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2, APRIL 2004
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I. INTRODUCTION
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TABLE I
MODIFIED IEEE 34BUS NETWORK LOADS DATA
Fig. 1.
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Fig. 2.
Fig. 5, we depict the one-cycle average of the THD of the current and voltage unbalance in this case. Fig. 5 shows the large
variation in the THD of the current and voltage unbalance after
islanding; therefore, these parameters can be effectively utilized
to detect the islanding operations.
Fig. 5. Newly proposed monitoring parameters for little changes in the loading
for DG after islanding. (a) THD of phase A current. (b) Voltage imbalance.
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where
and
mean the magnitude of negative and positive
sequence of voltage at , respectively.
This study defines the one-cycle average of voltage unbalance
as (2), and also defines the voltage unbalance variation as (3),
which measuring how much the monitored voltage unbalance
deviates from the steady state and normal loading conditions.
defined in (8), this method discards the value and goes to the
next time step
(8)
where
(5)
where is the rms of the harmonic components and is the
rms value of fundamental component. In this paper, we set to
the 31th component.
over one-cycle is defined as follows:
The average of
In this paper, the proposed method also monitors the variation of the voltage magnitude defined in (9) as the three-phase
average rms value of line to line voltage [11]
(9)
where is a sampling number of one cycle, and , , and
are instantaneous voltages of phase A, B, and C, respectively,
and is the monitoring time.
V. PROPOSED ISLANDING DETECTION METHOD
Each of three monitoring parameters described in Section IV
can be used alone for detecting islanding operation. However,
any of them does not guarantee that it, in any kind of network
conditions, would be able to detect islanding and not to mal-operate for normal load variations. So, the hybrid decision approach, which monitors three parameters and makes final decision, would be suitable for power islanding detection.
of
At every sampling time, this method calculates
of a phase A current, and
three phase voltages,
of a line to line voltage. In the first, it checks whether the
is lower than the preset value (0.5 pu). If the value is below
the preset value, then this method immediately makes a trip
signal for islanding protection. In this manner, we can easily
and rapidly detect the power islanding operation in the case
of the large variation in the loading for DG. Otherwise, the
and
method checks the other monitoring parameters:
. If
and
have been satisfying the following logic equation in (10) during more than one cycle, the
method decides it as an islanding condition in the case of little
variation in the loading for DG and makes a trip signal +
(6)
where is the sampling number of one cycle.
We also define the THD variation as (7), which measures how
much the monitored THD at deviates from the steady-state and
normal loading conditions
(7)
where
is the THD reference value for the steady state
is initially set,
and normal loading conditions. After
remains within
through
for one cycle,
if
the
is updated by the
. And if there are
above 0.1% during 1/4 cycle, as
abrupt changes in
(10)
Fig. 6 represents the detection flow diagram of the proposed
islanding protection method. The preset criteria for the monitoring parameters were selected through the various simulations
for different islanding operation conditions and also normal load
variation conditions on the distribution network model shown
in Fig. 2 using PSCAD/EMTDC. We conducted 40 case simulations in total by moving a 0.14 MVA DG with a 0.125-MVA
local load of 0.88 power factor lagging, to different locations.
VI. TEST RESULTS
The test of the proposed method was conducted with several network conditions, which are not included in the simula-
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Fig. 6.
Fig. 7. Result for islanding operation with large variation in DG loading. (a)
Voltage magnitude. (b) Detection trip signal.
tion cases used for deriving the detection criteria. We tested the
method not only with islanding operation conditions of DG but
also with normal network load variation in order to see its selectivity.
A. Islanding Operation Conditions
We made a typical islanding condition of the DG connected
at Bus 840 in Fig. 2 by opening the circuit breaker between Bus
858 and 834 at 53 ms. Due to a large variation in DG loadings, as shown in Fig. 7, there is a sudden change in the line to
line voltage. So, the islanding operation condition is easily and
rapidly detected by voltage parameter. In the figure, the thin line
represents parameter value and the bold line shows trip signal
for islanding detection. The trip signal for detecting islanding
operation is made at 75 ms, which is 53 ms after islanding.
Fig. 8 also shows the other parameters, which have been used in
the conventional islanding protections. The results show that the
conventional approaches are also useful for detecting islanding
operation in case of large variations in loading for DG.
Fig. 9. Result for islanding operation with small variation in the loading of
DG located in Bus 858. (a) Voltage magnitude. (b) THD of phase A current. (c)
Detection trip signal.
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Fig. 10. Conventional parameter values for islanding operation with small
variation in the loading of DG located in Bus 858. (a) Phase. (b) Frequency.
Fig. 12. Conventional parameter values for islanding operation with small
variation in the loading of DG located in Bus 840. (a) Phase. (b) Frequency.
Fig. 13. Conventional parameter values for staring the induction motor. (a)
Phase. (b) Frequency.
Fig. 11. Result for islanding operation with small variation in the loading of
DG located in Bus 840. (a) Voltage magnitude. (b) THD of phase A current.
(c) Voltage imbalance. (d) Detection trip signal.
Fig. 14. Test result for starting the induction motor. (a) Voltage magnitude.
(b) THD of phase A current. (c) Voltage imbalance. (d) Detection trip signal.
capacitor bank of 300 kvar at Bus 844. In this case, the conventional method monitoring the changes in frequency confused it
with islanding conditions due to the natural frequency oscillations caused by the switching-in a capacitor bank as shown in
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Fig. 17. Test result for removing two single-phase loads. (a) Voltage
magnitude. (b) THD of phase A current. (c) Voltage imbalance. (d) Detection
trip signal.
Fig. 16. Test result for switching-in a capacitor bank. (a) Voltage magnitude.
(b) THD of phase A current. (c) Voltage imbalance. (d) Detection trip signal.
Fig. 18.
are discarded for reliable decision in this paper. These simulation results are shown in Figs. 17 and 18.
VII. CONCLUSION
This paper introduced and proposed the THD of the current
and voltage unbalance of the DG terminal output as new monitoring parameters for power islanding detection. This paper also
presented a simple and novel detection algorithm, which effectively combines the detection results of the conventional param-
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[7] Schaltanlagen Electronik Gerate GMBH & Co., Generator/Mains Monitor GW2, DEG GMBH Publication GW2/E/810.
[8] P. OKane and B. Fox, Loss of mains detection for embedded generation by system impedance monitoring, in Inst. Elect. Eng. Conf. Developments in Power System Protection, Aberdeen, U.K., 1990.
[9] Recommendation for the Connection of Private Generating Plant to the
Electricity Boards Distribution System, Engineering Recommendation
G.59, 1985.
[10] W. H. Kersting, Radial distribution test feeders, IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., vol. 6, pp. 975985, Aug. 1991.
[11] M. H. Rashid, Power Electronics Circuits, Devices, and Applications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1993.
Sung-Il Jang (S01) received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering
in 1996 and 1998, respectively, from Kangwon National University, Chuncheon,
Korea, where he is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in the Department
of Electrical Engineering.
His research interests include distributed generation interfaces with power
systems and power quality analysis.
Kwang-Ho Kim (M95) received the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical
engineering from Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, in 1988, 1990, and
1994, respectively.
Since 1995, he has been with the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea, where he is currently an
Associate Professor. He has also been with Next-Generation Power Technology
Center, Yongin, Korea, since 2001. His research interests include distributed
generation interfaces with power systems and power quality analysis.