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CHAPTER 2
W = 750 lb
Solution 2.5-3
WL
2Es As
S steel
a(T)L
Rigid
Bar
A aluminum
W 750 lb
d
As
s (T)L
1
in.
8
WL
a (T )L
2Es As
or
d2
0.012272 in.2
4
T
Es 30 106 psi
W
2Es As (a s )
EsAs 368,155 lb
T
s 6.5 106/F
185F
a 12 106/F
S
1
3
W
2
750 lb
(2)(368,155 lb)(5.5 10 6F)
2
W
2
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SECTION 2.5
107
Thermal Effects
12 mm diameter bolt
15 mm
15 mm
AB
d2B
where dB diameter of bolt
4
12 mm diameter bolt
R rod
B bolt
P tensile force in steel rod due to temperature drop
T
AR cross-sectional area of steel rod
From Eq. (2-17) of Example 2-7: P EAR(T)
Bolt is in double shear.
V shear force acting over one cross section of the
bolt
2tAB
EAR
AR
d2R
where dR diameter of steel rod
4
T
2td2B
Ed2R
dB 12 mm
12 106/C
T
dR 15 mm
E 200 GPa
T 24C
1
V P2 EAR(T)
2
average shear stress on cross section of the bolt
AB cross-sectional area of bolt
t
EAR (T)
V
AB
2AB
0
A
B
x
L
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TB
108
CHAPTER 2
Solution 2.5-5
TB
0
A
x3
dx
L3
elongation of bar
B
x
d
At distance x:
(T )
B
x3
3
L
dx
1
(TB )L
4
x3
T TB 3
L
BY THE AMOUNT
P
REMOVE THE SUPPORT AT END B OF THE BAR:
A
dx
EA 1
EA(TB )
L
4
sc
P E(TB )
A
4
Problem 2.5-6 A plastic bar ACB having two different solid circular cross
sections is held between rigid supports as shown in the figure. The diameters
in the left- and right-hand parts are 50 mm and 75 mm, respectively. The
corresponding lengths are 225 mm and 300 mm. Also, the modulus of elasticity
E is 6.0 GPa, and the coefficient of thermal expansion is 100 106/C. The
bar is subjected to a uniform temperature increase of 30C.
Calculate the following quantities: (a) the compressive force P in the bar;
(b) the maximum compressive stress c; and (c) the displacement C of point C.
Solution 2.5-6
75 mm
50 mm C
225 mm
300 mm
50 mm
225 mm
LEFT-HAND PART:
d2 75 mm
2
d (75 mm) 2 4417.9 mm2
4 2 4
d1 50 mm
A1 d21 (50 mm) 2
4
4
1963.5 mm2
L2 300 mm
A2
300 mm
100 106/C
E 6.0 GPa
L1 225 mm
RIGHT-HAND PART:
B
T 30C
A
L1
A1
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L2
A2
SECTION 2.5
109
P (T)(L1L2)
sc
1.5750 mm
P
51.78 kN
26.4 MPa
A1 1963.5 mm2
P shortening due to P
Thermal Effects
C Shortening of AC
PL1 PL2
EA1 EA2
C
PL1
(T )L1
EA1
0.9890 mm 0.6750 mm
C 0.314 mm
(P newtons)
Compatibility: T P
d1
Problem 2.5-7 A circular steel rod AB (diameter d1 1.0 in., length
A
L1 3.0 ft) has a bronze sleeve (outer diameter d2 1.25 in., length
L2 1.0 ft) shrunk onto it so that the two parts are securely bonded
(see figure).
Calculate the total elongation of the steel bar due to a temperature rise
T 500F. (Material properties are as follows: for steel, Es 30 106 psi
and s 6.5 106/F; for bronze, Eb 15 106 psi and b 11 106/F.)
Solution 2.5-7
d2
d1
L2
L1
b 11 106/F
L2
Es 30 106 psi
Eb 15 106 psi
L1
d1 1.0 in.
L2 12 in.
As
2
d 0.78540 in.2
4 1
d2 1.25 in.
2
(d d12) 0.44179 in.2
4 2
Ab
0.07800 in.
T 500F
L1 36 in.
d2
L2 12.0 in.
2 0.04493 in.
TOTAL ELONGATION
1 2 0.123 in.
(s Es As b Eb Ab )(T)L2
Es As Eb Ab
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110
CHAPTER 2
Problem 2.5-8 A brass sleeve S is fitted over a steel bolt B (see figure),
and the nut is tightened until it is just snug. The bolt has a diameter
dB 25 mm, and the sleeve has inside and outside diameters
d1 26 mm and d2 36 mm, respectively.
Calculate the temperature rise T that is required to produce a
compressive stress of 25 MPa in the sleeve. (Use material properties
as follows: for the sleeve, S 21 106/C and ES 100 GPa;
for the bolt, B 10 106/C and EB 200 GPa.)
(Suggestion: Use the results of Example 2-8.)
Solution 2.5-8
dB
Sleeve (S)
Bolt (B)
d2 36 mm
Steel Bolt
Brass Sleeve
(S B )(T)ES EB AB
(Compression)
ES AS EB AB
d1 26 mm
EB 200 GPa
S 21 106/C
B 10 106/C
AS
2
(d2 d21 ) (620 mm2 )
4
4
AB
(dB ) 2 (625 mm2 )
4
4
ES AS
1.496
EB AB
T
25 MPa (1.496)
(100 GPa)(11 10 6C)
T 34C
(Increase in temperature)
or
T
dB 25 mm
ES 100 GPa
1
EQUATION (2-20a):
T
d1
sS
d2
sS
ES AS
1
ES (S B )
EB AB
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Copper bar
Aluminum bar
Copper bar
SECTION 2.5
Solution 2.5-9
111
Thermal Effects
A
C
Pin
Diameter of pin: dP
Area of pin: AP
Copper
Aluminum
7
in. 0.4375 in.
16
2
d 0.15033 in.2
4 P
T 100F
Copper: Ec 18,000 ksi
c 9.5 106/F
a 13 106/F
Pc
2
Pa
Pc
2
V
2,250 lb
AP 0.15033 in.2
t 15.0 ksi
(a c )(T)Ec Ac
Ec Ac
1
Ea Aa
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dC
dB
B
2b
2b
D
b
P
112
CHAPTER 2
Solution 2.5-10
TC
RAH
2b
2b
RAV
TB force in cable B
dB 12 mm
TC force in cable C
E 140 GPa
EQUATION OF EQUILIBRIUM
2TB 4TC 5P
(Eq. 1)
DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM
B
TB 0.2494 P 3,480
(Eq. 7)
TC 1.1253 P 1,740
(Eq. 8)
2b
(Eq. 5)
AC 173 mm2
12 106/C
2TB AC TC AB E(T)AB AC
mm2
T 60C
or
or
dC 20 mm
TC L
2TB L
(T)L
2(T)L
EAC
EAB
2b
(Eq. 9)
PC 0.8887 TC 1,546
(Eq. 10)
ALLOWABLE LOADS
From Table 2-1:
B
COMPATIBILITY:
(TB)ULT 102,000 N
(TC)ULT 231,000 N
Factor of safety 5
C
C 2B
(Eq. 2)
(TB)allow 20,400 N
(TC)allow 46,200 N
95,700 N
DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
B
TB L
(T )L
EAB
(Eq. 3)
C
TC L
(T )L
EAC
(Eq. 4)
39,500 N
Cable C governs.
Pallow 39.5 kN
Problem 2.5-11 A rigid triangular frame is pivoted at C and held by two identical horizontal wires at points A and B (see figure). Each wire has axial rigidity
EA 120 k and coefficient of thermal expansion 12.5 106/F.
(a) If a vertical load P 500 lb acts at point D, what are the tensile forces
TA and TB in the wires at A and B, respectively?
(b) If, while the load P is acting, both wires have their temperatures raised
by 180F, what are the forces TA and TB?
(c) What further increase in temperature will cause the wire at B to become
slack?
A
b
B
b
D
P
2b
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SECTION 2.5
Thermal Effects
b
TB
B
b
D
A
TAL
(T)L
EA
(Eq. 8)
B
TBL
(T)L
EA
(Eq. 9)
2b
TAL
2TBL
(T)L
2(T)L
EA
EA
MC 0
P(2b) TA(2b) TB(b) 0
or
2TA TB 2P (Eq. 1)
A
A
b
B
B
b
A 2B
1
TA [4P EA(T ) ]
5
(Eq. 11)
2
TB [P EA(T ) ]
5
(Eq. 12)
EQUATION OF COMPATIBILITY
(Eq. 2)
EA 120,000 lb
12.5 106/F
1
TA (2000 lb 270 lb) 454 lb
5
(Eq. 3, 4)
2
TB (500 lb 270 lb) 92 lb
5
TA L 2TB L
EA
EA
or
or
TA 2TB
(Eq. 5)
4P
2P
TB
5
5
Numerical values:
(Eqs. 6, 7)
T
P
500 lb
EA (120,000 lb)(12.5 10 6F)
333.3F
Further increase in temperature:
T 333.3F 180F
P 500 lb
TA 400 lb
(Eq. 10)
DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM
A
TA 2TB EA(T)
or
153F
TB 200 lb
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113
114
CHAPTER 2
(a) What is the stress in the wire when the temperature drops
to 0C?
(b) At what temperature T will the stress in the wire become zero?
(Assume 14 106/C and E 200 GPa.)
Solution 2.5-12
Steel wire
106/C
1 2 0
T 20C
T
1 E(T) 0
s1
E
42 MPa
15C
(200 GPa)(14 10 6C)
0.008 in.
A
25 in.
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SECTION 2.5
Solution 2.5-13
S
115
L 25 in.
EeC
S 0.008 in.
L
T 50F (increase)
9.6
EC E
[(T)L S]
L
L
106/F
E 16 106 psi
sc
(T)L
16 106 psi
[ (9.6 10 6F)(50F)(25 in.)
25 in.
0.008 in.] 2,560 psi
2L
B
P
2L
COMPATIBILITY EQUATION
1 2 S
or
2PL RBL
S
3EA
EA
A
L length of bar
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION
S size of gap
RA
EA axial rigidity
RB
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
2L
(Eq. 1)
P RA RB
P
1
RB
2
1
P( 2L
3)
EA
2
RBL
EA
RA RB
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P 2RB
RB
P
2
116
CHAPTER 2
700 lb
B
b
b
80 in.
Solution 2.5-15
Elongation of wires:
B SB 2
(Eq. 2)
C SC
(Eq. 3)
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
L = 80 in.
B
P 700 lb
TC L
TBL
C
EA
EA
A 0.03 in.2
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
E 30106 psi
LB 79.98 in.
LC 79.95 in.
TCL
SC
EA
P = 700 lb
TC
(Eq. 6)
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION
TB
(Eqs. 4, 5)
Mpin 0
TB 2TC
b
Pin
2TB TC 3P
(Eq. 1)
(Eq. 8)
6P EASB 2EASC
5
5L
5L
TC
3P 2EASB 4EASC
5
5L
5L
DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM
SB 80 in. LB 0.02 in.
EASB 2EASC
L
L
(Eq. 7)
SB
2
SC
L = 80 in.
EA
2250 lbin.
5L
TB 840 lb 45 lb 225 lb 660 lb
TC 420 lb 90 lb 450 lb 780 lb
(Both forces are positive, which means tension, as
required for wires.)
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SECTION 2.5
Solution 2.5-16
S
s
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION
Steel plate
2P1 P2 P
P1
P2
(Eq. 1)
P1
COMPATIBILITY EQUATION
1 shortening of outer posts
2 shortening of inner post
s size of gap 1.0 mm
1 2 s
(Eq. 2)
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
A 40,000 mm2
1
allow 20 MPa
E 30 GPa
P1L
P2L
2
EA
EA
(Eqs. 3, 4)
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
C concrete post
L
2.0 m
15 MPa
Since this stress is less than the allowable stress, the
allowable force P will close the gap.
P1L P2L
EAs
sorP1 P2
EA
EA
L
(Eq. 5)
EAs
L
EAs
L
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117
118
CHAPTER 2
Problem 2.5-17 A copper tube is fitted around a steel bolt and the nut
is turned until it is just snug (see figure). What stresses s and c will be
produced in the steel and copper, respectively, if the bolt is now tightened
by a quarter turn of the nut?
The copper tube has length L 16 in. and cross-sectional area
Ac 0.6 in.2, and the steel bolt has cross-sectional area As 0.2 in.2 The
pitch of the threads of the bolt is p 52 mils (a mil is one-thousandth
of an inch). Also, the moduli of elasticity of the steel and copper are
Es 30 106 psi and Ec 16 106 psi, respectively.
Note: The pitch of the threads is the distance advanced by the nut
in one complete turn (see Eq. 2-22).
Solution 2.5-17
Copper tube
Steel bolt
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
c
Ps L
Pc L
s
Ec Ac
Es As
(Eq. 3, Eq. 4)
Steel bolt
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
L 16 in.
PsL
PcL
np
EcAc EsAs
1
n (See Eq. 2-22)
4
npEs As Ec Ac
L(Es As Ec Ac )
Es 30 106 psi
Ps Pc
Ec 16 106 psi
Ps Pc 3,000 lb
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION
Pc
STRESSES
Steel bolt:
Ps
ss
Ps tensile force in steel bolt
Pc Ps
Ps 3,000 lb
15 ksi (tension)
As
0.2 in.2
Copper tube:
sc
Pc 3,000 lb
Ac
0.6 in.2
5 ksi (compression)
COMPATIBILITY EQUATION
Ps Pc
np
(Eq. 5)
(Eq. 2)
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(Eq. 6)
SECTION 2.5
119
Steel
bolt
L 200 mm
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
P 1.0 mm
Es 200 GPa
As 36.0
mm2
Pp L
Ps L
p
Es As
Ep Ap
Pp L
Ps L
np
Es As Ep Ap
Ep 7.5 GPa
Ap 960 mm2
Pp
2npEs As Ep Ap
L(Ep Ap 2Es As )
Ps
Ps
sp
Pp
Ap
2 np Es As Ep
L(Ep Ap 2Es As )
Pp
sp
(Eq. 1)
2np N
2(1)(1.0 mm) N
L D
200 mm
D
25.0 MPa
COMPATIBILITY EQUATION
Ps
Pp
Ps
np
(Eq. 2)
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(Eq. 3, Eq. 4)
(Eq. 5)
120
CHAPTER 2
Problem 2.5-19 Solve the preceding problem if the data for the
assembly are as follows: length L 10 in., pitch of the bolt threads
p 0.058 in., modulus of elasticity for steel Es 30 106 psi,
modulus of elasticity for the plastic Ep 500 ksi, cross-sectional
area of one bolt As 0.06 in.2, and cross-sectional area of the
plastic cylinder Ap 1.5 in.2
Solution 2.5-19
L 10 in.
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
p 0.058 in.
Es 30 106 psi
As 0.06
in.2
Ep 500 ksi
Ap 1.5
Pp L
Ps L
p
Es As
Ep Ap
Pp L
Ps L
np
Es As Ep Ap
Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (5):
in.2
Pp
2 np Es As Ep Ap
L(Ep Ap 2Es As )
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION
sp
(Eq. 1)
Ps
Pp
Ap
2 np Es As Ep
L(Ep Ap 2Es As )
Ps
sP
Pp
COMPATIBILITY EQUATION
s elongation of steel bolt
p shortening of plastic cylinder
s p np
Ps
(Eq. 2)
Pp
Ps
np
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(Eq. 3, Eq. 4)
(Eq. 5)
SECTION 2.5
Q
(a)
Concrete
Q
(b)
(c)
Solution 2.5-20
Steel wires
Q
620 MPa
As
Concrete
Ac area of concrete
50 As
Ps
Es 12 Ec
Pc
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION
Ps Pc
(Eq. 1)
STRESSES
ss
sc
Ps L
Es As
3 shortening of concrete
Ps
As
s0
Es As
1
Ec Ac
s0
Pc
Ac Ac Es
As Ec
Pc L
Ec Ac
s0 L Ps L
Pc L
1 2 3or
(Eq. 2, Eq. 3)
Es
Es As Ec Ac
Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (3):
s0 As
Ps Pc
Es As
1
Ec Ac
121
Es
As
1
s0 620 MPa 12
Ec
Ac 50
ss
620 MPa
500 MPa (Tension)
12
1
50
sc
620 MPa
10 MPa (Compression)
50 12
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