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Projections

3D viewing.
Inherently more complex than 2D case.
Extra dimension (!)
Many display devices are only 2D.

Need to use a projection to transform


3D object or scene to 2D display device.
Need to clip against a 3D view volume.
Six planes.
View volume probably truncated pyramid.

Taxonomy of Projections

Projections.
Transforms points in a coordinate system
of dimension n into points in one of less
than n.
The projection is defined by straight lines
called projectors.
Projectors emanate from a centre of
projection, pass through every point in the
object and intersect a projection surface
to form the 2D projection.

Projections.
In graphics we only deal with planar
projections where the projection surface
is a plane.
Most cameras employ a planar film plane.
But the retina is not a plane.

Only deal with geometric projections the


projectors are straight lines.
Many projections used in cartography are
either non-geometric or non-planar.

Exception Image-based rendering.

Projections.
Henceforth refer to planar geometric
projections as just: projections.
Two classes of projections :
Perspective.
Parallel.

A
A

A
Centre of
Projection.

B
B

Perspective

B
B

Parallel

Centre of
Projection
at infinity

Perspective projections.
Defined by projection plane and centre of projection.
Visual effect is termed perspective foreshortening.
The size of the projection of an object varies inversely
with distance from the centre of projection.
Similar to a camera - Looks realistic !
Not useful for metric information.
Parallel lines do not in general project as parallel.
Angles only preserved on faces parallel to the projection
plane.
Distances not preserved.

Perspective

The first ever painting


(Trinity with the Virgin,
St. John and Donors)
done in perspective by
Masaccio, in 1427.

Perspective projections.
A set of lines not parallel
to the projection plane
converge at a vanishing
point.
Can be thought of in 3D as
the projection of a point at
infinity.
Homogeneous coordinate
is 0 (x,y,0)

Perspective projections.
Lines parallel to a principal axis converge at an axis vanishing
point.
Perspective categorized according to the number of such points.
Corresponds to the number of axis cut by the projection plane.

y
y

x
z

Perspective projections.
Lines parallel to a principal axis converge at an
axis vanishing point.
Categorized according to the number of such points
Corresponds to the number of axes cut by the
projection plane.
y
y

x
z
z

x
Projection plane

1-point projection.

Projection plane cuts 1 axis only.

1-point perspective.

A painting (The Piazza


of St. Mark, Venice)
done by Canaletto in
1735-45 in one-point
perspective.

2-point perspective.
y

Projection plane

2-point perspective.
Painting in two point
perspective by Edward
Hopper
The Mansard Roof
1923 (240 Kb);
Watercolor on paper, 13
3/4 x 19 inches;
The Brooklyn Museum,
New York

3-point perspective.
Adds little beyond 2-point perspective.
A painting (City
Night, 1926) by
Georgia O'Keefe, that
is approximately in
three-point
perspective.

y
z

Projection plane

Center of projection is at infinity


Direction of projection (DOP) same for all points

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