AIM:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Modeling of BPSK system with antipodal signaling in the presence of noise.

Plotting the constellation diagrams for various AWGN with different variances.
Applying coherent detection schemes and evaluation the bit error performance
Verifying the obtained plots with that of theoretical results

THEORY:
Binary Phase Shift Keying(BPSK) is one of the most efficient modulation techniques.
In BPSK, phase of the sinusoidal carrier is changed according to the data bit to be
transmitted. In any phase modulation scheme the information is expressed in terms of
phase of the carrier. Phase of the carrier signal is shifted according to the input binary data. A
pair of sinusoidal waves that differ only in a relative phase shift of 1800 are referred to as
antipodal signals.In BPSK, the phase of the radio carrier is set to 0 or according to the
value of the incoming bit. Each bit of the digital signal produces a transmit symbol with
duration Ts, which is equal to the bit duration Tb.

s(t) = b(t)

2Eb
T b cos(2f ct)

b(t) = + 1 whenbinary1istobetransmitted
1 whenbinary0istobetransmitted
The signal b(t) is a NRZ bipolar signal which directly modulates the carrier signal
cos(2f ct) . BPSK signal may be generated by applying carrier signal to a balanced modulator.

For BPSK, the basis function of unit energy is

(t) =

T b cos(2fct) 0tT b

Then s1(t) and s2(t) can be written as:

s1(t) = + Eb(t) 0tT b
s2(t) = Eb(t) 0tT b

A binary PSK system is therefore characterised by a signal space that is

one-dimensional, with a signal constellation consisting of two message points. The
coordinates of the points are
s11(t) =
s22(t) =

Tb

s1(t)(t)dt = + Eb

0
Tb

s2(t)(t)dt = Eb

The message point corresponding to s1(t) is located at s11 = + Eb , and the

message point corresponding to s2(t) is located at s22 = Eb .
The two signals are shown in Fig as two points s1 and s2 . The discontinuous vertical
line dividing the signal space in two halves identifies the two decision zones z1 and z2 .

Fig:Signal constellation for BPSK

The Inphase and Quadrature component of the signal is found out by taking the inner
product with the following functions:

(t) =

1(t) =
2

T b cos(2fct) 0tT b
2

T b sin(2fct) 0tT b

Upon receiving r , an optimum receiver makes the best decision about whether the
corresponding transmitted signal was s1(t) or s2(t) . At the receiver, the signal is passed
through a correlator, which is used to determine whether bit 0 or bit 1 was transmitted.
If bit 1 is transmitted, the transmitted signal will be s1(t) and the correlator output is
r(t) =

Tb

s1(t)(t)dt = + Eb

Similarly, if bit 0 is transmitted, the correlator output will be

r(t) =

Tb

s2(t)(t)dt = Eb

This is the situation when the received signal is given by

r(t) = s(t)
i.e. the transmitted signal is received exactly.
However, noise is added to the transmitted signal by the channel. We assume the
noise to be AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise). Then the received signal is represented as
r(t) = s(t) + n(t)
where n(t) is zero-mean AWGN.
In this case, the correlator output will not be exactly . So we will have to make the
decision of whether the transmitted bit is a 0 or 1 based on a decision rule i.e. if the
correlator output is greater than a certain threshold value Vth, decide that the transmitted
bit is 1, else 0. The threshold Vth is chosen in such a way that when s1(t) is transmitted,
P (r/s1) > P (r/s2) . and when s2(t) is transmitted, P (r/s2) > P (r/s1) . Assuming that the
probability of transmitting s1(t) and s2(t) are equal, it can be shown that Vth = 0, which is
intuitively correct. Thus, if r > 0, decide that the transmitted is 1, and if r < 0, decide that the
transmitted bit is 0.

The probability distribution function (pdf) of the correlator output r is a gaussian

random variable whose mean is + Eb when s1(t) is transmitted and Eb when s2(t) is
transmitted. The variance of the gaussian noise be N 0/2 . Then the pdf of r in the situations
where s1 and s2 are transmitted are given by:

P (r/s1) =

1
e
N
0

P (r/s2) =

1
e
N
0

(rEb)2
N0

(r+Eb)2
N0

Error occurs in two situations: when s1(t) is transmitted and r < Vth, and s2(t) is
transmitted and r > Vth.

Suppose s1(t) is transmitted. Then the error probability is given by:

P e/s1 = P [(r < V th)/s1)] = Q

( )
2Eb
N0

Similarly,
P e/s2 = P [(r > V th)/s2)] = Q

( )
2Eb
N0

Total probability of bit error,

P e = P (s1)P e/s1 + P (s2)P e/s2
Given that s1 and s2 are equally probable, i.e. P (s1) = P (s2) = 12 , the bit error probability is:
Pe = Q

( ) = erfc(
2Eb
N0

1
2

Thus, the error probability is 12 erfc(

Eb
N o ) ,

Eb
No)

assuming that both s1 and s2 have equal

probability of being transmitted.

MATLAB CODE:
clear all;
close all;
clc;
N=1024;
fc=100; % Carrier Freq
Rb=100;% Bit Rate
f=100*Rb; % Sampling Freq
A=1;
Eb=(A^2)/(2*Rb);
b=randi(2,1,N);
b=2.*b-3;
t=0:1/f:N/Rb;
pat=zeros(size(t));
for i=1:N
for j=(((i-1)*f/Rb)+1):1:(i*f/Rb)
pat(j)=b(i);
end
end
sig=(sqrt(2*Eb*Rb)*(fc/f)*cos(2*pi*fc*t));
bpsk_w = pat.*(sqrt(2*Eb*Rb)*(fc/f)*cos(2*pi*fc*t));
figure(1);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,sig,'color','r');
axis([0 0.1 -0.02 0.02]);
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(t,pat,'color','r')
axis([0,0.1 -2 2]);
subplot(3,1,3);
axis([0 0.1 -0.02 0.02]);
hold on;
plot(t,bpsk_w,'color','r');
title('BPSK Modulated Signal');
S1=sqrt(2*Rb)*(fc/f)*cos(2*pi*fc*t);
S2=sqrt(2*Rb)*(fc/f)*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
inPh=zeros(1,N);
quad=zeros(1,N);
for i=1:N
for j=(((i-1)*f/Rb)+1):1:(i*f/Rb)
inPh(i)=inPh(i)+S1(j)*bpsk_w(j);
quad(i)=quad(i)+S2(j)*bpsk_w(j);
end
5

end
figure(2);
axis([-.1,.1,-.1,.1]);
for i=1:N
hold on;
plot(inPh(i),quad(i),'.r','markersize',20);
end
title('Constellation Diagram');
inPh=zeros(1,N);
quad=zeros(1,N);
for i=1:N
for j=(((i-1)*f/Rb)+1):1:(i*f/Rb)
bpsk_w(j)=bpsk_w(j)+normrnd(0,0.005);
inPh(i)=inPh(i)+S1(j)*bpsk_w(j);
quad(i)=quad(i)+S2(j)*bpsk_w(j);
end
end
figure(3);
axis([-.1,.1,-.1,.1]);
for i=1:N
hold on;
plot(inPh(i),quad(i),'.g','markersize',20);
end
title('Constellation Diagram with AWGN');
SNR=0:2:14;
No=zeros(1,numel(SNR));
var=zeros(1,numel(SNR));
SNR_N=zeros(1,numel(SNR));
for i=1:numel(SNR)
SNR_N(i)=10^(SNR(i)/10);
No(i)=Eb/SNR_N(i);
var(i)=No(i)/2;
end
BER=zeros(1,numel(var));
for l=1:numel(No)
inPh=zeros(1,N);
quad=zeros(1,N);
bpsk_n=zeros(1,numel(bpsk_w));
for i=1:N
for j=(((i-1)*f/Rb)+1):1:(i*f/Rb)
bpsk_n(j)=bpsk_w(j)+normrnd(0,sqrt(var(l)));
inPh(i)=inPh(i)+S1(j)*bpsk_n(j);
quad(i)=quad(i)+S2(j)*bpsk_n(j);
end
6

end
bpsk_r=zeros(1,N);
error=0;
for i=1:N
if inPh(i)<0
bpsk_r(i)=-1;
else
bpsk_r(i)=1;
end
if bpsk_r(i)~=b(i)
error=error+1;
end
end
BER(l)=error/N;
end
figure(4);
semilogy(SNR,BER,'color','r');
hold on;
BER_T=0.5*erfc(sqrt(SNR_N));
plot(SNR,BER_T,'color','g');
title('BPSK BER Curves');
legend('Practical Curve','Theoretical Curve');

OBSERVATIONS:

Fig: Carrier, Message and BPSK signals.

Fig: Constellation Diagram without AWGN.

Fig: Constellation Diagram with AWGN.

Fig: Theoretical and Practical BER Curves

RESULT AND INFERENCES:

(Anand Mohan B110078EC)
BPSK is most efficient of ASK,FSK and PSK modulation schemes. Since the symbols
are at a phase difference of , the probability of error is minimum. The phase added by the
channel unless it is large will have negligible effect on the transmitted signal and the
message can be obtained efficiently by demodulation. It is maximum separation between
the two symbols (2Eb) which makes it efficient.
Here, due to discretization of the carrier (since Matlab is used) produces
un-normalized values. Only an idea of shape of the constellation diagrams could be obtained.
This is due to the difference in summation and integration.
Coherent detection is based on the value of Inphase component. Here, the threshold
V th = 0 , because the probability of both the symbols are equal (= 12 ) . Otherwise, the
threshold is set in such a way that it is shifted to that side which has lesser probability. Since
we have used randi function in Matlab, and since it gives random values of uniform
distribution, the threshold value is set to zero.
As the noise variance increases, the constellation diagram scatters more and more
because, the signal de-correlates with the carrier and when the phase change is greater than

2 , there will be negative correlation between the received signal and carrier. When this
negatively correlated signal is passed through a coherent detector, it results in error.
For some constant Eb , if the SNR is varied, the power spectral density

( ) of
N0
2

AWGN is varied. As N 0 changes, the variance changes and we are able to find out the errors
for different noise variances. The theoretical and the practical BER curves are almost
identical. As the SNR increases, the PSD of AWGN decreases and hence the noise variance
and there will be lesser and lesser distortions and thus less number of errors and results in
lower BER. That is why the BER decreases exponentially with SNR. It is exponential because
the erfc is exponential.
One of the disadvantages of BPSK is that it is susceptible to Intersignal
interferences(ISI). This can be reduced by using equalisers at the receiver. They are filter like
structures used to nullify the adverse effects of filters introduced at other places in a
communication channel.

10

(ADARSH M J B110476EC)
A very popular digital modulation scheme, binary phase shift keying (BPSK) shifts the carrier
sine wave 180 for each change in binary state. BPSK is coherent as the phase transitions
occur at the zero crossing points. The proper demodulation of BPSK requires the signal to
be compared to a sine carrier of the same phase. In BPSK, individual data bits are used to
control the phase of the carrier. During each bit interval, the modulator shifts the carrier to
one of two possible phases, which are 180 or radians. The first two lab sessions were
concerned with the implementation of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) scheme of digital
modulation and its BER performance simulation using Matlab.
The BPSK signal (using antipodal signaling) is obtained in MATLAB using NRZ level
encoder.
The constellation diagram for this signal is obtained and verified with theoretical
shapes.
We simulate the Bit-error-rate performance of digital communication system by
adding a controlled amount of noise to the transmitted signal.
By changing the variance of AWGN, scattering in constellation diagram changes. I.e.
increasing the variance of AWGN resulting less scattering in constellation diagram.
The theoretical equation for bit error rate (BER) with Binary Phase Shift Keying
(BPSK) modulation scheme in Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel is
derived.
We assumed that s0 and s1 are equally probable, i.e. P (s1) = P (s2) = 12 , so the
threshold V th = 0 . Otherwise, the threshold is set in such a way that it is shifted to
that side which has lesser probability.
A BER test provides a measurable and useful indication of the performance of the
system that can be directly related to its operational performance. If the BER rises
too high then the system performance will noticeably degrade. If it is within limits
then the system will operate satisfactorily.
As we increase the transmitted signal per energy bit, Eb , for a specified noise
spectral density N o , the message points corresponding to symbols 1 and 0 move
further apart, and the average probability of error P e is correspondingly reduced in
accordance with the BER equation.
When SNR increase, the noise power level decreases and there will be less no of
distortions and errors that results in lower BER.
As expected antipodal BPSK provided the best performance due to the large distance
( 2Eb) between the constellation points and hence improved immunity to noise.
This modulation is the most robust of all the PSKs since it takes the highest level of
noise or distortion to make the demodulator reach an incorrect decision. It is,
however, only able to modulate at 1 bit/symbol and so is unsuitable for high
data-rate applications. In the presence of an arbitrary phase-shift introduced by the
communications channel, the demodulator is unable to tell which constellation point
is which. As a result, the data is often differentially encoded prior to modulation.

11

(B.LOKESH B110471EC)
From the above experiment we can infer the following about BPSK:

BPSK is the simplest form of Phase Shift Keying (PSK), it uses two phases which are
separated by 180 degrees.

BPSK is the most robust of all Phase Shift Keying since it takes the highest level of
noise distortion to make the demodulator reach an incorrect decision.

However, we can only modulate at a rate of 1bit/symbol which makes it unsuitable

for high data-rate applications.

From the plot of BER versus Eb/No (verified with the theoretical plot), we can infer
that as the PSNR increases, the bit error rate decreases. This is because, for a given
No, as Eb increases, the separation between the two constellations increases and
hence the probability of error decreases.

The BER versus Eb/No plot could not be extended all the way to SNR=14dB as the
BER gets reduced to 0 in the simulation.

When AWGN noise was added, the constellations were found to cluster near the
actual constellation. however using maximum likelihood principle we could recover
the actual signal for cases where the error wasnt beyond the threshold limit.

We assumed that s0 and s1 are equally probable, i.e. P (s1) = P (s2) = 12 , so the
threshold V th = 0 . Otherwise, the threshold is set in such a way that it is shifted to
that side which has lesser probability.

In the presence of an arbitrary phase-shift introduced by the communications

channel, the demodulator is unable to tell which constellation point is which. As a
result, the data is often differentially encoded prior to modulation.

12

(ALIN THOMAS THARAKAN B110480EC)

Figure 1 in Observations shows the Carrier signal, the digital signal to be encoded and the
BPSK modulated signal. Whenever the digital signal switches from 1 to 0 or vice-versa, there
is a phase change of 180o in the modulated output.
In Figure 2, the constellation diagram of the noiseless BPSK is plotted. As can be seen from
the constellation diagram the received signal is well-defined in the absence of noise. The
advantage of BPSK is obvious from this plot. The signals in the constellation are well
separated (2Eb, where Eb is the bit energy).Thus the probability of an incorrect detection
(equivalently the BER) is minimized. The disadvantage of BPSK also stands out in the
constellation diagram. Since there are only two symbols, the bandwidth requirement of
BPSK would be quite large. Thus there is a temptation to use QPSK, 8-PSK and other
modulation schemes that have lower bandwidth requirement at the expense of increased
BER.
Figure 3 shows the constellation diagram in the presence of AWGN noise. The resulting
errors from this noise level would be low, but as the noise power is increased the points in
the constellation diagram may cross origin and result in demodulation errors. Thus in BPSK
systems we have to ensure high SNR. The demodulation is based on the maximum likelihood
principle.
Figure 4 shows the BER vs Eb/No plot. As expected when the SNR reduces the BER increases.
The plot shows both the practically obtained as well as the theoretical results. The plot could
not be extended all the way to SNR=14dB as the BER reduced to 0 in the simulation.
From these observations it can be concluded that BPSK is a good modulation scheme if
bandwidth is not a limitation and low BER values are expected.

13