Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Tourism Management
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tourman
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Eilat Campus, Department of Hotel and Tourism Management, 162 Hatmarim Boulevar, Eilat 88000, Israel
Bournemouth University, School of Tourism, Poole BH12 5BB, UK
c
SeaStar Consultancy, United Arab Emirates
b
h i g h l i g h t s
The need for a non-forced measurement of perceived tourism impacts is highlighted.
Perceived impacts should be explored in line with the triple bottom line approach.
Perceived economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts exercise a positive effect on support.
Place image is central to the understanding of residents' perceived impacts and support.
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 30 January 2013
Accepted 27 May 2014
Available online 18 June 2014
Drawing on the triple bottom line approach for tourism impacts (economic, socio-cultural and environmental) and adopting a non-forced approach for measuring residents' perception of these impacts,
this study explores the role of residents' place image in shaping their support for tourism development.
The tested model proposes that residents' place image affects their perceptions of tourism impacts and in
turn their support for tourism development. The results stress the need for a more exible and residentoriented measurement of tourism impacts, revealing that more favorable perceptions of the economic,
socio-cultural and environmental impacts lead to greater support. Moreover, while residents' place
image has been largely neglected by tourism development studies, the ndings of this study reveal its
signicance in shaping residents' perception of tourism impacts as well as their level of support. The
practical implications of the ndings for tourism planning and development are also discussed.
2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Residents' place image
Destination image
Support for tourism development
Tourism impacts
Sustainable development
1. Introduction
Tourism development renders various economic, socio-cultural
and environmental changes on the host community's life, some
more benecial than others (Lee, 2013). Thus, the participation and
support of local residents is imperative for the sustainability of the
tourism industry at any destination (Gursoy, Chi, & Dyer, 2010).
Understanding the residents' perspective can facilitate policies
which minimize the potential negative impacts of tourism development and maximize its benets, leading to community development and greater support for tourism (Prayag, Hosany, Nunkoo,
& Alders, 2013). A rich body of literature investigates the relationships between residents' perceived impacts of tourism and
261
262
Table 1
Classication and measurement of perceived tourism impacts.
Approach
Classication and
measurement of impacts
Costsebenets
Domain related
costsebenets
Non-forced
263
264
Perceived economic
impacts
H5+
Residents
place image
H6+
Perceived socio-cultural
impacts
H7+
Perceived environmental
impacts
265
H1+
H2+
Support for
tourism
development
H3+
H4+
Fig. 1. The proposed theoretical model.
residents. To address these gaps, the proposed model (Fig. 1) suggests that residents' place image inuences their perception of the
economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts of tourism,
which in turn affect their level of support for tourism development.
It is suggested that residents' place image also has a direct effect on
the ultimate dependent variable: residents' support for tourism
development. In doing so, this study also provides a more
comprehensive measurement of residents' place image.
3. Research methods
3.1. Study location
Kavala (Greece) was chosen as the focus of this study. This was
due to the fact that while an effective management of residents'
perception of tourism impacts and solicitation of their support are
imperative in the early stages of development, there is a lack of
research on urban destinations in the early development stage
(Vargas-S
anchez et al., 2009). Kavala (population 55,325) has a rich
history that dates back to the 7th century B.C. It is considered as the
starting point of Christianity in Europe as this is where the rst
Christian European was baptized (Lydia). Moreover, the ruins of the
ancient city and the theatre of Philippi constitute important national and international heritage monuments. The local economy is
based mainly on the extraction and export of natural resources (e.g.,
oil, shing, marble, agriculture) and more recently, a growing
tourism industry (Chionis, 2005). Tourist nights reached 242,325 in
2010, with the main markets being UK, Germany and Bulgaria
(Hellenic Statistical Authority, 2012). The city offers various tourism
activities, from beaches and thermal baths to cultural festivals,
World Heritage Sites and religious tourism. Future development
plans involve the conservation of the old town district, and the
building of a new marine and a beach resort.
3.2. Sampling and data collection
The target population consisted of permanent residents of
Kavala (residing for more than one year) who are 18 years old or
older. A sample size of at least 300 respondents was targeted in line
with the requirements of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM),
which is the main data analysis technique in this study (Hair, Black,
Babin, & Anderson, 2010; Kline, 2010). To achieve this sample size, a
multi-stage sampling strategy was applied. First, street names were
clustered geographically according to their postcodes (based on a
list available at the Greek Post Ofce), as each postcode represents
one of the ve districts of the city. Stratied random sampling was
used to achieve a balanced representation of residents across the
ve districts (Graziano & Raulin, 2004). Second, within each district, streets were randomly sampled using the street directory.
Based on house numbers, households were then randomly
approached and invited to take part in the study. Whilst this procedure is helpful in achieving a representative sample
(Selvanathan, Selvanathan, Keller, Warrack, & Bartel, 1994), nonresponse bias may limit the generalizability of the ndings (Dyer
et al., 2007; Nunkoo & Ramkissoon, 2012).
Data were collected during OctobereNovember 2009 using a
structured self-administered questionnaire that was handdelivered by one of the authors to 650 households. The interviewer provided a brief explanation of the study to the person
answering the door and invited them to participate in the study (if
the person answering the door was below 18, the interviewer asked
for an adult). If they were willing to participate, the interviewer
waited on-site for the respondent to complete the questionnaire
(10e15 min). This method, as opposed to drop off/pick up method,
has the potential to achieve higher response rate (Czaja & Blair,
2005). To minimize possible bias due to interviewereparticipant
interaction, it was communicated to participants that their
partaking is voluntary and anonymous and they were encouraged
to state their own personal opinion as truthfully as possible
(Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Lee, & Podsakoff, 2003). Only one person in
each household was invited to participate, as people from the same
household often hold similar views (Andriotis, 2005). The response
rate was 77% (500 households out of the 650 approached, agreed to
participate), and 481 completed questionnaires were retained and
used for subsequent data analysis.
3.3. Questionnaire development
The questionnaire comprised three main sections (Appendix A).
The rst section aimed to measure residents' place image by asking
participants to indicate whether Kavala possessed certain attributes,
using a Likert-type scale (1 strongly disagree to 5 strongly agree).
The attributes items were derived from past studies on residents'
destination image (Henkel et al., 2006; Schroeder, 1996; SternquistWitter, 1985) as well as the broader literature of destination image
(Baloglu & McCleary,1999; Beerli & Martin, 2004; Chen & Tsai, 2007;
Echtner & Ritchie, 2003; Gallarza et al., 2002). Attention was also
given to attributes used in place and city image literature (Carrillo,
2004; Hankinson, 2004; Merrilees et al., 2009; Santos, Martins, &
Brito, 2007). The selection of attributes was based on several general guidelines. First, given the variety of attributes available in the
literature, attention was given to universal attributes (e.g., public
services, safety), excluding attributes which may not be suitable to
the context of Kavala or the residents' perspective (such as
266
Sample (n 481)
Gender
Male
Female
Age group
18e24
25e34
35e44
45e54
55e64
65 and Above
Length of
residency (years)
1e9
10e19
20 and More
a
b
c
d
Male
Female
15e24
25e34
35e44
45e54
55e64
65 and Above
48%
52%
16.9%
17.8%
17.3%
15.7%
12.9%
20.0%
NAb
267
Table 3
Exploratory factor analysis of residents' place image.
Factors/items
F1 Community
services
Good job
opportunities
Effective
public services
Effective local
government
Good public
transportation
system
Cronbach's Overall
Factor Eigenvalue % Of
mean
loading
variance alpha
explained
31.00
0.73
2.69
1.77
12.63
0.74
3.84
1.23
8.77
0.68
3.46
1.07
7.66
0.67
2.96
0.77
0.73
0.68
0.64
F2 Physical appearance
Attractive scenery
Pleasant weather
Interesting
historic sites
Nice architecture
0.67
F3 Social environment
Safe place to live
Friendly locals
Clean
0.85
0.69
0.67
F4 Entertainment services
Good restaurants
Good nightlife/
entertainment
Good place
for shopping
4.34
0.80
0.75
0.72
0.82
0.74
0.62
268
Table 4
The measurement model.
Constructs/indicators
tValue
0.71
0.63
0.62
0.55
15.38*
13.52*
13.24*
11.55*
Economic impacts
Standard of living
Number of jobs
Infrastructure
Revenue in the economy
Price of land/housing
0.81
0.79
0.79
0.77
0.55
20.82*
19.90*
20.19*
19.42*
12.59*
0.79
0.74
0.72
19.57*
17.74*
17.29*
Constructs
0.59
13.16*
0.93
0.80
0.72
0.56
25.18*
20.49*
17.46*
12.81*
Residents'
place image
Perceived economic
impacts
Perceived
socio-cultural
impacts
Perceived
environmental
impacts
Support for tourism
Socio-cultural impacts
Availability of recreational facilities
Cultural activities/entertainment
Opportunity to meet people from
other cultures
Community spirit
Environmental impacts
Crowding
Trafc congestions
Noise levels
Environmental pollution
Support for tourism development
Public nance for tourism promotion
Further tourism development
Increase in the number of tourists
*p < 0 0.001.
Construct
reliability
AVE
0.73
0.41
0.87
0.57
Item
loadings
Table 5
Correlation matrix.
0.81
0.85
0.92
0.91
0.90
0.88
25.58*
25.44*
24.20*
0.52
0.59
0.81
a
b
Support
Residents' Perceived Perceived Perceived
environmental for
economic socioplace
tourism
impacts
cultural
impacts
image
impacts
0.41a
0.22b
0.57
0.24
0.50
0.52
0.04
0.01
0.02
0.59
0.40
0.44
0.44
0.07
0.81
H2:
H3:
H4:
H5:
H6:
H7:
Perceived
economic
impacts
Perceived
socio-cultural
impacts
Perceived
environmental
impacts
Residents'
place image
Residents'
place image
Residents'
place image
Residents'
place image
Stand.
estimates
t-Values
0.29
5.06*
0.22
3.60*
0.14
3.80*
0.37
5.40*
0.61
10.11*
0.64
10.08*
0.19
3.56*
/
/
/
*p < 0 0.001.
269
270
Kavala
271
1. Has an attractive
scenery
2. Has pleasant weather
3. Has nice architecture/
buildings
4. Has interesting historic
sites
5. Has an effective local
government
6. Has effective public
services (e.g. Fire, etc.)
7. Offers good job
opportunities
8. Has a good public
transportation system
9. Has good
restaurants/food
10. Has good nightlife/
entertainment
11. Is a good place to
do shopping
12. Is inhabited by
friendly locals
13. Is a safe place to live
14. Is clean
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
Impact of tourism on
15. Number of jobs
16. Standard of living
17. Revenue generated
in the local economy
18. Infrastructure
19. Price of land and housing
20. Cultural activities/
entertainment
21. Availability of recreational
facilities
22. Opportunity to meet
people from other cultures
23. Community spirit among
local residents
24. Quality of public services
(police, re, etc.)
25. Crime level
26. Environmental pollution
27. Noise level
28. Size of crowds
29. Level of trafc congestion
Strong
Negative No
Positive Strong
negative
impact
positive
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
272
References
Appendix B. Descriptive statistics
Mean Std.
Skewness Kurtosis
deviation
Residents' place image
Attractive scenery
Pleasant weather
Safe place to live
Interesting historic sites
Good restaurants/food
Clean
Nice architecture
Effective public services
(re, police, etc.)
Friendly locals
Good public transportation system
Good place for shopping
Effective local government
Good nightlife/entertainment
Good job opportunities
3.29
4.46
3.95
3.85
3.57
3.59
3.55
3.40
3.08
0.80
1.04
0.98
1.07
1.04
1.05
1.13
1.07
1.67
0.89
0.78
0.50
0.60
0.47
0.43
0.18
2.80
0.23
0.41
0.24
0.08
0.29
0.48
0.42
2.97
2.86
2.74
2.64
2.56
2.17
1.22
1.27
1.25
1.07
1.23
1.10
0.15
0.03
0.15
0.06
0.28
0.49
0.91
1.03
0.97
0.68
0.97
0.76
Economic impacts
Revenue generated in the
local economy my
Standard of living
Number of jobs
Infrastructure
Price of land/housing
3.40
3.73
1.03
0.59
0.25
3.60
3.51
3.51
2.67
0.94
1.12
1.09
1.13
0.44
0.40
0.53
0.37
0.23
0.65
0.39
0.66
Socio-cultural impacts
Opportunity to meet people
from other cultures
Cultural actives/entertainment
Availability of recreational facilities
Quality of public services (re, police)
Community spirit
Crime level
3.41
3.74
1.09
0.83
0.23
3.51
3.42
3.24
3.12
2.81
1.17
1.10
1.01
1.03
0.94
0.63
0.45
0.41
0.18
0.09
0.41
0.51
0.04
0.25
0.24
Environmental impacts
Noise levels
Environmental pollution
Crowding
Trafc congestions
2.63
2.82
2.61
2.61
2.48
0.94
1.00
1.05
1.17
0.02
0.40
0.32
0.51
0.16
0.19
0.48
0.53
3.92
4.04
3.91
3.83
1.13
1.24
1.27
1.04
0.86
0.79
0.19
0.38
0.52
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Dimitrios Stylidis, PhD is a Postdoc Researcher at BenGurion University of the Negev, Eilat Campus, Israel. His current research interests include place image, tourism impacts
and residents' attitudes toward tourism development.
Edith M Szivas, PhD is an international tourism development consultant and Director of SeaStar Consultancy, UAE.
Prior to this, she was Director of PhD Program and Program Leader of Tourism MSc Programs, University of Surrey, UK and Director of Research and Consultancy, The
Emirates Academy of Hospitality Management, Dubai.