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Can I borrow your pencil? sounds very urgent, youre going to give my pencil
Could I borrow your pencil? like a possibility
May I borrow your pencil? educated/polited
Do you mind. ? more polite than may, when you inconvenience someone with
my/your actions. In this case Im not really looking to disturb the person; I hope
Im not causing you too much trouble.
OBLIGATION
MUST (it is essential or necessary)
1)
HAVE TO its a rule that does not come from the speaker
1) Expressing an external obligation (positive sentences)
- You have to make an appointment to see him.
- She has failed her exam. She has to retake it.
2) Expressing a necessity or obligation in the past
- He was very ill. We had to call the doctor immediately.
- He was very busy. I had to make an appointment to see him.
3) Rules
- I have to wear a microphone.
- We have to cook the meals.
- She has to follow the rules in the castle.
DONT/DOESNT HAVE TO removes the necessity or the obligation in all tenses, its not
necessary to do it = dont need to=neednt
-
ABILITY
1) Express ability or lack of ability in the present
- I can see you at 3 P.M. tomorrow. Can you manage that?
- The cant dance.
- You can drive a car.