN m
Gravity load
Grd
Col. moment
Grd
8000
8000
64 kN m
1st
64 kN m
Column to be
removed
64 kN m
Beams moment
BEAM MOMENTS GRID LINE 3
(UNFACTORED WIND LOAD)
-0.125
W
0.070
0.375
W
0.070
1.250
0.375
Possible layout
6000
6000
6000
6000
Outline of existing
building
Column '
10000
Column '
6000
6000
6000
Outline of existing
building
Column '
10000
Column '
STEEL COST
Fabrication
(35%)
Material
(30% - 50%)
IInstallation
ll i
(15-25%)
T t l Steel
Total
St l Cost:
C t I or H S
Section
ti
= $1700 - $2500
CHS
= $2500 - $4000
Springleaves Tower
37 Storeys; 178m
Steel weight = 4,200 tons
Composite infilled CHS
columns (0.5m - 1.0m dia);
grade 50 steel and grade 60
concrete
Composite plate girders
12m - 16m with web
openings Outrigger beams
at 20-25 floors
2hrs fire protection for
beams and columns only
Concrete
cased
Concrete
filled
D
EC 4 Approach
Force Transfer
Environmental Friendly
Large Floor Plate
Light, Dry and Rapid Construction
STEEL COST
Cementitious fire spray = $200 - $280 /ton or $18/m2
Sand blasting
g & Primingg = $120-150/ton
2-coat paint = 150-200 /ton
Metal decking = $30 /m2
Shear stud $3 each or $9/m2 assuming 3 studs/ m2
Material:
I or H section
SHS
Fabrication: I or H section
SHS
Erection & Installation
= $650/ton
= $1000
$1000-1800/ton
1800/ton
= $450-$750/ton
= $600-$1000/ton
= $300-$600/ton
STEEL ADVANTAGES
Prefabrication
Fast
as e
erection
ec o
Lightweight and dry construction
Economical
Aesthetics
Environmental friendly
Steel-concrete composite gives extra
advantage