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Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminates from the waste water ,
including house hold sewage and runoff (effluents).It includes physical , chemical and
biological contaminates. Its objective is to produce an environmentally safe fluid waste
or treated sludge suitable for disposal (or) reuse as farm.
With suitable technology, it is possible to reuse sewage effluent for drinking
water , although this is usually only done in places with limited water supplies , such as
wind hock and Singapore.
LITERATURE REVIEW:
The Cyclic Activated Sludge Technology a modern technology for enhanced nutrient
removal on the WWTP Neubrandenburg (140.000 PE) (FRG), 1999
Formal Inauguration November 1999
Demoulin G.
Demoulin G.
Parallel operation of cyclic and conventional activated sludge process on the WWTP
Groarl (A)
Korrespondenz Abwasser, 1996, 8, 1416
STUDY AREA
CHAPTER 1
SPECIAL FEATURES OF C-TECH BASED STP
Operational simplicity is the key feature of this process, which has fully PLC
(Programmable Logic Controller), based intelligent control, resulting in complete plant
operation controlled automatically through a PLC system, which is a major factor in
reducing operating costs.
It also prevents malfunctioning of the various set process parameters within the
plant. All key functions like Return Activated Sludge (RAS), sludge wasting, aeration
intensity, cycle time control, decanting rate etc. are automatically controlled as well as
data logged.
Laying of Trunk Sewers in the Musi river bed on both sides of river (North &
South) to collect the sewage from the I&D structures and branch sewer mains and
to convey up to the STPs for a length of 33 Km.
Total Project was approved by NRCD, MOEF, GOI at 70% and 30% cost sharing
by GOI & GOAP.
CHAPTER 2
DESIGN OF 51MLD CAPACITY SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT AT ATTAPUR
S. No.
UNITS
Nos.
Sizes (meter)
Inlet chamber
2.0x1.65x1.2 LD
1W +1S
3.25x0.65x0.65 LD
Wet well
Valve Chamber
5.0x 4.5
SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT
1
Inlet chamber
4.0 x 2.5 x 6 LD
2W+1S
3 a)
Parshall flume
C. TECH Reactors
Chlorination Tank
Sludge Sump
Dewatering Centrifuge
Platform
10.0 x 5.0
b)
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A. RECEVING CHANNEL
Raw sewage will be received in the inlet chamber (size 5.8 m L x 3.5m Wx 3m SWD +
0.5m FD ) and then passed to the screen channel.
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B.SCREENING
Mechanical screens are provided with 3 units working and 2 manual screen unit as
standby, the mechanically operated screens will be equipped with a mechanism which
will automatically rake at a pre-set time. The screening will be collected in a conveyer
belt located above the water level such that the screenings can be easily collected in
trucks.
Standby manual screen consisting of Mild steel 50mm x 10 mm thick flats with
40mm clear spacing are provided to trap the floating material.
Grit removal is necessary to protect the moving mechanical equipment and pumps
from abrasion and accompanying abnormal wear and tear. It is separated in a detritor tank
with designed detention period. The grit removal mechanism is fully automatic. In
addition to mechanical detritor, it is also provided with four number of stand by manual
grit channel having 50 percent capacity keeping in view in the maintenance of mechanical
detritors.
D. PARSHALL FLUME
A parshall flume is provided for measuring the quantity of sewage. The throat width of
parshall flume is 900mm, an open constructed channel which can be used both has a
measuring device and also has a velocity control device. The flume is also self cleansing
and there is no problem of clogging.
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.
S. No.
Flow (MLD)
Number Basins
1-15
15 30
30 100
100 150
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The plant six basins are designed to provide sufficient volume and optimum aeration time
under specific design condition.
Each basin operates with sequential phase of fill-aeration, aeration, settle and
decant. At the end of each cycle the cycle timers are reset and the sequence repeats.
6
Number of Basins
5940
6000
mm
3590
mm
basin
Length
30
Width
30
990
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H. SLUDGE SUMP
The excess sludge from the bottom of the C-Tech reactor shall be collected in the wet
well of the sludge pumping station. A sludge feed Pumps (Two working +one standby) is
provided in the wet well with necessary valves and piping in valve chamber. The capacity
of the pumps is 30 cum/hr the operating head of the pump is 15m the sludge volume been
withdrawn from the reactor is about 1113.8 cum/day. The sludge is pumped to Centrifuge
through a centrifuge feed pumps press mechanism where the sludge is separated from
liquid in the form of sludge cakes.
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K. MCC BUILDING
Motor control centre building consists of SCADA Room for plant process monitoring,
cable wires of different units motors to Panel boards, Bus bar chambers of overall plant
process units and street lights connections. The size of MCC building is 15m x 10m x
4.5cm.
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.
Fig no: 2.2.2
L.BLOWER BUILDING
Blower building having nine number blowers, where size of the building is 30m L x 12 m
x 4.5m HT
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CHAPTER 3
C- TECH PROCESS OF 51 MLD SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT
Raw sewage after primary treatment is taken by gravity into the C-Tech Basins. There are
a total of six C-Tech basins in the plant.
These C-Tech basins work in sequence and the influent flow is distributed using
Automatic Gates provided in the Inlet Chamber of C-Tech basins. The C-Tech basins are
equipped with air blowers, diffusers, Return Activated Sludge (RAS) pumps, Surplus
Activated Sludge (SAS) pumps, Decanters, Auto valves, PLC etc. All cycles will be
automatically controlled using PLC.
Excess sludge at a consistency level of approx 1% will be pumped intermittently
from SAS pump. The sludge is taken for dewatering.
Process Chemistry
a.Removal of Organics
The raw sewage free from debris and grit shall be taken up for Biological treatment in
CTECH reactors for the removal of organics, nitrogen and phosphorus.
The activated sludge bio system is designed using Advanced Cyclic Activated
Sludge Technology which operate on extended aeration activated sludge principle for the
reduction of carbonaceous BOD, Nitrification, Dentrification as well as phosphorous
removal, using energy efficient fine bubble membrane diffused aeration system, with
automatic control air supply based on oxygen uptake rate, resulting in 20 30% power
savings. The practice of manipulating activated sludge reaction environments to obtain
maximum nitrogen and phosphorous removal has been optimized, using cyclic activated
sludge technology, by co-current nitrification denitrification mechanism.
In its simplest form, the sequences of fill, aeration, settle and decant are
consecutively and continuously operated all in the same tank, allowing up to 30-40%
space saving.
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No secondary clarifier system is required to concentrate the sludge in the reactor. The
return sludge is recycled and the surplus sludge is wasted from the C-Tech basin itself.
The system makes use of the variable volume treatment in combination with a biological
Selector and operated in a fed-batch reactor mode. The complete biological operation is
divided into cycles. A basic cycle comprises:
Fill Aeration
Settlement
Decanting
These phases in a sequence constitute a cycle, which is then repeated. During the
period of a cycle, the liquid volume inside the Reactor increases from a set operating
bottom water level. During the Fill- Aeration sequence mixed liquor from the aeration
zone is recycled into the Selector. Aeration ends at a predetermined period of the cycle to
allow the biomass to flocculate and settle under quiescent conditions. After a specific
settling period, the treated supernatant is decanted, using a moving weir Decanter.
Theliquid level in the Reactor is so returned to the bottom water level after which the
cycle is repeated. Solids are wasted from the Reactor during the decanting phase.
b. Denitrification
The wastewater enters the Selector zone in the front end of the C-Tech, where anoxic
conditions are maintained. Part of the treated wastewater along with return sludge from
the aeration basin is recycled here, using RAS Pumps.
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With the incorporation of biological Selector there is no need for an Anoxic Mixing
sequence and is therefore replaced by a simple Fill Aeration sequence. As the
microorganisms meet high BOD, low DO condition in the Selector zone, natural selection
of phosphate accumulating microorganisms and floc-forming microorganisms takes
place. This is very effective in containing all of the known low F/M bulking
microorganisms and eliminates the problems of bulking and surface foaming. Also, due to
the anoxic conditions in the Selector zone, denitrification and phosphorous removal
occurs by co-current nitrification & Denitrification. Complete nitrification and
denitrification pathways take place with nitrification taking place external to the activated
sludge flocs and denitrification-taking place within the interior of the flocs. This
denitrification pathway is not bound to the absence of dissolved oxygen in the liquid
phase but requires diffusion of nitrate into the anoxic parts of the floc with a probable use
of stored intracellular carbon or adsorbed organic carbon for denitrification. During
anaerobic conditions, all phosphorous that is released to the liquid phase is totally
contained within the bio solids layer.
Biological denitrification in the Selector zone by recycling of mixed liquor from
aeration zone requires nitrification of all ammonical nitrogen in the incoming wastewater
in the aeration zone. This requirement of plant design is met by operating the C-tech
under Extended Aeration Process with higher c values, which ensure co-current
nitrification and denitrification in the aeration zone.
Denitrification releases nitrogen which escapes as an inert gas to the atmospheres,
while the oxygen released stays dissolved in the liquid and thus reduces the oxygen input
needed for the aeration.
The process of denitrification of nitrates is represented as:
NO3- + BOD N2 + CO2 + H2O + OH- + cells.
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Activated sludge comprises a mixed microbial culture wherein the bacteria are
responsible for oxidizing the organic matter, while protozoa consume the dispersed unflocculated bacteria and rotifers consume the unsettled small bio-flocs in the treated
wastewater, performing the role of effluent polishers.
However, as the bacteria require the molecule in the soluble form, colloidal, spherically
incompatible molecules, which cannot be readily biodegradable, have to be first adsorbed
to the cell surface and then broken down or transformed externally to transportable
fractions by exoenzymes or wall-bounded enzymes. The organic matter will be utilized
by the bacteria resulting in cell synthesis and energy for maintenance.
The following reactions best describe the organic utilization by the aerobic bacteria:
Oxidation
Synthesis
Endogenous Respiration
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d.Nitrification
Any oxidation must be coupled with reduction, and oxygen satisfies this requirement in
the aerobic microorganisms. Extended Aeration system, with high c values, ensures
uniform nitrification performance. Nitrification results from the oxidation of ammonia
present in the sewage by Nitrosomonas to nitrite and the subsequent oxidation of the
nitrite to nitrate by Nitrobacter. The nitrifying organisms are strict aerobic autotrophes
and use carbon source present in the sewage, in the presence of oxygen, maintained at 2
mg/l in the C-Tech to avoid oxygen limitation. The nitrification of ammonia can be
represented as given below:
2 NH4+ + 3O2 2NO2- + 2 H2O + 4 H+ + New Cells 2 NO2- + O2 2NO3+NewCells
The diffused aeration system is sized so that sufficient oxygen is provided for
carbonaceous treatment, sludge stabilisation, nitrification and maintaining the DO at the
specified level of 2 mg/l, taking into account the reduction in oxygen demand due to
denitrification. The capacity of diffused aeration in each C-Tech basin will be sufficient
to ensure good mixing conditions during Fill Aeration phase of the cycle of operation.
e. Phosphorous removal
The removal of phosphorous from the wastewater is accomplished by the consumption of
P for the cell growth. During anoxic conditions, all phosphorous that is released to the
liquid phase is totally contained within the bio solids layer.
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B. A Typical Cycle
During the period of a cycle, the liquid is filled in the C Tech Basin up to a set operating
water level. Aeration Blowers are started for aeration of the effluent. After the aeration
cycle, the biomass settles under perfect settling conditions. Once Settled the supernatant
is removed from the top using a DECANTER. Solids are wasted from the tanks during
the decanting phase.
These phases in a sequence constitute a cycle, which is then repeated.
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C Tech Components
C Tech system comprises the following features,
Provides Nitrogen and Phosphorous removal to remove nutrients making the water safe
for water discharge
Return sludge (RAS) recycle and Surplus sludge (SAS) pumps for sludge wasting
from reactor only.
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Reduces space requirement. No secondary clarifier is used which drastically reduces civil
cost and construction cost
Reduces manpower cost. Complete operation can be hooked to central control desk
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Decanter Assembly
The clean supernatant is removed from the basin using a Decanter assembly complete in
stainless steel construction. During decanting there is no inflow to the basin. The moving
weir DECANTER is motor driven and travels slowly from its park position to a
designated bottom water level. Once the Decanting phase sets in, the decanter
automatically lowers to the required bottom level. Variable frequency drives are provided
to control the rate of movement of the Decanters.
After the required level of supernatant is removed the Decanter is returned to its
park position through reversal of the drive. The basin is now ready for the next cycle to
begin.
All key functions like, RAS, sludge wasting, aeration intensity, cycle time control,
decanting rate etc are automatically controlled as well as data logged. Complete historical
records of plant operation are available on touch of a button.
Raw Sewage
S.No
Parameter
Maximum
Treated Effluent
1
2
um
Averag
pH
7.80
6.95
7.33
7.69
7.09
7.28
TSS
372
200
256
24
12
220
120
144
24
13.8
372
256
296
44
16
24
2.1 x 10
2.8
x 1000
75
100
(mg/L)
3
BOD
(mg/L)
COD
(mg/L)
E.Coliform 5.0 x 10
10
MPN/100m
l
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CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION
The project 51MLD capacity Sewage Treatment Plant by SBR (C-tech) at Attapur include
the performance of each unit based on the extent of treatment done at the plant.
As per the data available at site and physical observation, a conclusion that the plant was
running smoothly and the required efficiency of treatment is achieved for safe disposal of sewage
into Musi River as per the norms of river standards. Important parameters before disposal into
River Musi like BOD, Suspended solids, COD, Fecal Coli-forms are within the design limits.
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4.2 Refernces
Waste Water Engineering
Author : Dr.B.C.Pummia
Arun Kumar Jain
Ashok Kumar Jain
Environmental Engineering
Author : N.Basak
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