THE HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS-USES AND

ALTERNATIVES
Kazy Mohammad Iqbal Hossain
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APEOs/ NPEOs

Common Use
NPEOs are common ingredients in many chemical formulations used to produce apparel and
footwear materials. They are widely used as surfactants or emulsifiers in detergents,
scouring agents, dye-dispersing agents, printing pastes, spinning oils and wetting agents.

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APEOs/ NPEOs----------USE

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APEOs/ NPEOs------------ALTERNATIVES

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AZO DYES/ Banned Amines

Common Use
Azo cololrants are one of the most important classes of synthetic dyes and pigments. They
are used to color textiles, leather, plastics, paper, foods, cosmetics and more. 1 There are
many azo dyes which do not cleave to produce carcinogenic aromatic amines listed above.
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AZO DYES/ Banned Amines

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Dyes suspected to cleave banned amines--

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CONDITIONAL CLEAVAGE OF AMINES FROM PRINTING PASTE

CI Pigment Red 8, CI Pigment Red 22 and CI Pigment Red 38 have been identified
by ETAD as having this property, and Dyers and Printers are encouraged to adopt a
responsible approach to these pigments, even though they are not restricted by
the EU Directive.

CI Pigment Orange 13 and CI Pigment Orange 34, when used in combination with
CI Pigment Black 7, can release the banned aromatic amine 3,3
dichlorobenzidine. Do not use these pigments in combination.

Alternatives
Azo colorants which do not cleave to form the aromatic amines of concern are available in full
range of colors for textiles, leather, plastics, paper, food and cosmetics. Manufacturers should
work closely with their chemical suppliers to confirm their products do not contain any azo
dyes
which can cleave to form these aromatic amines of concern.
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PHTHLATES

Common Use
Esters of ortho-phthalic acid (phthalates) are commonly added to plastics to make them
soft, increase flexibility, prevent cracking and facilitate moulding by decreasing its melting
temperature.
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PHTHLATES-----USE
Alternatives
Alternatives are available for plasticizers that are either
non-phthalate type or non-restricted phthalate based
plasticizers. There are also alternatives for PVC that do
not always require plasticizers. These alternative flexible
polymers include Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), Low
density polyethylene (LDPE), polyethylene (PE),
polypropylene (PP), polyurethanes, isobutyl rubber,
EPDM rubber and silicone rubber. In some cases these
materials could also be plasticized with phthalates or
other chemicals of concern so it is important for
manufacturers to work directly with chemical suppliers to
select the most appropriate alternatives.

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PHTHLATES-ALTERNATIVES WITH CAS NUMBER

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CHLOROBENZENE
Alternatives
Many of the chlorobenzene
compounds have been banned for
many
years.
For
pesticide
applications alternatives exist. Nonchlorinated dye carriers such as
aromatic esters and substituted
phenols also exist. These are
available from international textile
chemical suppliers.
Manufacturers should specifically
request non- chlorobenzene dye
carriers.

Use
Chlorobenzenes are mainly used as intermediates in the synthesis of other chemicals.
They are also used as dye carriers, deodorizers, fumigants, degreasers, insecticides,
herbicides, and defoliants.
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ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS

Alternatives
Alternatives are available to avoid
organotin compounds as heat
stabilizers, catalysts, preservatives
and biocides. As heat stabilizers,
mixed metals such as calcium/zinc
based stabilizers are available
although there are environmental,
health and safety concerns with
these chemicals as well. As catalysts,
there are bismuth and beryllium
products for urethanes or titanates
for polyester. The use of organotins
in anti-fouling paints has been
replaced by copper acrylates,
silylacrylates, and zinc acrylates.
Use
Organotin compounds have been commonly used in plastics as catalysts or heat stabilizers.
They are also used as biocides or preservatives in preparations and may also be present in
textiles, wood, and other materials for this purpose. Organotin compounds are also used as
pesticides
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SHORT CHAIN CHLORINATED PARAFINS

Alternatives
Nitroalkanes, alkyl phosphate and sulfonated fatty acid
esters and vegetable oil based products, are available for
specific applications. These non- chlorinated paraffin
alternatives are considered less harmful than chlorinated
parrafins. Natural animal and vegetable oils are
alternatives in the leather industry. In paint and coatings,
phthalate esters, polyacrylic esters, diisobutyrate as well
as phosphate and boron-containing compounds are
suggested as replacements. Phthalates esters are
alternatives for use in sealants. Alternatives as flame
retardant in rubber, textiles and PVC are antimony
trioxide, aluminium hydroxide, acrylic polymers and
phosphate containing. Many of these alternatives are
also regulated chemicals for certain applications and
while they may be considered less harmful there are still
environmental and human health concerns with many of
them.

Use
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are used as components of lubricants and coolants
in metal cutting and metal forming operations. They are also used as plasticizers
and flame retardants in plastics (especially PVC), rubbers, paints, adhesives, and coatings.
They are also used in leather fatliquoring which is the introduction of oils to a leather to
develop
the hand of the leather
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FORMALDEHYDE

Other Use
For years the textile industry has been using finishes
on fabric that prevents wrinkling usually a
formaldehyde resin. Fabrics are treated with ureaformaldehyde resins to give them all sorts of easy
care properties such as:
Permanent press / durable press
Anti-cling, anti-static, anti-wrinkle, and antishrink (especially shrink proof wool)
Waterproofing and stain resistance (especially
for suede and chamois)
Perspiration proof
Moth proof
Mildew resistant
Color-fast

Common Usage
Formaldehyde can be found in screen-print inks, and textile finishes, especially resins for
wrinkle resistance and anti-shrinking.
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FORMALDEHYDE----------ALTERNATIVES

Alternatives
Alternatives are available for resins, adhesives, binders and other textile or leather
auxiliaries which are low or no formaldehyde containing. Manufacturers should
contact their chemical suppliers to verify chemical components. Manufacturers
should also apply controls to protect workers using formaldehyde containing
products and prevent cross contamination of products within a facility.

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DIMETHYL FORMALDEHYDE

Alternatives
Alternatives to DMF are found
when substituting solvent based
inks and dyes by water based
systems. For specific technical
applications
or
quality
requirements, water based ink and
dyes might not be available.

Common Usage
DMF is primarily used as an industrial solvent to process polymer fibers2, films, and surface
coatings and to permit easy spinning of acrylic fibers . Other applications include varnishing,
surface coating, polyamide coating, absorbents, cleaners and extractants. In addition, DMF is
also used as a solvent in crop protection agents.
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HALOGENATED SOLVENTS

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HALOGENATED SOLVENTS-SPECIFIC USES

Alternatives
Alternatives
to
halogenated
solvents exist and selection
depends on end use. Nonhalogenated products for cleaning,
spot cleaning, textile processing,
screen printing, foam production
and
degreasing
should
be
requested from chemical suppliers.

Common Usage
Since halogenated solvents are a general class of chemicals they have a variety of different
properties and therefore end uses. Some of the more common uses include chemical
intermediate (including dyes and pesticides), industrial cleaning (processing equipment,
boilers, etc), spot cleaning, textile processing (scouring solvent, carrier solvent for
preparations
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