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3D viewing.
Inherently more complex than 2D case.
Extra dimension (!)
Many display devices are only 2D.
Taxonomy of Projections
Projections.
Transforms points in a coordinate system
of dimension n into points in one of less
than n.
The projection is defined by straight lines
called projectors.
Projectors emanate from a centre of
projection, pass through every point in the
object and intersect a projection surface
to form the 2D projection.
Projections.
In graphics we only deal with planar
projections where the projection surface
is a plane.
Most cameras employ a planar film plane.
But the retina is not a plane.
Projections.
Henceforth refer to planar geometric
projections as just: projections.
Two classes of projections :
Perspective.
Parallel.
A
A
A
Centre of
Projection.
B
B
Perspective
B
B
Parallel
Centre of
Projection
at infinity
Perspective projections.
Defined by projection plane and centre of projection.
Visual effect is termed perspective foreshortening.
The size of the projection of an object varies inversely
with distance from the centre of projection.
Similar to a camera - Looks realistic !
Not useful for metric information.
Parallel lines do not in general project as parallel.
Angles only preserved on faces parallel to the projection
plane.
Distances not preserved.
Perspective
Perspective projections.
A set of lines not parallel
to the projection plane
converge at a vanishing
point.
Can be thought of in 3D as
the projection of a point at
infinity.
Homogeneous coordinate
is 0 (x,y,0)
Perspective projections.
Lines parallel to a principal axis converge at an axis vanishing
point.
Perspective categorized according to the number of such points.
Corresponds to the number of axis cut by the projection plane.
y
y
x
z
Perspective projections.
Lines parallel to a principal axis converge at an
axis vanishing point.
Categorized according to the number of such points
Corresponds to the number of axes cut by the
projection plane.
y
y
x
z
z
x
Projection plane
1-point projection.
1-point perspective.
2-point perspective.
y
Projection plane
2-point perspective.
Painting in two point
perspective by Edward
Hopper
The Mansard Roof
1923 (240 Kb);
Watercolor on paper, 13
3/4 x 19 inches;
The Brooklyn Museum,
New York
3-point perspective.
Adds little beyond 2-point perspective.
A painting (City
Night, 1926) by
Georgia O'Keefe, that
is approximately in
three-point
perspective.
y
z
Projection plane