Hyd It 3 1 CN Set 4

S.
23
Computer Networks (May/June-2012, Set-4) JNTU-Hyderabad

Code No: 09A51203/R09
III B.Tech. I Semester Examinations
May/June - 2012
Set-4
Solutions
COMPUTER NETWORKS
( Information Technology )
Time: 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 75
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
---
1.
(a)
Define analog signal, digital signal. Explain the advantages of a digital signal over an analog signal.
(Unit-I, Topic No. I.7)
(b)
Explain the functions of a physical layer in ISO-OSI model. [11+4] (Unit-I, Topic No. I.4)
(a)
Compare transparent and source routing bridges. (Unit-V, Topic No. 5.1)
(b)
Explain the working of 2-layer/ 3-layer switches. [5+10] (Unit-V, Topic No. 5.1)
3.
Explain the working of a datagram network with a suitable example. [15] (Unit-II, Topic No. 2.5)
4.
(a)
Describe the functions of the two FTP connections. (Unit-VIII, Topic No. 8.4)
(b)
What is anonymous FTP? (Unit-VIII, Topic No. 8.4)
(c)
How does storing a file differ from retrieving a file? What kind of file types can FTP transfer? [5+4+6]
(Unit-VIII, Topic No. 8.4)
(a)
Write short technical notes on usefulness of hamming distance for error detection and correction.
(Unit-III, Topic No. 3.2)
(b)
What is a linear block code? Explain. [10+5] (Unit-III, Topic No. 3.2)
(a)
What is the type of each of the following addresses?
5.
6.
(i)
FF02::0
(ii) FEC0::24A2
(iii) FE80::12
(iv) FE79::14. (Unit-VI, Topic No. 6.1)
(b)
Show the hexa-decimal colon notation,

(i)
The link local address in which the node identifier is 0::122/48
(ii) The site local address in which the node identifier is 0::124/48. [7+8] (Unit-VI, Topic No. 6.1)
7.
(a)
We have a pure ALOHA network with 100 stations. If frame duration (Tfr) = 1s, what is the number of frames/
second each station can send to achieve the maximum efficiency? (Unit-IV, Topic No. 4.1)
(b)
In a CSMA/CD network with a data rate of 10 Mbps, the maximum distance between any station pair is found
to be 2500 m for the correct operation of the collision detection process. What should be the maximum distance
if we increase the data rate to,
(i)
100 Mbps
(ii) 1 Gbps
(iii) 10 Gbps. (Unit-IV, Topic No. 4.1)
WARNING : Xerox/Photocopying of this book is a CRIMINAL act. Anyone found guilty is LIABLE to face LEGAL proceedings.
S.24
(c)
Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2012

In a CSMA/CD network with a data rate of 10 Mbps, the minimum frame size is found to be 512 bits for the
correct operation of the collision detection process. What should be the minimum frame size if we increase the
data rate to,
(i)
100 Mbps
(ii) 1 Gbps
(iii) 10 Gbps. [15] (Unit-IV, Topic No. 4.1)
8.
(a)
Compare the UDP header and the TCP header. List the fields in the TCP header that are missing from UDP
header. Give the reason for their absence. (Unit-VII, Topic No. 7.2)
(b)
UDP is a message-oriented protocol. TCP is a byte-oriented protocol. If an application needs to protect the
boundaries of its message, which protocol should be used, TCP or UDP? Justify your answer. [10+5]
(Unit-VII, Topic No. 7.2)
S.25
SOLUTIONS TO MAY/JUNE-2012, SET-4, QP

Q1.
(a)
Define analog signal, digital signal. Explain the advantages of a digital signal over an analog
signal.
Answer :
For answer refer Dec.-11, Set-2, Q1(b).
(b)
May/June-12, Set-4, Q1(a) M[11]
Explain the functions of a physical layer in ISO-OSI model.

May/June-12, Set-4, Q1(b) M[4]
Answer :
The functionalities of physical layer are as follows,
1.
Defining Characteristics
Physical layer is responsible for defining the characteristics of those interfaces which lie between the transmission
medium (along with its type) and the devices.
2.
Representing Bits
Physical layer is responsible for enconding of bits into electrical or optical signals.
3.
Defining Transmission Rate
Physical layer is responsible for defining the transmission rate that specifies the number of bits transmitted per
second.
4.
Synchronizing Bits
Physical layer aims at synchronizing the bits sent and received between the sender and receiver.
Connecting Devices
Physical layer is responsible for connecting devices to the media. There are two types of configuration. Physical
layer deals with,
(i)
Point-to-point Configuration
In this type of configuration, connection of two devices is done using a dedicated link.
(ii)
Multipoint Configuration
In this type of configuration , a single device is linked between various devices.
6.
Defining Physical Topology
Layer is responsible for topology, which describes the way in which devices are connected to form a network. The
various types of topologies include mesh topology, ring topology, bus topology, star topology and hybrid topology.
7.
Defining Transmission Mode
Physical layer is responsible for defining the transmission mode (direction of transmission) between any two devices.
The transmission modes are broadly into three categories.
(i)
Simplex mode
(ii)
Half-duplex mode
(iii)
Full-duplex mode.
(i)
Simplex Mode
In this type of transmission mode, data is transmitted in single direction.
(ii) Half-duplex Mode

In half-duplex, data is transmitted in both direction but one at a time.
(iii) Full-duplex Mode
In full duplex, data is transmitted simultaneously in both directions.
S.26
Q2
(a)

Compare transparent and source routing bridges.
Answer :
The difference between the transparent bridges and source routing bridges are given below.
Issue
Orientation
Transparency
Transparent Bridge
Source Routing Bridge
It provides connection less networking.
It provides connection oriented networking.
Its frames takes independent routes to
It uses a discovery frame to find out its route
reach the destination.
and then this route can be follow at next time.
These are completely transparent
These bridges are not transparent, as the
and hidden to the hosts. These bridges
hosts are aware of the bridging strategy and
are well suited with all existing 802
it has to participate in that strategy.
products.
Configuration
It is automatic it does not requires
It is manual. In this, it is the duty of the
network management. Automatically
network manager to install the LAN and
the bridges configure themselves to the
bridge numbers. It is very difficult to detect
topology.
mistakes or bridge numbers from a loop

of frames.
Routing
These bridges uses suboptimal routing
These source routing bridges uses optimal
i.e., they are restricted to use spanning
routing i.e., they are not restricted to use
trace only.
only one route. They also make a good use

of parallel bridges between two LANs to
split the load.
Locating
Backward learning is used to find the
Discovery frames are used to find the
destination. But, the drawback of using
destination. But the drawback of using this
backward learning is that it makes the
frame is that the exponential explosion is
bridges to wait for a frame from a
moderate to large internetworks with parallel
specific node or host to come across
bridges.
to know abut that host.

Failures
Failures can be handled by the bridges.
These are handled by the hosts. Bridges
Bridges can handle whenever a failure
give a failure notice to his connected hosts,
of LAN or any bridge fails, it is auto-
but the hosts are unaware of the problem,
matically handled by the bridges
they dont know if the problem is with the
without noticing to the host.
destination itself or with the current route,

until another discovery frame comes to the
hosts.
Complexity
Transparent bridges puts extra comp-
Source routing bridge puts extra
lexity in the bridges, as the bridges
complexity in the host, as they have
automatically configure themselves to
to send discovery frames to find
the topology.
the destination.
S.27

(b)
Explain the working of 2-layer/ 3-layer switches.

Answer :
Two-layer Switch
A two-layer switch is a bridge that contains multiple ports. It operates at physical layer and data link layer of the OSI
model. It can connect few LANs using lesser number of ports.
However, if many ports are used than each independent station can be assigned a unique port by this switch and this
assignment of port eliminates competition for traffic.
Characteristics of Two-layer Switch
1.
A filters packet based on the address of the MAC frames.
2.
It is capable of transfering the framer soon after checking the header for MAC addresses.
3.
It enhances the network performance.
Three-layer Switch
A three-layer switch is a router that forwards data packets using hardware. The forwarding involves,
(a)
A route lookup
(b)
Decrease in time to link count
(c)
Checksum recalculation
(d)
Forwarding frames to correct output port.
Different types of routing protocols such as Open Shortest Port First (OSPF) and Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
are used for routing packets and building routing tables. These tables are used to decide the route for data packets.
Characteristics of three-layers Switch
1.
It has advanced technical capabilities.
2.
It performs faster table lookup as well as packet forwarding by using switching fibric.
Q3.
Explain the working of a datagram network with a suitable example.

May/June-12, Set-4, Q3 M[15]
Answer :
For answer refer Unit-II, Q22.
Q4.
(a)
Describe the functions of the two FTP connections.
Answer :
Function of FTP Connections

The control and data transfer processes in client and server machines are connected by the control and data
connections. The data connection is initially opened when commands for file transfer are used and get closed when the file
is transferred whereas the connection remains connected throughout the FTP session. Thus, for a single control connection
which is opened, multiple data connection can be opened and closed during the file transfer process.
Communication Over Control Connection
For answer refer Unit-VIII, Q17, Topic: Communication Over Control Connection.
Communication Over Data Connection
For answer refer Unit-VIII, Q17, Topic: Communication Over Data Connection.
Note: Exclude file type, Data structure and transmission mode from the answer.
S.28
(b)

What is anonymous FTP?
In general FTP can be used by only authorized users

after going through proper authentication process. However,
certain networks/websites allow the resourcer (files) to be
accessed by public. The mechanism which allows
unregistered users to access files is called anonymous FTP.
An anonymous FTP user can access the files by logging
onto the server using the username anonymous and
password guest.
This mechanism allow large number of users to access
resourcer without going through registration process.
However, the anonymous users are restricted to certain area
to access files.
May/June-12, Set-4, Q4(c) M[6]
File Storage and Retrival in FTP
For answer refer Unit-III, Q7, Q8.

(b)
What is a linear block code? Explain.

Answer :
For answer refer Unit-III, Q9.

Q6.
(a)
What is the type of each of the following

addresses?
(i)
FF02::0
(ii) FEC0::24A2
(iii) FE80::12
(iv) FE79::14.
Answer :
(i)
FF02::0
FF02::0 is a type of link local address.
File Storage
A file is stored by the clients on a servers (that is
remotely situated) current directory by using STOR (put)
command. This STOR command causes the server to
recognize and accept data or files being transferred and to
store the data. If the file transferred does not exists on the
server then a new file is created. On the other hand, if the file
already exists with the same name, then its contents are
replaced by the new files content.
(ii)
(iii)
FTP can transfer different types of files such as,

ASCII File
For answer refer Unit-VIII, Q16, Topic: ASCII
Mode.
Binary/Image Files
For answer refer Unit-VIII, Q16, Topic: Binary/
Image Mode.
(iii) EBCDIC File
For answer refer Unit-VIII, Q16, Topic: EBCDIC
Mode.
FE80::12
FE80::12 is a multicast (permanent link local) type of
address.
(iv)
FE79::14
FE79::14 is a type of loop back address.
(b)
A file is retrieved from the current directory of a host

that is remote to the client, by using RETR (put) command.
This invocation of this command results in establishing a
data connection between host and the client. Thereafter, the
requested file is transferred to the client from the server.
Types of Files Being Transferred
FEC0::24A2
FEC0::24A2 is a type of site local address.
File Retrieval
(ii)
Write short technical notes on usefulness

of hamming distance for error detection
and correction.
Answer :
How does storing a file differ from

retrieving a file? What kind of file types
can FTP transfer?
Answer :
(i)
(a)
Answer :
(c)
Q5.
Show the hexa-decimai colon notation,

(i)
The link local address in which the

node identifier is 0::122/48
(ii) The site local address in which the

node identifier is 0::124/48.
Answer :
(i)
FE80 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 000 : 000 : 000 : 0123 or

FE80::123.
(ii)
FEC0 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0123 or

FEC0::123.
Q7.
(a)
We have a pure ALOHA network with

100 stations. If frame duration (Tfr) = 1s,
what is the number of frames/second
each station can send to achieve the
maximum efficiency?
May/June-12, Set-4, Q7(a)
S.29

Answer :
Given that,
(1000 bits)/1 Mbps = 1 ms
Duration of frame (Tfr) =
1000 bits
= 1 ms
1M bps
Assuming that the signal minimum frame size and

number of network device are constant. For every ten fold
increase in transmission rate the distance between the pair
of stations will decrease by ten fold.
Therefore, if 2500 m is the correct distance for 10
Mbps then for 1 Gbps the distance
Number of stations (nsr) = 100
(c)
G = nsr n fsr Tfr

= 100 10 1 ms = 1
In case of pure ALOHA S = G e2G
= 1 e2(1)
~13.53%
(b)
In a CSMA/CD network with a data rate

of 10 Mbps, the maximum distance
between any station pair is found to be
2500 m for the correct operation of the
collision detection process. What should
be the maximum distance if we
increase the data rate to,
(i)
100 Mbps
(ii) 1 Gbps
(iii) 10 Gbps.
Answer :
May/June-12, Set-4, Q7(b)
In a CSMA/CD network with a data rate

of 10 Mbps, the minimum frame size is
found to be 512 bits for the correct
operation of the collision detection
process. What should be the minimum
frame size if we increase the data rate
to,
(i)
Hence, each station can transfer 1.35 frames per

second.
25
= 2.5 m.
10
100 Mbps
(ii) 1 Gbps
(iii) 10 Gbps.
May/June-12, Set-4, Q7(c)
Answer :
(i)
100 Mbps
In a CSMA/CD network, the minimum frame size for

correct operation of collision detection process is 512 bits
for the data transmission rate of 10 mbps. This frame size is
proportional to data rate i.e., when the data rate increases
the frame size must also be increased.
Therefore, for the speed of 10 mbps when 512 bits are
required 5120 bits are needed when the speed is increased
to 100 mbps.
100 Mbps
(ii)
For answer refer Dec.-11, Set-2, Q5(a) (First paragraph
For answer refer May/June-12, Set-4, Q7(c)(i) (First

paragraph only).
Assuming that the signal minimum frame size and

number of network devices are constant. For every ten fold
increase in transmission rate, the distance between the pair
of station will decrease by ten fold.
Therefore, when 512 bits are needed for the data

transmission speed of 10 mbps, minimum frame size of 51200
bits are required when the data speed is increased to 1 Gbps.
Therefore, if 2500 m is the correct distance for 10

Mbps then for 10 10 = 100 Mbps the correct distance
For answer refer May/June-12, Set-4, Q7(c)(i) (First

paragraph only).
(i)
only).
would be
(ii)
2500
= 250 m.
10
1 Gbps
For answer refer Dec.-11, Set-2, Q5(a).
(iii)
10 Gbps
For answer refer Dec.-11, Set-2, Q5(a) (First paragraph
only).
(iii)
1 Gbps
10 Gbps
Therefore, when minimum frame size of 512 bits is

needed for data transfer rate of 10 mbps, 512000 bits frame
size is needed when the data rate is increased to 10 Gbps.
Q8.
(a)
Compare the UDP header and the TCP

header. List the fields in the TCP header
that are missing from UDP header. Give
the reason for their absence.
S.30
Answer :
UDP Header
For answer refer Unit-VII, Q5.
TCP Header
For answer refer Unit-VII, Q10.
The fields that are present in a header but not UDP header are as follows,
1.
Sequence number
2.
3.
Acknowledgment number
Header length
4.
5.
Reserved field
Control fields
6.
7.
Window size
Urgent pointer
8.
Option.
(b)
UDP is a message-oriented protocol. TCP is a byte-oriented protocol. If an application needs

to protect the boundaries of its messages, which protocol should be used, TCP or UDP?
Justify your answer.
Answer :
Message Boundary Preservation
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) preserves the boundaries of the messages whereas, Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP) does not preserve the messages boundaries.
When a client sends a message of (For example, 200 bytes and then 300 bytes).
Then, the boundaries of these two messages are preserved in UDP. The UDP does not combine these two messages.
It transfer the messages in their original format and therefore the application is not forced to split the message at receivers
end.
300 bytes
200 bytes
300 bytes
200 bytes
UDP
Sender
Receiver
Figure (1): UDP Preserving Messages Boundaries

However, TCP does not preserve the boundaries of the messages. It combines the multiple massager in a single stream (200
bytes and 300 bytes in our example). This combination of multiple message forces the application to split the messages at
the receivers end in their original format.
300 bytes
200 bytes
300 bytes
200 bytes
TCP
Sender
Receiver
Figure (2): TCP Combining Messages


Hyd It 3 1 CN Set 4

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Hyd It 3 1 CN Set 4

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

S.

Computer Networks (May/June-2012, Set-4) JNTU-Hyderabad

What is anonymous FTP? (Unit-VIII, Topic No. 8.4)

What is the type of each of the following addresses?

Show the hexa-decimal colon notation,

The link local address in which the node identifier is 0::122/48

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2012

Computer Networks (May/June-2012, Set-4) JNTU-Hyderabad

SOLUTIONS TO MAY/JUNE-2012, SET-4, QP

May/June-12, Set-4, Q1(a) M[11]

Explain the functions of a physical layer in ISO-OSI model.

Defining Transmission Rate

Defining Physical Topology

Defining Transmission Mode

(ii) Half-duplex Mode

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2012

Source Routing Bridge

It provides connection less networking.

It provides connection oriented networking.

Its frames takes independent routes to

It uses a discovery frame to find out its route

reach the destination.

and then this route can be follow at next time.

These are completely transparent

These bridges are not transparent, as the

and hidden to the hosts. These bridges

hosts are aware of the bridging strategy and

are well suited with all existing 802

it has to participate in that strategy.

It is automatic it does not requires

It is manual. In this, it is the duty of the

network management. Automatically

network manager to install the LAN and

the bridges configure themselves to the

bridge numbers. It is very difficult to detect

mistakes or bridge numbers from a loop

These bridges uses suboptimal routing

These source routing bridges uses optimal

i.e., they are restricted to use spanning

routing i.e., they are not restricted to use

only one route. They also make a good use

Backward learning is used to find the

Discovery frames are used to find the

destination. But, the drawback of using

destination. But the drawback of using this

backward learning is that it makes the

frame is that the exponential explosion is

bridges to wait for a frame from a

moderate to large internetworks with parallel

specific node or host to come across

to know abut that host.

Failures can be handled by the bridges.

These are handled by the hosts. Bridges

Bridges can handle whenever a failure

give a failure notice to his connected hosts,

of LAN or any bridge fails, it is auto-

but the hosts are unaware of the problem,

matically handled by the bridges

they dont know if the problem is with the

without noticing to the host.

destination itself or with the current route,

Transparent bridges puts extra comp-

Source routing bridge puts extra