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Using fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcing bars as the main and yield satisfactory guidelines to predict the shear strength
reinforcement for concrete structures in severe environments is of concrete members reinforced with FRP stirrups.
becoming a widely accepted solution to overcome the problem of Due to the unidirectional characteristics of FRP materials,
steel corrosion and the related deteriorations. Due to the relatively bending of FRP bars into stirrup configuration significantly
lower cost of glass FRP (GFRP) bars compared to the other reduces the strength at the bend portions.6-8 The reduced
commercially available FRP bars, the use of GFRP bars in rein- strength of the FRP stirrup at the bend is attributed to local
forced concrete (RC) structures has been widely investigated in the
stress concentration at the bend due to curvature and the
last few years. This paper reports experimental data on the shear
strength of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP stirrups. A total intrinsic weakness of fibers perpendicular to their axis. The
of four large-scale RC beams with a total length of 7000 mm bend capacity of FRP bars is influenced by the bending
(276 in.) and a T-shaped cross section were constructed and tested process, the ratio of bend radius to bar diameter (rb /db), and
up to failure. The test variables were type and ratio of shear reinforce- type of reinforcing fibers.9 The recent editions of the ACI
ment (stirrups). The test beams comprised three beams reinforced 440.1R-069 guidelines and the CAN/CSA S6-0610,11 code,
with sand-coated GFRP stirrups of 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) diameter along with the commercially available FRP bent bars,
spaced at d/2, d/3, and d/4 (where d is the beam depth), and a encouraged the use of FRP stirrups.
reference beam reinforced with conventional steel stirrups of 9.5 mm Through a collaboration project between the University of
(3/8 in.) diameter spaced at d/2. As designed, the beams failed in Sherbrooke, the Ministry of Transportation of Quebec
shear due to GFRP stirrup rupture or steel stirrups yielding. ACI (MTQ), and an FRP manufacturer, new FRP (carbon and
440.1R-06 and the updated version of CAN/CSA S6-06 are able to glass) stirrups have been recently developed and characterized
predict the shear strength of beams reinforced with GFRP stirrups according to B.5 and B.12 test methods of ACI 440.3R-04.12
with a reasonable accuracy. The analytical approach using
The behavior of these stirrups in large-scale beam specimens,
Response 2000 (R2K), which is based on the modified compression
field theory (MCFT), predicted well the shear capacity of the
however, had not been investigated. To achieve this, an
beams reinforced with GFRP stirrups, but overestimated their experimental program was conducted to investigate the shear
shear crack width. performance of FRP stirrups in large-scale beam specimens.
The first phase evaluated the structural performance of
Keywords: bending; cracking; fiber-reinforced polymers; shear; stirrups.
carbon FRP (CFRP) stirrups in beam specimens.13 There is a
recent increase in demand for glass FRP (GFRP) bars because
of its many successful applications, including bridge deck
INTRODUCTION slabs,14,15 barrier walls,16,17 parking garages,18 continuous
The use of concrete structures reinforced/prestressed with pavement,19 and other concrete structures. Furthermore,
fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials has considering the lower costs of GFRP bars in comparison to
been growing to overcome the common problems caused by CFRP and aramid FRP (AFRP), GFRP reinforcement is
corrosion of steel reinforcement. The climatic conditions becoming more attractive for the construction industry. There-
where large amounts of salts are used for ice removal during fore, a second phase was conducted to study the shear behavior
winter months may contribute to accelerating the corrosion of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP stirrups. The results of
process. These conditions normally accelerate the need for this phase are presented and discussed herein.
costly repairs and may lead to catastrophic failure. Therefore,
replacing the steel reinforcement with the noncorrosive FRP RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
reinforcement eliminates the potential of corrosion and the Extensive research in recent years has been undertaken to
associated deterioration. The direct replacement of steel with investigate the performance of FRP as primary reinforcement
FRP bars, however, is not possible due to various differences for concrete members; however, limited studies were conducted
in the mechanical properties of the FRP materials compared to on the shear behavior of concrete members reinforced with
steel, especially the higher tensile strength, the lower modulus FRP stirrups. This paper evaluates the shear performance and
of elasticity, bond characteristics, and the absence of a yielding strength of large-scale RC beams reinforced with GFRP stirrups
plateau in their characteristic stress-strain relationships. considering different shear reinforcement ratios. In addition,
Extensive research programs have been conducted to the paper examines the accuracy of the recently published
investigate the flexural behavior of concrete members rein- design provisions concerning FRP as shear reinforcement.
forced with FRP reinforcement.1-4 The shear behavior of
FRP reinforced concrete (RC) beams without shear rein- ACI Structural Journal, V. 107, No. 1, January-February 2010.
forcement has also been studied;5 however, the use of FRP MS No. S-2008-358.R2 received November 12, 2008, and reviewed under Institute
publication policies. Copyright © 2010, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved,
as shear reinforcement (stirrups) for concrete members has including the making of copies unless permission is obtained from the copyright proprietors.
Pertinent discussion including author’s closure, if any, will be published in the November-
not been sufficiently explored to provide a rational model December 2010 ACI Structural Journal if the discussion is received by July 1, 2010.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
Test specimens
A total of four large-scale RC beams, including three
beams reinforced with GFRP stirrups and one with steel
stirrups, were constructed and tested. The 7.0 m (275.6 in.)
long beams had a T-shaped cross section (simulating the New
England Bulb Tee (NEBT) beams that are being used by the Fig. 1—Dimensions and reinforcement details of test specimens.
Ministry of Transportation of Quebec [MTQ], Canada) (Note: 1 mm = 0.0394 in.)
1000 100ρ fl E fl ⎛
------------ 3 ---------------------- 1 + ------o-⎞ -------------
M f vcd bd
Vc = - (1)
Es ⎝ Md ⎠ γ b
4
d V c = 2.5βφ c f cr bd v E fl ⁄ E s (11)
where 4
1000 ⁄ d and 3 100ρ fl E fl ⁄ E s ≤ 1.5
1⁄3
f vcd = 0.2 ( f c′ ) ≤ 0.72 N/mm
2
(2) V FRP = (φ frp A fv f fv d v cotθ ) ⁄ s (12)
ε x = [ ( M f ⁄ d v ) + V f ] ⁄ 2 ( E s A s ) ≤ 0.003 (15)
f bend = ( 0.05r b ⁄ d b + 0.3 )f fuv ⁄ γ mfb (5)
ffv is the least value obtained by Eq. (16) and (17)
ffv = (0.05rb/db + 0.3)ffuv /1.5 (16)
– 1 ⁄ 10
′
f mcd = ( h ⁄ 300 ) f cd′ (6) –4 ρ fl E fl σ
E fv ε fv = 10 ′ f c′ ------------- 1 + 2 -----N- ≤ 0.0025E fv (17)
ρ fv E fv f c′
f bend = ( 0.05r b ⁄ d b + 0.3 )f fuv ⁄ 1.5 ≤ f fuv (10) Eq. (17) becomes ffv = 0.004Efv (17-1)
Note: 1 mm = 0.0394 in.; 1 kN = 0.225 kips; 1 MPa = 0.145 ksi.
Fig. 4—Failure of test specimens: (a) SG-9.5-2 (GFRP @ d/2); (b) SG-9.5-3 (GFRP @ d/3);
(c) SG-9.5-4 (GFRP @ d/4); and (d) SS-9.5-2 (steel @ d/2).
Fig. 5—Cracking pattern at failure for test specimens. (Note: Fig. 6—Applied shear force-deflection relationship for test
1 mm = 0.0394 in.) specimens.