Mollah, Karmakar and FU, Uniform Circular Photonic Bandgap Structures (PBGSs) for harmonic Suppression of a

Bandpass Filter

Uniform Circular Photonic Bandgap Structures (PBGSs) for Harmonic

Suppression of a Bandpass Filter
Md. Nurunnabi.Mollah, Fellow, IEB, Student member IEEE, Nemai C Karmakar, Senior Member,
IEEE and Jeffrey S. Fu Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract Conventional 2-D uniform hole patterned photonic

bandgap structures (PBGSs) have been replaced by 1-D uniform
circular PBGSs as they provide very similar performances. This
concept is utilized to investigate the effectiveness in harmonic
suppression. They have been applied in harmonic suppression of an
asymmetric coupled line bandpass filter (BPF). It can be seen that the
proposed 1-D uniform circular PBGSs under the lines of a BPF yield
better performances than other different designs such as conventional
2-D uniform PBGSs and dense PBG elements including few more
designs. Such designs are more compact than available designs
reported in the open literature.
Index Terms-- Compact, Harmonic suppression, Insertion loss,
Photonic Bandgap structures, Stopband,

I. INTRODUCTION

IN

the new millennium, the explosions of infocommunication technologies have brought many new
broadband design challenges. To meet the challenge,
designers require fulfilling more functionality per unit
volume. For multi-channel/broadband operations more than
one octave bandwidth from active and passive devices are
demanded. Achieving such broad bandwidth from
conventional MMIC integrated circuits is not a trivial task.
Challenges also are to tackle the second and third order intermodulation products of active devices and higher order
harmonics in passive devices such as filters. Mitigating these
undesirable inherent characteristics of active and passive
devices is the big challenge for broadband designs. Other
challenges are the surface wave suppression in planar circuits
such as amplifiers, oscillators and microstrip patch antennas.
Surface waves propagating in high dielectric constant slabs
carry substantial energy in unwanted directions and create
unnecessary coupling between devices and reduce radiation
efficiency in antennas. Planar PBGSs can alleviate these

Manuscript resubmitted on February 14, 2005. This work is supported in

fully by Communication Research Lab, School of EEE, Nanyang
Technological University (NTU), Singapore and financially supported by
AcRF of this university.
Md. Nurunnabi Mollah is with the Khulna University of Engineering
Technology (KUET), Khulna-9203, Bangladesh. He is now with the
Communication Research Lab, School of EEE, and NTU, Singapore 639798
as a Full-time Ph.D student (e-mail: pk462796@ntu.edu.sg).
Nemai Chandra Karmakar was with the School of EEE, 50 Nanyang
Avenue, Singapore 639798. Presently he is with the Monash University,
Victoria, Australia-3800
Jeffrey S Fu is with the School of EEE, Nanyang Technological
University (NTU), Singapore -639798

problems by suppressing higher order modes and surface

waves [1]-[2]. Electromagnetic (EM) waves behave in
photonic substrates as electrons behave in semiconductors.
Under this consideration, they are also termed as
electromagnetic bandgap structure (EBGS). They exhibit wide
band-pass and band-rejection properties at microwave and
millimeter-wave frequencies and have offered tremendous
applications in active and passive devices. While various
configurations have been proposed in literature, only the
planar etched PBG configurations are attracted much interest
due to their ease of fabrication and integration with other
circuits. Due to stopband - passband properties of PBG
structures, they find potential applications in filter, antennas,
waveguide, phased arrays and many other microwave devices
and components [3]-[18].
Conventional PBGSs are 2-D
periodic structures that satisfy Braggs condition; the inter-cell
separation (period) is close to a half guided wavelength and
they are not suitable for higher order implementations in
compact filters and amplifiers. To alleviate the problems F-R
Yang et al. [19] proposed a compact uniplanar PBG structure
(UC-PBGS). Some results are produced on the suppression of
higher order harmonics in UC-PBG engineered bandpass filter
(BPF). UC-UPBGSs are 2-D in nature and occupy more space
in the ground plane of a conventional BPF. Though they are
compact in producing stopband when they are used under the
standard 50-ohm transmission line yet they are also more
complex in design aspects.
In this paper we propose uniform circular PBGSs to be etched
in the ground plane of a coupled line BPF to suppress
harmonics. To see the effective role of 1-D uniform circular
PBGSs in generating stopband compared to conventional 2-D
uniform circular PBGSs, we have produced their S-parameters
performances. We have investigated few designs with uniform
circular PBGSs for harmonic suppression of a BPF. The
designs differ from each other by the location of uniform
circular PBGSs and number of PBG elements in the ground
plane. We expect that when PBG elements are situated exactly
under all lines of a BPF then they effectively suppress the
harmonic owing to the fact that the EM field is highly
concentrated under the microstrip line. Our proposed design is
fabricated and measured with vector network analyzer. The
performance of an optimized BPF is also reported.

Mollah, Karmakar and FU, Uniform Circular Photonic Bandgap Structures (PBGSs) for harmonic Suppression of a
Bandpass Filter

II. THEORY
The center frequency of the stopband of a PBGS that satisfies
Braggs condition is calculated approximately with the
following expression:
a =
...(1)
Where a is the period of the PBG pattern,
is the wave number in the dielectric slab.

is defined as
2f
= 0 e
c

(2)

Where f0 is the stopband center frequency

e is the effective relative permittivity of the dielectric slab

and c is the speed of light in free space.

Using the above expression, the period for any stopband

frequency can be determined. The fundamental frequency of
the standard BPF is at 7.5 GHz. So we designed UPBGSs to
suppress the signal propagating around 15 GHz.
The closed form expression of the equivalent circuit and the
dimension can be extracted from the standard microstrip line
filter synthesis [20]. Numerical validity of the performance of
the PBG engineered structures can be achieved with
immitance approach [21]. The PBG engineered structures can
be modeled as or T-networks. The equivalent circuit
parameters can be extracted via ABCD parameters as the
ABCD parameters are related with the series impedance and
shunt admittance of the or T-networks as the following
manner.
Z1 = (A-1)/C
Z2 = (D-1)/C
Z3 = 1/C
Y1 = (D-1)/B
Y2 = (A-1)/B
Y3 = 1/B

. (3)
. (4)
. (5)
. (6)
. (7)
. (8)

The S-parameters can be found from the simulated or

measured performances. The S-parameters can also be
numerically calculated via full wave analysis as return and
insertion loss can be explained as the ratio of scattered field to
incident field.

In the work the initial values are calculated based on the

theory and the design is optimized with method of moment
based commercially available software Zeland IE3D.
III. DESIGNS
We have designed a conventional 3 row circular patterned
PBGSs to be etched under the standard 50 ohm transmission
line. Then we have designed 1-D uniform circular patterned
PBGSs to be etched under the same line. We have used
Taconic substrate with dieclectric constant of 10 and height
of 25 mils. We are implementing uniform circular PBGSs to
form different models. Finally we implemented circular
patterned 1-D uniform circular PBGSs under all the lines of an
asymetric coupled line BPF.
A. Microstrip line with uniform circular PBGSs
The 50-ohm line over conventional 3 rows uniform circular
PBGSs is shown in Fig. 1. This is infact 2-D uniform circular
PBGSs as stated [22]. Total number of PBG elements are 27.
Circular
PBGSs in the
GND plane

Substrate

a
50-Ohm
T-line

a
a

Fig. 1: Geometry of a standard 50-ohm transmission line over 3 rows (2-D) of

uniform circular PBGSs.

We have also designed a 1-D uniform circular PBGSs under

50-ohm transmission line. The geometry of circular patterned
1-D PBGSs is shown in Fig. 2. It can be seen that in this
design we have only used 9 PBG elements that are one-third
of first design.
1-D PBG Elements in
the GND plane

Microstrip transmission line

The S-parameters and ABCD constants are related as the

following manner.
A = ((1+S11) (1-S22) + S12S21)/2S21
B = Z0 ((1+S11) (1+S22) - S12S21)/2S21
C = (1/Z0) (1-S11) (1+S22) - S12S21)/2S21
D = ((1-S11) (1+S22) + S12S21)/2S21

. (9)
(10)
..................... (11)
...................... (12)

Equations (3)-(12) are very useful to extract the equivalent

circuit parameter of any PBG engineered structures simulated
by EM software.

Fig. 2: Geometry of circular patterned 1-D uniform circular PBGSs under 50ohm transmission line.

B. BPF on uniform circular PBGSs

Here we will discuss few designs of asymetric coupled line
BPF over uniform circular PBGSs. The designs are mentioned
below.

Mollah, Karmakar and FU, Uniform Circular Photonic Bandgap Structures (PBGSs) for harmonic Suppression of a
Bandpass Filter

BPF on 2-D uniform circular PBGSs

Coupled
lines

In this design the PBGSs are etched in the ground plane

having their periodicity in X-and Y-directions that forms
square patterned lattice structure. The geometry is shown in
Fig. 3. Here PBG elements form square lattice.
PBGs with uniform
distribution

PBGS with uniform

distribution

D0

W50

Coupled
line
D0
Ground plane

Fig. 5: Geometry of BPF with UPBGSs under three lines.

W50

Ground plane

Fig. 3: Geometry of a BPF having the perturbed ground plane with 2-D
uniform circular PBGSs.

BPF with dense 2-D uniform circular PBGSs

2-D array of uniform circular PBGSs are situated beneath all
the lines of BPF including outside of the line having
rectangular lattice structures. They are denser than the design
shown in Fig. 4. The Braggs condition is applied in Xdirection. The geometry of such design is shown in Fig. 4.
PBGS with uniform
distribution

BPF with uniform circular PBGSs under two

extreme 50 ohm lines
PBG elements are located under the two 50-ohm lines as they
are feed line thinking over the suppression in the main 50
ohm line. All the coupled lines are not loaded by any PBG
elements. The geometry is shown in Fig. 6.
Coupled
lines
PBGS with uniform
distribution

D0

W50

Coupled
lines

Ground plane

D0

Fig. 6: Geometry of a BPF with uniform circular PBGSs under two extreme
50-ohm lines
W50

Ground plane

BPF with uniform circular PBGSs under all lines

PBGs are just under all the microstrip line of BPF thinking
over the idea that the field is confined below all the lines.
Beyond the lines there are no PBG elements. The geometry is
shown in Fig. 7.

Fig. 4: Geometry of a BPF having the perturbed ground plane with 2-D dense
uniform circular PBGSs

Coupled
lines
PBGS with uniform
distribution

BPF with uniform circular PBGSs under three

lines
In this case uniform circular PBGSs are located under two 50ohm lines including central coupled line. The rest two coupled
lines remain with unperturbed ground plane. There are no
PBG elements under these coupled lines. The geometry of this
design is shown in Fig. 5.

D0

W50

Ground plane

Fig. 7: Geometry of a BPF with uniform circular PBGSs under all coupled
lines including two extreme 50-ohm transmission lines.

Mollah, Karmakar and FU, Uniform Circular Photonic Bandgap Structures (PBGSs) for harmonic Suppression of a
Bandpass Filter
IV. RESULTS

A. Microstrip line with UPBGSs

0
-10
-20

S-parameters (dB)

We have simulated all the designs by method of moment

(MOM) based EM software Zeland IE3D. We have mainly
investigated the S-parameter performances of standard
microstrip line over 3 and 1 line uniform circular PBGSs. Our
first target is to compare the S-parameters performances of 3
rows (2-D) and 1-D uniform circular PBGSs. If the
performances are identical then we will propose 1-D uniform
circular PBGSs instead of 2-D PBGSs for harmonic
suppression.

-20

-50
-60
-70

S21_3 row

-70

S11_1 row

-80

S21_ 1 row

4
6
8 10 12 14 16
Frequency (GHz)

Fig. 8: S-parameters performances of a standard 50-ohm microstrip

transmission line having 2-D and 1-D PBG elements in the ground plane.
Substrate is Taconic having r =10 and h =25 mils.

Performances of BPF

Performance of reference BPF

We reproduce the performance of standard asymmetric
coupled line BPF. The theoretical performance of a reference
BPF is shown in Fig. 9. The presence of spurious transmission
around 15 GHz is obvious in case of a reference BPF. At this
frequency maximum value of return loss (RL) is found to be
9 dB and the transmission co-efficient is found to be 2.5 dB.
At 7.5 GHz, which is also fundamental frequency, the
maximum value of RL is 22.5 dB. For harmonic suppression
we applied 2-D uniform circular PBG elements in the ground
plane of a reference BPF.

10
15
20
Frequency (GHz)

25

Performance of BPF on 2-D uniform circular

PBGSs
The harmonic is suppressed due to application of 2-D uniform
circular PBGSs as shown in Fig. 10.
0
-20

-60

Fig. 9: Theoretical S-parameters performances of a standard coupled line

BPF.

-40
S11_ 3 row

S21

-110

-10

-50

S11

-80

-30

-90

B.

-40

-100

S-parameters (dB)

S-parameters (dB)

-10

-30

-90

The S-parameters performances of a standard microstrip

transmission line having 3 rows (2-D) and 1 row (1-D) of
PBG elements in the ground plane are shown in Fig. 8.
It can be seen from Fig. 8 that 2-D and 1-D PBG elements
provide very identical performances. Both the designs stem
stopband that are suitable for harmonic suppression.

-30
-40
-50
-60
-70

S11

-80

S21

-90
-100
0

10
15
20
Frequency (GHz)

25

Fig. 10: IE3D simulated S-parameters performances of a standard coupled line

BPF. Substrate is RT/Duroid having dielectric constant of 10.2 and height of
0.635 mm.

The RL performance at second harmonic should ideally be

zero for proper harmonic suppression. But the maximum value
of RL is here 2 dB and the value of transmission co-efficient
is 9.5 dB. We see little bit improvement is there. We
understand that the uniform circular PBGSs are not located
exactly under the lines. Therefore the stopband is not enough
to suppress the transmission at second harmonic frequency.

Mollah, Karmakar and FU, Uniform Circular Photonic Bandgap Structures (PBGSs) for harmonic Suppression of a
Bandpass Filter

Performance of BPF on dense 2-D array of

uniform circular PBGSs
Fig. 11 shows the simulation result of a BPF with 2-D
PBGSs that are denser than conventional 2-D square lattice
structure. In this case they are rectangular lattice structure.
0

In this structure, the uniform circular PBGSs are situated

under two 50-ohm lines and the central coupled line. From the
simulation results, we see at 15 GHz the maximum value of
RL is about 1 dB only and the transmission co-efficient is
found to be 11 dB. Harmonic suppression is not satisfactory.
In addition to this, the RL performance at fundamental
frequency is not also good.

-10

S-parameters (dB)

-20
-30
-50
-60
S11

-80

S21

-90
-100

0
0

10

15

20

-10

25

Frequency (GHz)

We see that at 7.5 GHz the maximum RL is 25 dB and the

maximum RL at 15 GHz is about to zero dB. The transmission
co-efficient is more than 30 dB. Significant suppression is
achieved here.
Performance of BPF with three line uniform
circular PBGSs

We simulated the BPF where the PBGSs are under two 50ohm line and the central coupled lines. The performance is
shown in Fig. 12.

-20

S-parameters (dB)

Fig. 11: Simulated S-parameters performance of BPF when it is loaded by

dense 2-D uniform circular PBGSs.

-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80

S11

-90

S21

-100
-110
0

10
15
20
Frequency (GHz)

25

Fig. 13: Simulated S-parameters performances of a BPF where two 50-ohm

lines are only perturbed by 1-D uniform circular PBGSs.

-10

S-parameters (dB)

Performance of BPF with uniform circular

PBGSs under two extreme 50 ohm lines

Thinking over the philosophy that the EM propagation may

take place through the 50-ohm line first we investigated the
design. So we used uniform circular PBGSs under two 50ohm lines only to see their effect in harmonic suppression.
The simulation result is shown in Fig. 13. It can be seen that
the result is not promising at all. Rather the performance at
fundamental and second harmonic frequencies the
performances are worse.

-40

-70

-20

-30
-40
-50
-60

S11

-70

S21

-80
0

10
15
20
Frequency (GHz)

25

Fig. 12: Simulated S-parameters performances of a BPF with three lines

uniform circular PBGSs.

Performance of BPF with uniform circular

PBGSs under all lines

Finally we used PBG elements just under all the lines. With
this circumstance, the design provides S-parameters
performances as shown in Fig. 14. It can be seen that at 7.5
GHz the maximum RL is more than 30 dB. At 15 GHz the
maximum RL is zero dB and the transmission co-efficient is
about 30 dB. So in this case significant improvements in
fundamental and second harmonic frequencies are achieved.
Only small ripple in transmission band is noticed that can be
controlled with resizing the uniform circular PBGSs sizes.

-10

-10

-20

-20

S-parameters (dB)

S-parameters (dB)

Mollah, Karmakar and FU, Uniform Circular Photonic Bandgap Structures (PBGSs) for harmonic Suppression of a
Bandpass Filter

-30
-40
-50
S11

-60

S21

-70

-30
-40
-50
-60

-80
5

10
15
20
Frequency (GHz)

Fig. 14: Theoretical S-parameters performances of a BPF when uniform

circular PBGSs are situated under all the lines.

The performance of different uniform PBGS assisted BPFs

for harmonic suppressions are shown in Table 1
TABLE 1: PERFORMANCES OF UPBGSS ASSISTED BPF
Designs
Reference BPF
BPF on 2-D uniform
circular PBGSs
BPF on dense 2-D
uniform
circular
PBGSs
BPF on 3 lines PBGSs
(PBGSs are under two
50 ohm lines +Central
coupled line)
BPF on two lines
PBGSs (PBGSs are
under two 50-ohm
lines)
BPF on 1-D PBGSs
(PBGSs are under all
lines)

IL at 2nd
harmonic
(dB)
-2.5
-9

IL
at
3rd
harmonic (dB)
0
0

- 40

-14

-2

-70

S11

-80

S21

-90

25

-100
0

6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Frequency (GHz)

Fig. 15: Measured S-parameters performances of an optimized standard BPF.

From the measured result, it can be seen that the fundamental

frequency is little bit shifted and the second harmonic is
shifted a little bit as well. The average 3 dB IL bandwidths is
7.18%.
The measured IL performances of an optimized refernce BPF
and BPF over uniform PBG (UPBG) elements are shown in
Fig. 16.
0

-10

-5

-30

-2

-15

Measured Optimized Performances of a reference

BPF and BPF on uniform circular PBGSs

We experimentally investigated the performances of an

optimized reference BPF and BPF on uniform circular
PBGSs. The measured S-parameters performances of an
optimized reference BPF is shown in Fig. 15.

-20

S-parameters (dB)

-30
-40
-50
-60
-70

S21_Ref

-80

S21_UPBG

-90
-100
0

6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Frequency (GHz)

Fig. 16: Measured IL performances of an optimized BPF and a BPF on

uniform circular PBGS etched under all lines. Substrate is Taconic having
dielectric constant of 10 and height of 0.635 mm.

From Fig. 16, it can be seen that the IL performance is

improved. Average IL at second harmonic is found to be 26
dB. 3 dB IL bandwidth is found to be 16.02%.

Mollah, Karmakar and FU, Uniform Circular Photonic Bandgap Structures (PBGSs) for harmonic Suppression of a
Bandpass Filter
The measured performances of an optimized reference BPF
and BPF over uniform circular PBGSs is shown in Table 2.
The performances are focused on IL bandwidth and the value
of second harmonic.
Table 2: MEASURED PERFORMANCE OF A REFERENCE BPF AND UPBGS
ASSISTED BPF

Types
Standard
BPF
BPF on
uniform
circular
PBGS

Average 3 dB
IL bandwidth
(%)
7.18

Average 2nd
harmonics
(dB)
6

16.02

26

V. CONCLUSION
We have investigated PBG assisted standard microstrip
transmission lines that are 2-D and 1-D in nature. The 2-D
PBGSs have three rows PBG elements. On the other hand 1-D
has one row of PBGSs. Both the designs provide good
stopband performances that have been used to suppress the
second harmonic of asymmetric coupled line BPF.
It can be seen that if 2-D uniform circular PBGSs are etched
in the ground plane in such a manner that the PBG elements
are not situated exactly under the lines of a BPF then the
second harmonic suppression is not significant at all. But if
the PBG elements are situated exactly under the line, they are
more impressive to suppress the harmonics and spurious
transmission. It can be seen that if the PBG distributions are
2-D in nature and PBG elements are located exactly under the
lines of BPFs and have rectangular lattice instead of square
lattice structures (dense PBGSs) are promising to suppress the
harmonics. PBG elements lying exactly under all the lines are
also sufficient to suppress the harmonics. This design is more
compact in all aspects. One important finding we have noted
down that the inclusion of uniform circular PBGSs in the
ground plane of a standard BPF are very useful to enhance the
IL bandwidth. They are much attractive as they suppress the
unwanted transmission as well as improve the bandwidth
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Mohammad Nurunnabi Mollah obtained his B.Sc. degree in

electrical and electronic engineering from Rajshahi University
of Engineering and Technology (RUET), Bangladesh,
(Erstwhile Bangladesh Institute of Technology (BIT),
Rajshahi, Bangladesh) in 1986, and his M.Sc. degree in
electrical and electronic engineering from Bangladesh
University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka,
Bangladesh, in 1997. He is currently working towards his PhD
degree in the communication engineering division of Nanyang
Technological University (NTU), Singapore. His doctoral
degree concerns planar electromagnetic bandgap structures
and applications. In 1990 he joined in the department of
electrical and electronic engineering of Khulna University of
Engineering and Technology (KUET), Bangladesh (Erstwhile
BIT Khulna) as a lecturer. He became an assistant professor in
1993 and associate professor in 1998 in the same university.
Before joining in university he also worked in Bangladesh
Chemical Industries Corporation (BCIC) from 1988 to 1990
as an Assistant Engineer. He has authored or coauthored
more than 45 referred journals and conferences papers, and 1
book chapter. His research interests include microstrip patch
antennas and arrays, microwave passive devices, and
electromagnetic bandgap structures. He is a Fellow of the
Institution of Engineers Bangladesh (IEB) and a student
member of IEEE.

Nemai C. Karmakar obtained his B.Sc. (EEE) and M.Sc.

(EEE) degrees from Bangladesh University of Engineering
and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh, in 1987 and 1989
respectively, his M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from
the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, in
1991,and his PhD degree from the University of Queensland,
Brisbane, Australia, in 1999. He worked as an assistant
engineer at the Electronics Institute, Atomic Energy Research
Establishment, Dhaka, between 1989 and 1990. In August
1990 he served as a research assistant at the Communications
Research Group, University of Saskatchewan. From 1992 to
1995 he worked as a microwave design engineer at Mitec
Ltd., Brisbane, where he contributed to the development of
land mobile satellite antennas for the Australian Mobilesat.
From 1995 to 1996 he taught final year courses on
microwaves and antenna technologies at Queensland
University of Technology, Brisbane. From September 1998 to
March 1999 he worked as a research engineer at the Radar
Laboratory, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
He has authored or coauthored more than 110 referred
journals and conferences papers, and 6 book chapters. He is
currently a senior lecturer in the department of electrical and
computer systems engineering, Monash University, Australia.

Professor Fu received his PhD in Electrical Engineering from

Cornell University, USA, in 1983, and has been in industries,
institutions and universities for many years. He joined the
School of EEE, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
in 1990, and is currently an Associate Professor. He has
published over 180 technical papers since then. His research
interests are in microwave and millimeter wave planar
structure analysis, CAD modeling, circuit design,
measurement and characterization and its application to
personal communications and radar systems. He has been a
Senior Member of IEEE since 1992.