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6.1: STATEMENT
-
) or not a statement (
Exercise
4 x 12 x 48 x
).
Answer
2
642000 = 6.42 10 3
(2.56 10 4) 2
I good in mathematics
3.46 is an integer
7 + 91
Please try again
A parallelogram is a circle
1,3,4
0,1,2,3,4,5,
5 x 3x 4
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Example
1 > 31
81 is a perfect square
0.0002450 = 2.45 103
25 3 4
41 is a prime number
All hexagons have 6 sides
13 is a factor of 69
12 is multiple of 4
All sets have as its subset
0
What is the square root of 9?
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral.
Answer
False
True
False
False
True
True
False
True
True
False
Exercise
The root of x2 32 is x = 3
13 + 6 > 10 3
2 x 2 2 x ( 2 x 2) ( x )
Zero is smaller than 1
2,4,6,8
8 4 50 25 1 1
10,11 6,7,8,9,10,
(5 3) 2 = 2 6
x = 4 is a root of x2 5x + 4 = 0
Draw a graph of y = 3x3 2.
A heptagon has nine sides.
Mathematical Reasoning
56
Answer
all or some
6.2.1 a) Exercise:
Object and property
1 Acute angle ; less than 90o
2 Negative number; smaller than zero
3 Triangle ; right-angled triangles
4 Sets; as its subset
6.2.1 b) Exercise:
1
Factor of 6 ; factor of 3
6.2.2 Based on the information given, construct a false statement using the quantifier
all or some
6.2.2 a) Example:
Object and property
1 Null sets ; no elements
2 Parallel line ; the same length
3 Quadrilaterals ; two parallel sides
4 Odd number ; perfect square
6.2.2 b) Exercise:
1
Mathematical Reasoning
57
Statement
4 is a factor of 32
4 is not a factor of 32
Human being have legs
Human being have no legs
All triangles have a sum of interior angles of 180o
Not all triangles have a sum of interior angles of 180o
Rambutan have thorns
Rambutan have no thorns
12 + 32 is more than 32
12 + 32 is not more than 32
Fish has fins
Fish has no fins
Mammal is warm blooded
Mammal is not warm blooded
All perfect squares are integers
Not all perfect squares are integers
56 can be exactly divided by 6
56 can not be exactly divided by 6
122 is equal to 144
122 is not equal to 144
Truth
True
False
True
False
True
False
False
True
True
False
True
False
True
False
True
False
False
True
True
False
6.3.1 b) Exercise:
Change the truth of each of the following statements by using the word not or no
1
Statement
Some even numbers are divisible by 10
44 is a multiple of 11
Truth
2
100 2 is equal to 10
Mathematical Reasoning
58
Nucleus is an organelle
20 is equal to 2
10
6.3.2 : Forming a compound statement by combining two given statements using the word
and or or
Q
true
false
true
false
p and q
true
false
false
false
Q
true
false
true
false
p or q
true
true
true
false
6.3.2 a) Example:
Form a true statement for each of the two given statements.
(The first statement is p and the second statement is q)
Statements
p
q
Compound statement (true statement)
3
1
25 5 ; 125 5
25 5 and 3 125 5 @
2
3
a 1 a ; a 1 a
Mathematical Reasoning
25 5 or 3 125 5
a 1 a or a 1 a
59
a a, b ; a a, b
a a, b or a a, b
6 is a factor of 12 ;
6 is a factor of 18
3 5 > 12 ; 24 2 = 8
2 m = 200 cm ; 1 m = 100 cm
4
5
10 4 + 9 = 5 ; 2 > 32
4 < 2 and 8 0 = 1
4 + 9 = 5 or 2 > 32
6.3.2 b) Exercise:
Determine the truth of each of the following compound statement.
Statements
p
5 5 < 15 1 and 8 8 1
1
2
35
4 is a factor of 24 or 30
12 + 22 = 32 and 32 + 42 = 52
2 is equal to 20 or (2 1) 1
10
11
12
13
14
15
5%=
or 45 is a multiple of 10
1
1
1
and %
20
5
200
Mathematical Reasoning
60
Compound statement
False
6.4: Implication
Implication If p, then q where p is the antecedent and q is the consequent.
If a compound statement consisting of if and only if ,
we can write its two implications as If p, then q and If
(known as converse of an implication)
q, then p
6.4.a) Example:
Write two implications from each of the following compound statements.
Compound Statement
Implications
a) 5 + x = 5 if and only if x = 0
Implication 1 : If 5 + x = 5, then x = 0
Implication 2 : If x = 0, then 5 + x = 5
b) P Q P if and only if
Implication 1 : If P Q P , then Q P
Implication 2 : If Q P , then P Q P
c) x is a multiple of 4 if and
only if x is divisible by 4
Q P
d) y 3 3 if and only if y = 27
Implication 1 : If y 3 3 , then y = 27
1
Implication 1 : If x2 = 9, then x = 3
Implication 2 : If x = 3, then x2 = 9
6.4. b) Exercise
Write two implications from each of the following compound statements.
Compound Statement
a) 10 a = 1 if and only if a = 0
Answer
Implication 1 :
Implication 2 :
b) x3 = 64 if and only if x = 4
Implication 1 :
Implication 2 :
Implication 1 :
Implication 2 :
Mathematical Reasoning
61
d) x + 3 = 7 if and only if
x 8 = 18
Implication 1 :
Implication 2 :
e) A B
if and only if
A B A
Implication 1 :
Implication 2 :
f) y2 4y = 4 if and only if
y=2
Implication 1 :
Implication 2 :
Implication 1 :
Implication 1 :
Implication 2 :
Implication 2 :
i) 10 1 =
1
if and only if z =10
z
Implication 1 : If 10 1 =
Implication 2 :
j)
m 5
if and only if 52 = m
Implication 1 :
Implication 2 :
Mathematical Reasoning
62
1
, then z =10
z
6.5: Argument
Argument is the process in making a conclusion based on two given premises.
A premise is a given statement.
There are three simple types of arguments which can be used to make a conclusion.
Argument Type I
Premise 1:
All A are B
Premise 2:
C is A
Conclusion:
C is B
Argument Type II
Premise 1:
If p then q
Premise 2:
p is true
Conclusion:
q is true
Argument Type III
Premise 1:
If p then q
Premise 2:
Not q is true
Conclusion:
Not p is true
Example
Premise 1: If m < n, then m n < 0.
Premise 2 : m < n
Conclusion: m n < 0.
Exercise
Premise 1: If m > n then m n > 0.
Premise 2: m > n
Conclusion: .
Mathematical Reasoning
63
Conclusion : set B
Premise 1 : All factors of 12 are factors of 24
Conclusion:.
Premise 1: If 90o < < 180o, then is an
obtuse angle
Premise 2 : 4 is a factor of 12
Premise 2:
Conclusion : 4 is a factor of 24
Premise 2 : x3
Conclusion: x
7
Premise 1 : If x = - 3, then x3 = - 27
-27
Premise 2:
Premise 2 : 6p < 18
Conclusion : p < 3
Conclusion:
Mathematical Reasoning
64
180 .
o
180o = 720o
6.6 b) Exercise
Make a conclusion by deduction for each of the following cases.
1 It is compulsory for all form 5 students to sit for the SPM examination.
Ali sat for the SPM examination.
Conclusion: .
2
Mathematical Reasoning
65
Object D is a cuboid
Conclusion: ..
4
Given 1, 7, 17, 31
and 1 = 2(12) 1
7 = 2(22) 1
17 = 2(32) 1
31 = 2(42) 1,
...
General conclusion: 2n2 1 where n = 1, 2, 3, 4
Mathematical Reasoning
66
5 = 2(1)2 + 3
11 = 2(2)2 + 3
21 = 2(3)2 + 3
35 = 2(4)2 + 3 , .. make a general conclusion and find the 9th number
58 = 90 2 16
..
General conclusion
General conclusion
3
And 2 = 2 + 7(0)
9 = 2 + 7(1)
16 = 2 + 7(2)
23 = 2 + 7(3)
..
General conclusion :..
and 3 = 3(1)3
24 = 3(2)3
81 = 3(3)3
192 = 3(4)3
Mathematical Reasoning
67
9 > 6 and 42 = 8
ii : Complete the premise in the following argument.
Premise 1: If JKL is an equilateral triangle, then the value of its interior angle is 60 o
Premise 2: ______________________________________________________
Conclusion: The value of the interior angle of JKL is 60 o.
iii : Write down two implications based on the following sentence.
Answer:
i.
ii.
Premise 2:
.
iii.
Implication 1 : .
Implication II : .
5 is an even number
ii : Write down two implications based on the following sentence.
Mathematical Reasoning
68
i.
ii.
Implication 1 : .
Implication II :
34 = 12 or
5
= 1.25
4
x = 4 if and only if x3 = 64
Mathematical Reasoning
69
i) 15 ( 5) = 5
ii) 32 is a multiple of 8.
Answer:
a.) Conclusion:
b.) .
c.) ..
Answer:
a.)
b.) Conclusion:
c.). Implication 1 : .
Implication 2 : ....
Mathematical Reasoning
70
a)
Statement
5 2 10
Statement 2:
10 10 100
a) Statement
b) 52 = 10 or 10 x 10 = 100
c) Implication 1 : If y < x then -y > -x
Implication 2 : If -y > -x then y < x
Mathematical Reasoning
71
8 > 7 or 32 = 6
b) Write down two implications based on the following sentence
(5 marks)
Answer : a) True
b) Implication 1 : If m3 = 1000 then m = 10
Implication 2 : If m = 10 then m3 = 1000
c) PQRSTU is a hexagon
Year 2005 (July)
a) Determine whether the following sentence is a statement or non-statement.
2 m 2 5m 3 0
b) Write down the converse of the following implication, hence state whether the converse is true or false.
If x is an odd number then 2x is an even number.
a) Make a general conclusion by induction for a list of number 3, 17, 55, 129, which follows the following
pattern:
3 2(1) 3 1
17 2(2) 3 1
55 2(3) 3 1
129 2( 4) 3 1
(5 marks)
Mathematical Reasoning
72
4, 6, 8
(5 marks)
64 4
10 1
ABC is 60 0 .
: .
Premise 2
: 90 0 x 180 0.
Conclusion
: sin x 0 is positive.
Mathematical Reasoning
(5 marks)
73
(ii)
(b) State the converse of the following statement and hence determine whether its converse is true or false.
Mathematical Reasoning
[6 marks]
74
Mathematical Reasoning
75
Conclusion:
PQRS is not a cyclic quadrilateral.
[5 marks]
Make one conclusion by deduction on the size of the interior angle of a regular hexagon.
[5 marks]
Mathematical Reasoning
76
Answer
Chapter 6: Mathematical Reasoning
6.1.1
1.
1.True
2.
3.
2. True
4.
3. True
5.
6.
4. False
7.
5. True
8.
9.
6. True
10.
7. False
8. True
9. False
6.1.2
6.2. b
6.2.2 b
6.3.1 b)
1
2
3
4
5
Statement
Some even numbers are divisible by 10
Some even numbers are not divisible by 10
All factors of 7 are factors of 14
Not all factors of 7 are factors of 14
All trapeziums have a pair of parallel lines
Not all trapeziums have a pair of parallel lines
44 is a multiple of 11
44 is not a multiple of 11
3
Truth
True
False
True
False
True
False
True
False
False
True
2
100 2 is equal to 10
2
100 2 is not equal to 10
6
7
8
9
10
Mathematical Reasoning
Nucleus is an organelle
Nucleus is not an organelle
Plants have hair roots to absorb water and minerals
Plants have no hair roots to absorb water and minerals
10 and 120 are multiples of 10
10 and 120 are not multiples of 10
20 is equal to 2
20 is not equal to 2
All prime numbers are not divisible by 2
Not all prime numbers are not divisible by 2
77
True
False
True
False
True
False
False
True
False
True
10. True
6.3.2 b
p
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
True / False
False
False
True
False
True
False
True
False
True
True
True
True
False
True
False
6.4. b
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
Implication 1 : If 10 a = 1, then a = 0
Implication 2 : If a = 0, then 10 a = 1
Implication 1 : If x3 = 64, then x = 4
Implication 2 : If x = 4, then x3 = 64
Implication 1 : If Abu is punished, then he was late to school
Implication 2 : If Abu is late to school, then he will be punished
Implication 1 : If x + 3 = 7, then x 8 = 18
Implication 2 : If x 8 = 18, then x + 3 = 7
Implication 1 : If A B , then A B A
Implication 2 : If A B A , then A B
Implication 1 : If y2 4y = 4 then y = 2
Implication 2 : If y = 2, then y2 4y = 4
Implication 1 : If k is a perfect square, then k is an integer
Implication 2 : If k is an integer, then k is a perfect square
Implication 1 : If m is a negative number, then m3 is a negative number
Implication 2 : If m3 is a negative number, then m is a negative number
1
Implication 1 : If 10 1 = , then z =10
z
1
Implication 2 : If z =10, then 10 1 =
z
m 5 , then 52 = m
Implication 1 : If
Implication 2 : If 52 = m, then m 5
Mathematical Reasoning
78
6.5 b
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Premise 2 : 5 < 12
i.)Premise 1 : All negative numbers are smaller than zero
ii.)Premise 2 : 2340 is a multiple of 10
Premise 2 : MNOPQ is a pentagon
Conclusion : x + 5 10
Premise 2 : 90o < 100 0 < 180o
Conclusion : x 2,4,6,8
Premise 2 : KL = LM = KM
Conclusion : C is not a subset of D
6.6.1 b
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
General conclusion :
General conclusion :
General conclusion :
General conclusion :
General conclusion :
6.6.2 b
2 + 3(n)2 where n = 1,2,3,4,..
90 2(n)2 where n = 1,2,3,4,..
2 + 7(n), where n = 0,1,2,3,..
3(n)3 where n = 1,2,3,4,..
3 n 2, or 3(n) 2 , where n = 1,2,3,4,5,..
b) If x = 4, then x3 = 64
If x3 = 64, then x = 4
c) y 5
4. a) ABCDEF has 6 equal sides.
b) 4(n)2 7 where n = 2, 3, 4, 5,
c) 15 ( 5) = 5 or 32 is a multiple of 8.
Mathematical Reasoning
79
5. a)
3
3
0.75 and 5 < 2 @ 42 = 8 or 5 < 2 @ 42 = 8 or
0.75
4
4
b) a 6
c) If 3r > 6, then r > 2.
If r > 2 , then 3r > 6.
a) Statement
b) If 2x is an even number, the x is an odd number. (True)
c) 2n 3 1, where n = 1, 2, 3
Nov 2005
4.
a) i: False
ii: True
b) 6 is greater than zero.
c) If 3m > 15, then m > 5.
If m > 5, then m > 5.
June 2006
5.
a) (i) True
(ii) False
b) If
ABC is 60 0 , then
Mathematical Reasoning
80
ABC is 60
a) (i) Some
(ii) All
b) If
c) K L L
8. June 2007
a) True
b) ABCD has no two parallel sides
c) (n 2 ) x 1800
a
d) Implication 1 : If matrix
c
Implication 2 : If ad bc 0 then
c
has an inverse
9. Nov 2007
a) Some
b) 23 is not a multiple of 3
c) 3(2)n + n , n = 1, 2, 3,
d) Implication 1 : If p q > 0 then p > q
Implication 2 : If p > q then p q > 0
10. June 2008
a) True
b) Implication 1 : If
KLM is an isosceles triangle, then two angles in
KLM are equals.
Implication 2 : If two angles in
KLM are equals, then
KLM is an
isosceles triangle.
c) The sum of the interior opposite angles of PQRS is not equal to 1800.
11. Nov 2008
a) False
b) Implication 1 : If x3 = -64 then x = -4
Implication 2 : If x = -4 then x3 = -64
Mathematical Reasoning
81