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TRANSLATION OF FOREIGN
CURRENCY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Chapter Outline
I.
II. The primary objective of the temporal method is to maintain the underlying valuation method
used by the foreign entity to account for its assets and liabilities.
A. Assets and liabilities carried at current or future value are translated at the current
exchange rate. Assets and liabilities carried at cost and stockholders' equity items are
translated at a historical exchange rate.
B. By translating some assets at the current exchange rate and others at historical rates the
temporal method distorts financial ratios calculated in the foreign currency.
C. Most income statement items are translated at average-for-the-period rates. However,
cost-of-goods-sold, depreciation, and amortization expense are translated at relevant
historical exchange rates.
D. Balance sheet exposure under the temporal method is defined as cash, marketable
securities, and receivables minus total liabilities. A net liability exposure often exists.
1. When a liability balance sheet exposure exists, depreciation of the foreign currency
results in a positive translation adjustment (gain) and appreciation of the foreign
currency results in a negative translation adjustment (loss).
2. Reporting a translation loss when the foreign currency appreciates is thought to be
inconsistent with economic reality.
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III. With the current rate method, the net investment in a foreign operation is considered to be
exposed to foreign exchange risk.
A. Assets and liabilities are translated at the current exchange rate; equity is translated at
historical rates.
B. Translating assets which are carried at cost using the current exchange rate results in a
translated value which is not readily interpretable; it is neither a current value nor a
historical cost.
C. However, translating all assets at the current rate does maintain underlying ratios and
relationships that exist in the foreign currency statements.
D. Revenues and expenses which occur evenly throughout the period are translated at the
average-for-the-period exchange rate. Income items, such as gains and losses, which
are the result of a discrete event, are translated at the actual exchange rate on the date
of occurrence.
E. Balance sheet exposure under the current rate method is equal to the foreign entity's net
assets (stockholders' equity).
1. Appreciation in the foreign currency results in a positive translation adjustment
(gain); depreciation results in a negative translation adjustment (loss).
IV. FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 830, Foreign Currency Matters, (FASB ASC
830) provides guidelines for the translation of foreign currency financial statements by U.S.based multinational corporations. The appropriate translation method and disposition of
translation adjustment depends upon the functional currency of the foreign entity.
A. The functional currency is the primary currency of the foreign entity's operating
environment. It can be either the U.S. dollar or a foreign currency.
1. U.S. GAAP lists six indicators that are to be used in determining an entity's functional
currency. There are no guidelines as to how these indicators are to be weighted.
B. If a foreign currency is the functional currency, the foreign entity's financial statements
are "translated" using the current rate method and the resulting translation adjustment is
reported as a separate component of equity. The average-for-the-period exchange rate
is used to translate the foreign entity's income statement.
1. Upon the sale or liquidation of a specific foreign entity, the cumulative translation
adjustment related to that entity is taken to income as an adjustment to the gain or
loss on sale or liquidation.
C. If the U.S. dollar is the functional currency, foreign currency financial statements are
"remeasured" using the temporal method with "remeasurement" gains and losses
reported in operating income.
D. If a foreign entity operates in a highly inflationary economy (cumulative three-year
inflation greater than 100%), its financial statements are remeasured into U.S. dollars
using the temporal method and remeasurement gains and losses are reported in
income.
V. Some companies hedge the balance sheet exposures of their foreign entities so as to avoid
adverse effects on income and/or stockholders' equity.
A. FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging (FASB
ASC 815) refers to this as a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation and
stipulates that gains and losses on hedging instruments used in this manner should be
treated in the same fashion as the translation adjustment (remeasurement gain/loss)
being hedged.
B. The paradox of hedging balance sheet exposure is that by avoiding a translation
adjustment (remeasurement gain/loss), realized foreign exchange gains and losses can
arise.
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manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Answers to Questions
1. The two major issues related to the translation of foreign currency financial statements are:
(a) which method should be used and (b) where should the resulting translation adjustment
be reported in the consolidated financial statements. The first issue relates to determining
the appropriate exchange rate (historical, current, or average for the current period) for the
translation of foreign currency balances. Those items translated at the current exchange
rate are exposed to translation adjustment. The second issue relates to whether the
translation adjustment should be treated as a gain or loss in income, or should be deferred
as a separate component of stockholders equity.
2. Balance sheet exposure arises when a foreign currency balance is translated at the current
exchange rate. By translating at the current exchange rate, the foreign currency item in
essence is being revalued in U.S. dollar terms on the consolidated financial statements.
There will be either a net asset balance sheet exposure or net liability balance sheet
exposure depending upon whether assets translated at the current rate are greater or less
than liabilities translated at the current rate. Balance sheet exposure generates a translation
adjustment which does not result in an inflow or outflow of cash. Transaction exposure,
which results from the receipt or payment of foreign currency, generates foreign exchange
gains and losses which are realized in cash.
3. Although balance sheet exposure does not result in cash inflows and outflows, it does
nevertheless affect amounts reported in consolidated financial statements. If the foreign
currency is the functional currency, translation adjustments will be reported in stockholders
equity. If translation adjustments are negative and therefore reduce total stockholders
equity, there is an adverse (inflationary) impact on the debt to equity ratio. Companies with
restrictive debt covenants requiring them to stay below a maximum debt to equity ratio, may
find it necessary to hedge their balance sheet exposure so as to avoid negative translation
adjustments being reported. If the U.S. dollar is the functional currency or an operation is
located in a high inflation country, remeasurement gains and losses are reported in income.
Companies might want to hedge their balance sheet exposure in this situation to avoid the
adverse impact remeasurement losses can have on consolidated income and earnings per
share.
The paradox in hedging balance sheet exposure is that, by agreeing to receive or deliver
foreign currency in the future under a forward contract, a transaction exposure is created.
This transaction exposure is speculative in nature, given that there is no underlying inflow or
outflow of foreign currency that can be used to satisfy the forward contract. By hedging
balance sheet exposure, a company might incur a realized foreign exchange loss to avoid
an unrealized negative translation adjustment or unrealized remeasurement loss.
4. The gains and losses arising from financial instruments used to hedge balance sheet
exposure are treated in a similar manner as the item the hedge is intended to cover. If the
foreign currency is the functional currency, gains and losses on hedging instruments will be
taken to accumulated other comprehensive income. If the U.S. dollar is the functional
currency, gains and losses on the hedging instruments will be offset against the related
remeasurement gains and losses.
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5. The major concept underlying the temporal method is that the translation process should
result in a set of translated U.S. dollar financial statements as if the foreign subsidiarys
transactions had actually been carried out using U.S. dollars. To achieve this objective,
assets carried at historical cost and stockholders equity are translated at historical
exchange rates; assets carried at current value and liabilities (carried at current value) are
translated at the current exchange rate. Under this concept, the foreign subsidiarys
monetary assets and liabilities are considered to be foreign currency cash, receivables, and
payables of the parent which are exposed to transaction risk. For example, if the foreign
currency appreciates, then the foreign currency receivables increase in U.S. dollar value
and a gain is recognized. Balance sheet exposure under the temporal method is analogous
to the net transaction exposure which exists from having both receivables and payables in a
particular foreign currency.
The major concept underlying the current rate method is that the entire foreign investment is
exposed to foreign exchange risk. Therefore all assets and liabilities are translated at the
current exchange rate. Balance sheet exposure under this concept is equal to the net
investment.
6. The Retained Earnings balance is created by a multitude of transactions: all revenues,
expenses, gains, losses, and dividends since the companys inception. Identifying each
component of this account (so that a separate translation can be made) would be virtually
impossible. Therefore, in the initial year that Statement 52 was applied, the ending balance
calculated under Statement 8 was merely brought forward. Thereafter, the ending balance
translated each year for retained earnings becomes the beginning figure to be reported for
the following year.
7. The major differences relate to non-monetary assets carried at historical cost and related
expenses, i.e., inventory and cost of goods sold; property, plant, and equipment and
depreciation expense; and intangible assets and amortization expense. Under the temporal
method, these items are all translated at historical exchange rates. Under the current rate
method, the assets are translated at the current exchange rate and the related expenses are
translated at the average exchange rate for the current period.
8. The functional currency is the currency of the subsidiarys primary economic environment. It
is usually identified as the currency in which the company generates and expends cash.
FASB ASC 830 recommends that several factors such as the location of primary sales
markets, sources of materials and labor, the source of financing, and the amount of
intercompany transactions should be evaluated in identifying an entitys functional currency.
FASB ASC 830 does not provide any guidance as to how these factors are to be weighted
(equally or otherwise) when identifying an entitys functional currency.
9. The foreign subsidiary's net asset position in foreign currency at the beginning of the period
is first determined. Changes in net assets are determined to explain the net asset balance
in foreign currency at the end of the period. The beginning net asset position and changes
in net assets are translated at appropriate exchange rates and the ending net asset position
in dollars is determined.
The ending net asset balance in foreign currency is then translated at the current rate and
this result is subtracted from the ending net asset position in dollars (already calculated).
The difference is the translation adjustment. It is positive if the actual dollar net asset
position is less than the net asset position based on the current exchange rate. The
translation adjustment is negative if the actual dollar net asset position is greater than if
translated at the current rate.
Most companies include the cumulative translation adjustment on the U.S. dollar Balance
Sheet in the Stockholders Equity Section under Accumulated Other Comprehensive
Income.
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10. One theory mentioned by the FASB identifies the translation adjustment as a measure of
unrealized increases and decreases that have occurred in the value of the foreign subsidiary
because of exchange rate changes. A second theory argues that this adjustment is no more
than a mechanically derived number that must be included to keep the balance sheet in
equilibrium although the figure has no intrinsic meaning. The FASB did not indicate that
either theory is considered more appropriate.
11. Translation is required when a foreign currency is the functional currency. Remeasurement
is required in two situations:
a. The U.S. dollar is the functional currency.
b. The foreign subsidiary operates in a highly inflationary country.
Remeasurement is carried out using the temporal method, with remeasurement gains and
losses reported in consolidated income. Translation is done using the current rate method
and the resulting translation adjustment is carried as a separate component of stockholders
equity.
12. The temporal method must be used to remeasure the financial statements of operations in
highly inflationary countries. One reason for mandating the use of the temporal method is
that it avoids the disappearing plant problem that exists when the current rate method is
used. Under the current rate method, fixed assets are translated at current exchange rates.
With high rates of inflation, the foreign currency will depreciate significantly. When the
historical cost of fixed assets is translated at a significantly lower current exchange rate, the
dollar value of fixed assets disappears. This problem is avoided by translating at the
historical exchange rate as is done under the temporal method.
13. Differences exist between IFRS and U.S. GAAP with regard to (a) the hierarchy of factors
used to determine the functional currency and (b) the method used to translate the financial
statements of a subsidiary located in a hyperinflationary country.
IAS 21 establishes primary factors and other factors to be considered in determining an
entitys functional currency. When the indicators are mixed and the functional currency is
not obvious, the parent must give priority to the primary indicators in determining the foreign
entitys functional currency. U.S. GAAP does not have a similar hierarchy.
In translating the foreign currency financial statements of a subsidiary located in a highly
inflationary economy, IAS 21 requires financial statements to first be restated for local
inflation and then translated into the parents currency using the current exchange rate for all
financial statement items. In contrast, U.S. GAAP requires use of the temporal method with
no adjustment for inflation in this situation.
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manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Answers to Problems
1. C (Definition of functional currency)
2. C (Comparison of current rate and temporal methods)
3. C (Translation process (current rate method))
4. B (Determine appropriate translation method and resulting translation
adjustment)
Because the peso is the functional currency, the financial statements must
be translated using the current rate method. Therefore, answers a and d
can be eliminated. Because the subsidiary has a net asset position and the
peso has appreciated from $.16 to $.19, a positive translation adjustment
will result.
5. A (Translation process (current rate method) asset and related expense)
All asset accounts are translated at current rates.
6. A (Translation process (current rate method) assets)
Because the foreign currency is the functional currency, a translation is
required. All assets accounts are translated at current rates.
7.
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FCU
P20,000
x $.15 =
$ 3,000
10,000
P30,000
x $.19 =
1,900
$ 4,900
P30,000
x $.21 =
$ 6,300
$(1,400)
P100,000
x $.16 =
50,000
$16,000
x $.20 =
(60,000)
(30,000)
(10,000)
P 50,000
x $.16 =
x $.18 =
x $.21 =
(9,600)
(5,400)
(2,100)
$ 8,900
P 50,000
x $.22 =
11,000
$(2,100)
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manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
22. (5 minutes) Determine Translated Values under the Current Rate Method
As a translation, both the asset (inventory) and the liability (accounts
payable) utilize the current exchange rate at the balance sheet date
(December 31). Thus, the translated values are as follows:
Inventory
LCU120,000 x 25% left
= LCU30,000 x 1/3.0 = $10,000
Accounts payable LCU120,000 x 40% unpaid = LCU48,000 x 1/3.0 = $16,000
23. (10 minutes) (Determine appropriate exchange rates under the current rate
fethod [translation] and temporal method [remeasurement])
Accounts payable
Accounts receivable
Accumulated depreciation
Advertising expense
Amortization expense
Buildings
Cash
Common stock
Depreciation expense
Dividends paid (10/1)
Notes payable
Patents (net)
Salary expense
Sales
Translation
$.16 C
$.16 C
$.16 C
$.19 A
$.19 A
$.16 C
$.16 C
$.28 H
$.19 A
$.20 H
$.16 C
$.16 C
$.19 A
$.19 A
Remeasurement
$.16 C
$.16 C
$.26 H
$.19 A
$.25 H
$.26 H
$.16 C
$.28 H
$.26 H
$.20 H
$.16 C
$.25 H
$.19 A
$.19 A
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CHF3,700,000
x $.70 = $2,590,000
CHF3,700,000
x $.75 = (2,775,000)
$( 185,000)
CHF(300,000)
x $.70 = $(210,000)
CHF(300,000)
x $.75 =
(225,000)
$ 15,000
25. (30 minutes) (Prepare financial statements for a foreign subsidiary and then
translate them into U.S. dollars)
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=
=
=
=
U.S. Dollars
$114,000
(19,000)
(26,600)
(7,400)
$
61,000
* Repair expense is the only expense not incurred evenly throughout the
year.
Statement of Retained Earnings
LCU
Retained earnings, 1/1
-0Net income
32,000
(above)
Dividends paid
(5,000)
x $1.80 H
Retained earnings, 12/31
27,000
Cash
Accounts receivable
Building
Accumulated depreciation
Total assets
Interest payable
Note payable
Common stock
Retained earnings
Translation adjustment
Total liabilities and equities
Balance Sheet
LCU
41,000
x $1.80 C
10,000
x $1.80 C
140,000
x $1.80 C
(14,000)
177,000
10,000
100,000
40,000
27,000
U.S. Dollars
-0$61,000
=
(9,000)
$52,000
=
=
=
x $1.80 C
x $1.80 C
x $1.80 C
x $2.00 H
(above)
(below)
=
=
=
177,000
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U.S. Dollars
$ 73,800
18,000
252,000
(25,200)
$318,600
$ 18,000
180,000
80,000
52,000
(11,400)
$318,600
-0-
x $2.00
(above)
$ 80,000
61,000
x $1.80
(9,000)
$132,000
x $1.80
120,600
$ 11,400
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26. (30 minutes) (Prepare a statement of cash flows for a foreign subsidiary and
then translate it into U.S. dollars)
Fenwicke Company Subsidiary
Statement of Cash Flows
LCU
U.S. Dollars
Operating Activities:
Net income
32,000 (from prob 25)
plus: depreciation
14,000
x $1.9 A =
less: increase in accounts receivable (10,000)
x $1.9 A =
plus: increase in interest payable
10,000
x $1.9 A =
Cash flow from operations
46,000
Investing Activities:
Purchase of building
(140,000)
x $2.0 H =
Financing Activities:
Sale of common stock
40,000
x $2.0 H =
Borrowing on note
100,000
x $2.0 H =
Dividends paid
(5,000)
x $1.8 H =
135,000
Increase in cash
41,000
Effect of exchange rate change on cash
Cash, 1/1
-0Cash, 12/31
41,000
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26,600
(19,000)
19,000
87,600
(280,000)
80,000
200,000
(9,000)
271,000
78,600
(4,800)
-0x $1.80 C = $ 73,800
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KM30,000
x $.32 =
$ 9,600
5,000
1,000
x $.34 =
x $.35 =
1,700
350
(3,000)
(2,000)
KM31,000
x $.41 =
x $.37 =
(1,230)
( 740)
$ 9,680
KM31,000
x $.42 =
(13,020)
$(3,340)
x $.32 =
$ ( 960)
x $.34 =
x $.35 =
5,100
1,750
x $.39 =
x $.40 =
x $.41 =
(4,680)
(1,600)
(1,230)
$(1,620)
x $.42 =
(840)
$ (780)
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$19,680
7,500
(4,680)
22,500
27,260
$(4,760)
$ 5,280
7,500
(4,680)
$ 8,100
9,860
$(1,760)
60,000 LCU
60,000 LCU
$17,400
$13,800
x $.29 =
x $.23 =
29. (10 minutes) (Determine the appropriate exchange rate under the current rate
method [translation] and temporal method [remeasurement])
(a) Current Rate Method
Account
Translation
Sales
20 A
Inventory
22 C
Equipment
22 C
Rent expense
20 A
Dividends
21 H
Notes receivable
22 C
Accumulated depreciation--equipment 22 C
Salary payable
22 C
Depreciation expense
20 A
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30. (30 minutes) (Determine translation adjustment; prepare journal entries for
forward contract hedge of balance sheet exposure; determine amount to be
reported in accumulated other comprehensive income)
a. Net assets, 1/1 (132,000 54,000)
Change in net assets:
Net income
Dividends, 3/1
Dividends, 10/1
Net assets, 12/31
Net assets at current
exchange rate, 12/31
Translation adjustment (negative)
78,000 kites
x $0.80 =
$62,400
26,000 kites
(5,000) kites
(5,000) kites
94,000 kites
x $0.77 =
x $0.78 =
x $0.76 =
20,020
(3,900)
(3,800)
$74,720
94,000 kites
x $0.75 =
70,500
$ 4,220
Forward Contract...................................
2,000
Translation Adjustment (positive). .
2,000
(To record the change in the value of the forward contract as
an adjustment to the translation adjustment)
Foreign Currency (kites).......................
150,000
Cash...................................................
150,000
(To record the purchase of 200,000 kites at the spot rate of
$.75)
Cash ......................................................
152,000
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Debits
8,000 KQ x 1.62 $12,960
9,000 KQ x 1.62 14,580
3,000 KQ x 1.62
4,860
600 KQ x 1.62
5,000 KQ x 1.62
8,100
3,000 KQ x 1.62
5,000 KQ x 1.62
10,000 KQ x 1.71
4,000 KQ x 1.66
6,640
25,000 KQ x 1.64
5,000 KQ x 1.64
8,200
600 KQ x 1.64
984
9,000 KQ x 1.64 14,760
$71,084
Translation Adjustment (negative)
948
$72,032
Calculation of Translation Adjustment
Net assets, 1/1..
-0Increase in net assets:
Common stock issued.
10,000 KQ x 1.71
Sales.
25,000 KQ x 1.64
Decrease in net assets:
Dividends paid..
( 4,000) KQ x 1.66
Salary expense..
( 5,000) KQ x 1.64
Depreciation expense.
( 600) KQ x 1.64
Miscellaneous expense .
( 9,000) KQ x 1.64
Net assets, 12/31.
16,400* KQ
Net assets, 12/31 at
current exchange rate.
16,400 KQ x 1.62
Translation adjustment (negative)
Cash.
Accounts Receivable..
Equipment..
Accumulated Depreciation
Land
Accounts Payable
Notes Payable..
Common Stock
Dividends Paid.
Sales
Salary Expense
Depreciation Expense
Miscellaneous Expense.
Credits
972
4,860
8,100
17,100
41,000
$72,032
-0$17,100
41,000
(6,640)
(8,200)
( 984)
(14,760)
$27,516
26,568
$ 948
* This amount can be verified as ending assets (24,400 KQ) minus ending
liabilities (8,000 KQ) net assets, 12/31 = 16,400 KQ.
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31. (continued)
b. Remeasurement of Subsidiary Trial Balance
Cash
Accounts Receivable
Equipment
Accumulated Depreciation
Land
Accounts Payable
Notes Payable
Common Stock
Dividends Paid
Sales
Salary Expense
Depreciation Expense
Miscellaneous Expense
8,000
9,000
3,000
600
5,000
3,000
5,000
10,000
4,000
25,000
5,000
600
9,000
KQ x 1.62
KQ x 1.62
KQ x 1.71
KQ x 1.71
KQ x 1.59
KQ x 1.62
KQ x 1.62
KQ x 1.71
KQ x 1.66
KQ x 1.64
KQ x 1.64
KQ x 1.71
KQ x 1.64
Debits
$12,960
14,580
5,130
7,950
6,640
8,200
1,026
14,760
$71,246
840
$72,086
Credits
$ 1,026
4,860
8,100
17,100
41,000
$72,086
(5,130)
KQ
1.59
KQ
1.66
KQ
1.64
x 1.64
(14,760)
$15,420
x 1.62
14,580
$ 840
* This amount can be verified as ending assets (17,000 KQ) minus ending
liabilities (8,000 KQ) net assets, 12/31 = 9,000 KQ.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
32.
Cash
Receivables
Inventory
Fixed Assets (net)
Total
Liabilities
Common Stock
Retained Earnings
Translation Adjustment
Total
Balance Sheet
December 31, 2013
Goghs
44,000 x 1/.65 =
116,000 x 1/.65 =
58,000 x 1/.65 =
339,000 x 1/.65 =
557,000
U.S. Dollars
67,692
178,462
89,231
521,538
856,923
Translation Adjustment
Goghs
Net assets, 1/1/13
336,000
Net income, 2013
71,000
Dividends paid
(26,000)
Net assets, 12/31/13
381,000
Net assets at current exchange rate,
12/31/13
381,000
U.S. Dollars
x 1/.60 = 560,000
above
114,066
above
(41,935)
632,131
x 1/.65 = 586,154
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
45,977
85,000
130,977
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
2,000
KR x 2.50 = $ 5,000
10,000
22,000
80,000
KR x 2.60 = 26,000
KR x 2.80 = 61,600
KR x 2.70 = 216,000
(30,000)
(32,000)
(14,000)
(20,000)
( 5,000)
13,000
KR x 2.60 = (78,000)
KR x 2.90 = (92,800)
KR x 2.70 = (37,800)
KR x 2.70 = (54,000)
KR x 2.70 = (13,500)
KR
$ 32,500
13,000
KR x 3.00 = 39,000
$ (6,500)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
33. (continued)
b. Translation Adjustment
Net assets, 1/1/13*
100,000 KR x 2.50
Increases in net assets
Issued Common Stock (4/1/13)
10,000 KR x 2.60
Gain on Sale of Building** (7/1/13) 6,000 KR x 2.80
Sales (2013)
80,000 KR x 2.70
Decreases in net assets
Paid Dividends (10/1/13)
(32,000) KR x 2.90
Depreciation Expense (2013)
(15,000) KR x 2.70
Rent Expense (2013)
(14,000) KR x 2.70
Salary Expense (2013)
(20,000) KR x 2.70
Utilities Expense (2013)
( 5,000) KR x 2.70
Net assets, 12/31/13
110,000 KR
Net monetary assets, 12/31/13 at
current exchange rate
110,000 KR x 3.00
330,000
Translation adjustment (positive)
= $250,000
=
=
=
26,000
16,800
216,000
=
=
=
=
=
(92,800)
(40,500)
(37,800)
(54,000)
(13,500)
$270,200
$(59,800)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Canadian Dollars
Debit
Credit
17,150
4,750
10,000
20,650
500
Pesos
49,000
19,000
40,000
59,000
2,000
x .35 C
x .25 H
x .25 H
x .35 C
x .25 H
23,000
x .30 A (12)
6,900
28,000
28,000
68,000
21,000
9,000
124,000
30,000
x .34 A(13)
x .34 A(13)
x .34 A(13)
x .35 C
x .34 A
x .34 A
given
9,520
23,120
7,350
3,060
Remeasurement loss
Total
Schedule One
.32
10
81,110
9,520
42,160
7,530
81,110
Canadian Dollars
(5,120)
.34
42,160
.34
.34
(23,120)
( 3,060)
10,860
.35
10,850
10
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
34. (continued)
b. and c.
The following C$ financial statements are produced by combining the figures
from the main operation with the remeasured figures from the branch
operation. The Branch Operation and Main Office accounts offset each
other. Cost of goods sold for the Mexican branch is determined by
combining beginning inventory, purchases, and ending inventory as
remeasured in C$.
Income Statement
c. Translation into U.S. dollars
For the Year Ended December 31, 2013
Current Rate Method
Sales
Cost of goods sold
Gross profit
Depreciation expense
Salary expense
Utility expense
Gain on sale of equipment
Remeasurement loss
C$
Net income
C$
354,160
(223,500)
130,660
(8,500)
(29,060)
(9,000)
5,000
(10)
x .67 A =
x .67 A =
x
x
x
x
x
.67 A
.67 A
.67 A
.68 H
.67 A
=
=
=
=
=
89,090
$ 237,287.20
(149,745.00)
87,542.20
(5,695.00)
(19,470.20)
(6,030.00)
3,400.00
(6 .70)
$ 59,740.30
C$
C$
135,530
89,090
( 28,000)
196,620
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
Given
Above
x .69 H =
$ 70,421.00
59,740.30
(19,320.00)
$110,841.30
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
34. (continued)
b. and c.
Balance Sheet
December 31, 2013
Cash
Receivables
Inventory
Buildings and equipment
Accumulated depreciation
Total
C$
C$
Accounts payable
C$
Notes payable
Common stock
Retained earnings
Cumulative translation adjustment
Total
C$
46,650
75,350
107,520
177,000
(31,750)
374,770
52,150
76,000
50,000
196,620
374,770
x
x
x
x
x
.65 C
.65 C
.65 C
.65 C
.65 C
x .65 C = $ 33,897.50
x .65 C =
49,400.00
x .45 H =
22,500.00
Above
110,841.30
Schedule Two 26,961.70
$ 243,600.50
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
= $ 30,322.50
=
48,977.50
=
69,888.00
= 115,050.00
= (20,637.50)
$243,600.50
$129,871.00
59,740.30
(19,320.00)
$170,291.30
160,303.00
$ 9,988.30
(36,950.00)
$(26,961.70)
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
35. (90 minutes) (Translate foreign currency financial statements and prepare
consolidation worksheet)
Step One
Simbel's financial statements are first translated into U.S. dollars after
reclassification of the 10,000 pound expenditure for rent from rent expense
to prepaid rent. Credit balances are in parentheses.
Translation Worksheet
Exchange
Account
Pounds
Rate
Dollars
Sales
(800,000)
0.274
(219,200)
Cost of goods sold
420,000
0.274
115,080
Salary expense
74,000
0.274
20,276
Rent expense (adjusted)
36,000
0.274
9,864
Other expenses
59,000
0.274
16,166
Gain on sale of fixed
assets, 10/1/13
(30,000)
0.273
(8,190)
Net income
(241,000)
(66,004)
R/E, 1/1/13
Net income
Dividends paid
R/E,12/31/13
Cash and receivables
Inventory
Prepaid rent (adjusted)
Fixed assets
Total
Accounts payable
Notes payable
Common stock
Addl paid-in capital
Retained earnings, 12/31/13
Subtotal
Cumulative translation
adjustment (negative)
Total
(133,000)
(241,000)
50,000
(324,000)
Schedule 1 (38,244)
Above
(66,004)
0.275
13,750
(90,498)
146,000
297,000
10,000
455,000
908,000
0.270
0.270
0.270
0.270
39,420
80,190
2,700
122,850
245,160
(54,000)
(140,000)
(240,000)
(150,000)
(324,000)
0.270
0.270
0.300
0.300
Above
(14,580)
(37,800)
(72,000)
(45,000)
(90,498)
(259,878)
Schedule 2
14,718
(245,160)
(908,000)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
35. (continued)
Schedule 1Translation of 1/1/13 Retained Earnings
Retained earnings, 1/1/12
Net income, 2012
Dividends, 6/1/12
Retained earnings, 1/1/13
Pounds
-0(163,000)
30,000
(133,000)
0.288
0.290
Dollars
-0(46,944)
8,700
(38,244)
Dollars
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
(117,000)
(46,944)
8,700
(155,244)
(146,440)
(8,804)
(146,440)
(66,004)
13,750
(198,694)
(192,780)
(5,914)
(14,718)
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
35. (continued)
Step Two
Cayce and Simbel's U.S. dollar accounts are then consolidated. Necessary
adjustments and eliminations are made.
Account
Sales
Cost of goods sold
Salary expense
Rent expense
Other expenses
Dividend income
Gain, 10/1/13
Net income
Consolidation Worksheet
Adjustments and Consolidated
Cayce
Simbel
Eliminations
Balances
Dollars Dollars
Debit
Credit
Dollars
(200,000) (219,200)
(419,200)
93,800 115,080
208,880
19,000
20,276
39,276
7,000
9,864
16,864
21,000
16,166
37,166
(13,750)
-0(I) 13,750
-0-0(8,190)
(8,190)
(72,950) (66,004)
(125,204)
(318,000)
(72,950)
24,000
(366,950)
110,750
98,000
30,000
126,000
398,000
762,750
(38,244)
(66,004)
13,750
(90,498)
39,420
80,190
2,700
-0- (*C) 38,244 (S)(164,244)
122,850 (S) 9,000 (E)
(900)
245,160
(60,800)
(132,000)
(120,000)
(83,000)
(366,950)
(14,580)
(37,800)
(72,000) (S) 72,000
(45,000) (S) 45,000
(90,498)
(259,878)
14,718 (E)
900
(762,750) (245,160)
217,138
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
217,138
150,170
178,190
32,700
-0528,950
890,010
(75,380)
(169,800)
(120,000)
(83,000)
(457,448)
(905,628)
15,618
(890,010)
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
35. (continued)
Explanation of Adjustment and Elimination Entries
Entry *C
Investment in Simbel.....................................................
38,244
Retained earnings, 1/1/13.........................................
38,244
To accrue 2013 increase in subsidiary book value (see Schedule 1). Entry is
needed because parent is using the cost method.
Entry S
Common stock (Simbel) ...........................................
72,000
Add'l paid-in-capital (Simbel)........................................
45,000
Retained earnings, 1/1/13 (Simbel)..............................
38,244
Fixed assets (revaluation) ...........................................
9,000
Investment in Simbel ...........................................
164,244
To eliminate subsidiary's stockholders' equity accounts and allocate the
excess of acquisition consideration over book value to land (fixed assets).
The excess of acquisition consideration over book value is calculated as
follows:
Acquisition consideration........................................................
$126,000
Book value, 1/1/13.....................................................................
.............................................................................................................
Common stock......................................................................
(72,000)
Addl paid-in capital................................................................
(45,000)
Excess of acquisition consideration over book value
$ 9,000
The excess of acquisition consideration over book value is 30,000 pounds.
The U.S. dollar equivalent at 1/1/13, the date of acquisition, is $9,000
(E30,000 x $.30).
Entry I
Dividend income............................................................
13,750
Dividends paid...........................................................
13,750
To eliminate intra-entity dividend payments recorded by parent as income.
Entry E
Cumulative translation adjustment..............................
900
Fixed assets (revaluation) .......................................
900
To revalue (write-down) the excess of acquisition consideration over book
value for the change in exchange rate since the date of acquisition with the
counterpart recognized in the consolidated cumulative translation
adjustment.
The revaluation of "excess" is calculated as follows:
Excess of acquisition consideration over book value
U.S. dollar equivalent at 12/31/13
E30,000 x $.27 = $8,100
U.S. dollar equivalent at 1/1/13
E30,000 x $.30 = 9,000
Cumulative translation adjustment
related to excess, 12/31/13 (negative)
$( 900)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
2,000,000
3,300,000
8,500,000
25,000,000
(8,500,000)
72,000,000
(30,300,000)
6,000,000
78,000,000
2,500,000
50,000,000
5,000,000
15,000,000
5,500,000
78,000,000
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
Exchange
Rate
US$
0.035
875,000
0.035
(420,000)
0.035
(87,500)
0.035
(63,000)
0.035
(42,000)
0.035
(35,000)
227,500
given
22,500
0.031
(46,500)
203,500
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
60,000
99,000
255,000
750,000
(255,000)
2,160,000
(909,000)
180,000
2,340,000
0.030
75,000
0.030 1,500,000
0.050
250,000
0.050
750,000
above
203,500
to balance (438,500)
2,340,000
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
36.
(continued)
Calculation of Translation Adjustment
Translation adjustment, 2013 (negative)
Net assets, 1/1/13
20,500,000
0.040
Net income, 2013
6,500,000
0.035
Dividends, 12/15/13
(1,500,000) 0.031
Net assets, 12/31/13
25,500,000
Net assets, 12/31/13 at current
exchange rate
25,500,000
0.030
Translation adjustment, 2013 (negative)
Cumulative translation adjustment, 12/31/13 (negative)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
820,000
227,500
(46,500)
1,001,000
765,000
202,500
236,000
438,500
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
36. (continued)
Part I (b). U.S. dollar is the functional currencytemporal method
KS
Sales
25,000,0000.035 875,000
Cost of goods sold
(12,000,000)
Depreciation expenseequipment
(2,500,000)
Depreciation expensebuilding
(1,800,000)
Research and development expense (1,200,000)
Other expenses
(1,000,000)
Income before remeasurement gain
6,500,000
Remeasurement gain, 2013
Net income
509,300
Retained earnings, 1/1/13
500,000
Dividends paid, 12/15/13
(1,500,000)
Retained earnings, 12/31/13
5,500,000
Cash
Accounts receivable
Inventory
Equipment
2,000,000
3,300,000
8,500,000
Rate
Exchange
US$
Sched.A
Sched.B
Sched.C
0.035
0.035
(493,500)
(118,000)
(85,200)
(42,000)
(35,000)
101,300
408,000
6,500,000
given
0.031
353,000
(46,500)
815,800
0.030
0.030
0.032
60,000
99,000
272,000
25,000,000Sched.B1,180,000
Accum. deprec.equipment
(8,500,000) Sched.B (418,000)
Building
72,000,000 Sched.C 3,408,000
Accum. deprec.equipment
(30,300,000) Sched.C (1,510,200)
Land
6,000,000
0.050
300,000
Total assets
78,000,000
3,390,800
Accounts payable
Long-term debt
Common stock
Additional paid-in capital
Retained earnings, 12/31/13
Total liabilities and equities
2,500,000
50,000,000
5,000,000
15,000,000
5,500,000
78,000,000
0.030
0.030
0.050
0.050
above
75,000
1,500,000
250,000
750,000
815,800
3,390,800
ER
US$
6,000,000
KS
0.043258,000
14,500,0000.035
507,500
(8,500,000)
12,000,000
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
0.032
(272,000)
493,500
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
36. (continued)
Schedule BEquipment
KS
ER
US$
Old Equipmentat 1/1/13
20,000,000
0.050
1,000,000
New Equipmentacquired 1/3/13 5,000,000
0.036 180,000
Total
25,000,000
1,180,000
Accum. Depr.Old Equipment
Accum. Depr.New Equipment
Total
Deprec expenseOld Equipment
Deprec expenseNew Equipment
Total
Schedule CBuilding
Old Buildingat 1/1/13
New Buildingacquired 3/5/13
Total
Accum. Depr.Old Building
Accum. Depr.New Building
Total
Deprec. expenseOld Building
Deprec. expenseNew Building
Total
8,000,000
500,000
8,500,000
2,000,000
500,000
2,500,000
0.050
0.036
KS
60,000,000
12,000,000
72,000,000
30,000,000
300,000
30,300,000
1,500,000
300,000
1,800,000
ER
0.050
0.034
KS
(1,480,000)
Increase in mon. assets:
Sales
Decrease in mon. assets:
Purchase of inventory
Research and development
Other expenses
Dividends paid, 12/15/13
Purchase of equipment, 1/3/13
Purchase of buildings, 3/5/13
Net mon liab, 12/31/13
Net mon liab, 12/31/13 at
current exchange rate
Remeasurement gain2013
0.050
0.036
0.050
0.034
0.050
0.034
ER
(37,000,000)
400,000
18,000
418,000
100,000
18,000
118,000
US$
3,000,000
408,000
3,408,000
1,500,000
10,200
1,510,200
75,000
10,200
85,200
US$
0.040
25,000,000
0.035
(14,500,000)
(1,200,000)
(1,000,000)
(1,500,000)
(5,000,000)
(12,000,000)
(47,200,000)
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.031
0.036
0.034
(47,200,000)
0.030 (1,416,000)
(408,000)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
875,000
(507,500)
(42,000)
(35,000)
(46,500)
(180,000)
(408,000)
(1,824,000)
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
36. (continued)
Part I (c). U.S. dollar is the functional currencytemporal method (no longterm debt)
Exchange
KS
Rate
US$
Sales
25,000,000
0.035
875,000
Cost of goods sold
(12,000,000) Sched.A (493,500)
Depreciation expenseequipment
(2,500,000) Sched.B (118,000)
Depreciation expensebuilding
(1,800,000) Sched.C (85,200)
Research and development expense
(1,200,000)
0.035
(42,000)
Other expenses
(1,000,000)
0.035
(35,000)
Income before remeasurement loss
6,500,000
101,300
Remeasurement loss, 2013
(92,000)
Net income
6,500,000
9,300
Retained earnings, 1/1/13
500,000
given (147,000)
Dividends paid, 12/15/13
(1,500,000)
0.031
(46,500)
Retained earnings, 12/31/13
5,500,000
(184,200)
Cash
Accounts receivable
Inventory
Equipment
Accum. deprec.equipment
Building
Accum. deprec.equipment
Land
Total assets
2,000,000
3,300,000
8,500,000
25,000,000
(8,500,000)
72,000,000
(30,300,000)
6,000,000
78,000,000
Accounts payable
Long-term debt
Common stock
Additional paid in capital
Retained earnings, 12/31/13
Total liabilities and equities
2,500,000
0
20,000,000
50,000,000
5,500,000
78,000,000
0.030
60,000
0.030
99,000
0.032
272,000
Sched.B 1,180,000
Sched.B (418,000)
Sched.C 3,408,000
Sched.C(1,510,200)
0.050
300,000
3,390,800
0.030
75,000
0.030
0
0.050 1,000,000
0.050 2,500,000
above (184,200)
3,390,800
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
36. (continued)
Calculation of Remeasurement Loss
Net monetary assets, 1/1/13
Increase in monetary assets:
Sales
Decrease in monetary assets:
Purchase of inventory
Research and development
Other expenses
Dividends paid, 12/15/13
Purchase of equipment, 1/3/13
Purchase of buildings, 3/5/13
Net monetary assets, 12/31/13
Net monetary assets, 12/31/13
at current exchange rate
Remeasurement loss2013
KS
13,000,000
ER
0.040
US$
520,000
25,000,000
0.035
875,000
(14,500,000)
(1,200,000)
(1,000,000)
(1,500,000)
(5,000,000)
(12,000,000)
2,800,000
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.031
0.036
0.034
(507,500)
(42,000)
(35,000)
(46,500)
(180,000)
(408,000)
176,000
2,800,000
0.030
84,000
92,000
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
36. (continued)
Part II. Explanation of the negative translation adjustment in Part I (a),
remeasurement gain in Part I (b), and remeasurement loss in Part I (c).
The negative translation adjustment in Part I (a) arises because of two
factors: (1) there is a net asset balance sheet exposure and (2) the Czech
koruna has depreciated against the U.S. dollar during 2013 (from $.040 at
1/1/13 to $.030 at 12/31/13). A net asset balance sheet exposure exists
because all assets are translated at the current exchange rate and exceed
total liabilities which are also translated at the current exchange rate.
The remeasurement gain in Part I (b) arises because of two factors: (1) there
is a net monetary liability balance sheet exposure and (2) the Czech koruna
has depreciated against the U.S. dollar. Under the temporal method, Cash
and Accounts Receivable are the only assets translated at the current
exchange rate (total KS 5,300,000). Accounts Payable and Long-term Debt
are also translated at the current exchange rate (total KS 52,500,000).
Because the Czech koruna amount of liabilities translated at the current rate
exceeds the Czech koruna amount of assets translated at the current rate, a
net monetary liability balance sheet exposure exists.
The remeasurement loss in Part I (c) arises because of two factors: (1) there
is a net monetary asset balance sheet exposure and (2) the Czech koruna has
depreciated against the U.S. dollar during 2013. Cash and Accounts
Receivable are the only assets translated at the current exchange rate (total
KS 5,300,000). Because there is no Long-term Debt in part 1(c), Accounts
Payable is the only liability translated at the current exchange rate (total KS
2,500,000). Because the Czech koruna amount of assets translated at the
current rate exceeds the Czech koruna amount of liabilities translated at the
current rate, a net monetary asset balance sheet exposure exists.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
period 2008-2010:
2008: negative $3,552 million
2009: positive $1,732 million
2010: positive $643 million
The negative signs of the translation adjustments in 2008 and 2009
indicate that, on average, the foreign currency functional currencies of
IBMs foreign operations decreased in value against the U.S. dollar in
those years. The positive sign of the translation adjustment in 2010
indicates that, on average, the foreign currency functional currencies of
IBMs foreign operations increased in value against the U.S. dollar in that
year.
Dell reported foreign currency translation adjustments in total
comprehensive income (Consolidated Statements of Stockholders
Equity) as follows:
Fiscal 2009: positive $5 million
Fiscal 2010: negative $29 million
Fiscal 2011: positive $79 million
On average, the foreign currency functional currencies of Dells foreign
operations increased in value against the U.S. dollar in Fiscal 2009 and
Fiscal 2011, and decreased in value in Fiscal 2010.
The magnitude of the translation adjustments reported in stockholders
equity is much larger for IBM than for Dell. This undoubtedly occurs
because Dell has a much smaller balance sheet exposure related to
foreign currency functional currency operations.
d. In Note L. Derivatives and Hedging Transactions, IBM indicates that a
significant portion of the companys foreign currency denominated debt
is designated as a hedge of its foreign currency balance sheet exposures
(p. 97). The company also uses foreign currency forward contracts and
cross-currency swaps to hedge its net investments in foreign operations.
Although Dell hedges forecasted transactions and firm commitments, the
company makes no mention of hedging its balance sheet exposures.
e. The response to this requirement will vary from student to student. Much
of the information provided in requirements a. d. above can be included
in a formal report to satisfy this requirement.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
FC
5,000
(3,000)
2,000
(400)
(600)
0
1,000
(300)
700
0
700
Cash
Inventory
Fixed assets
Less: accum/deprec
Total assets
1,000
2,000
6,000
(600)
8,400
Current liabilities
Long-term debt
Contributed capital
Cum. trans. adjust.
Retained earnings
Total liab and stock equity
1,500
3,000
3,200
0
700
8,400
Exchange Rates
January 1-31, 2013
Average 2013
December 31, 2013
Inventory purchases
Key:
Average Exchange Rate
Current Exchange Rate
Historical Exchange Rate
$0.50
$0.45
$0.38
$0.43
C
C
C
C
$0.38
C
$0.38
C
$0.50
H
to balance
from I/S
A=L+SE
380
760
2,280
(228)
3,192
570
1,140
1,600
(433)*
315
3,192
Temporal Method
Rate
USD
$0.45
A
$2,250
calculation
(1,360)
subtotal
890
$0.45
A
(180)
$0.50
H
(300)
to balance
355
subtotal
765
$0.45
A
(135)
subtotal
630
0
from B/S
630
$0.38
$0.43
$0.50
$0.50
total
C
H
H
H
$0.38
C
$0.38
C
$0.50
H
n/a
to balance
A=L+SE
380
860
3,000
(300)
3,940
570
1,140
1,600
0
630
3,940
A
C
H
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
FC
3,200
700
3,900
$0.50
$0.45
3,900
$0.38
USD
1,600
315
1,915
1,482
433
3. With the FC as functional currency, the U.S. dollar net income reflected in the
consolidated income statement is $315. If the U.S. dollar were the functional
currency, the amount would be twice as much$630. The amount of total
assets reported on the consolidated balance sheet is 23.4% smaller than if the
U.S. dollar were functional currency [($3,940 $3,192)/$3,192].
The relations between the current ratio, the debt to equity ratio, and profit
margin calculated from the FC financial statements and from the translated
U.S. dollar financial statements are shown below.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Profit margin
NI
Sales
Return on equity
NI
Average TSE
Inventory turnover
COGS
Average Inventory
Current Rate
Temporal
3,000
1,500
2.0
1,140
570
2.0
1,240
570
2.1754
4,500
3,900
1,710
1,482
1,710
2,230
1.15385
1.15385
0.76682
700
5,000
0.14
315
2,250
0.14
630
2,250
0.28
700
3,550
0.19718
315
1,541
0.20441
630
1,915
0.32898
3,000
1,000
3
1,350
380
3.55263
1,360
430
3.16279
These results show that the temporal method distorts all ratios as calculated
from the original foreign currency financial statements. The current rate
method maintains all ratios that use numbers in the numerator and
denominator from the balance sheet only (current ratio, debt-to-equity ratio)
or the income statement only (profit margin). For ratios that combine
numbers from the income statement and balance sheet (return on equity,
inventory turnover), even the current rate method creates distortions.
The U.S. dollar amounts reported under the temporal method for inventory
and fixed assets reflect the equivalent U.S. dollar cost of those assets as if
the parent had sent dollars to the subsidiary to purchase the assets. For
example, to purchase FC 6,000 worth of fixed assets when the exchange rate
was $.50/FC, the parent would have had to provide the subsidiary with
$3,000.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
January 1, 2012
2012 Average
December 31, 2012
January 30, 2013
2013 Average
December 31, 2013
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
$1.60
$1.62
$1.64
$1.65
$1.66
$1.68
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Accounts receivable
Inventory
Property, plant, & equipment (net)
Accounts payable
Long-term debt
Common stock
Retained earnings, 1/1/13
Sales
Cost of goods sold
Depreciation
Other expenses
Dividends paid (1/30/13)
Cumulative translation
adjustmentpositive (credit balance)
Pounds
1,500,000
5,200,000
18,000,000
36,000,000
(1,450,000)
(5,000,000)
(44,000,000)
(8,000,000)
(28,000,000)
16,000,000
2,000,000
6,000,000
1,750,000
Exchange
Rate
Dollars
$1.68
$ 2,520,000
$1.68
8,736,000
$1.68
30,240,000
$1.68
60,480,000
$1.68
(2,436,000)
$1.68
(8,400,000)
$1.60
(70,400,000)
Schedule A
(12,840,000)
$1.66
(46,480,000)
$1.66
26,560,000
$1.66
3,320,000
$1.66
9,960,000
$1.65
2,887,500
0
Note: Amounts in parentheses are credit balances.
Schedule A
Retained earnings, 1/1/12
Net income, 2012
Retained earnings, 12/31/12
Pounds
(6,000,000)
(2,000,000)
(8,000,000)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
$
Exchange
Rate
$1.60
$1.62
(4,147,500)
0
Dollars
$ (9,600,000)
(3,240,000)
$(12,840,000)
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Pounds
52,000,000
50,000,000
2,000,000
Pounds
2,000,000
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
Exchange
Rate
$1.60
$1.60
Exchange
Rate
$1.68
$1.60
Dollars
$83,200,000
80,000,000
$ 3,200,000
Dollars
$3,360,000
3,200,000
$ 160,000
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Suffolk
($70,000,000)
($46,480,000)
34,000,000
26,560,000
60,560,000
Depreciation
20,000,000
3,320,000
23,320,000
Other expenses
6,000,000
9,960,000
15,960,000
Dividend income
(2,887,500)
Sales
($12,887,500)
($6,640,000)
($48,000,000)
($12,840,000)
(12,887,500)
(6,640,000)
4,500,000
2,887,500
Dividends
Consolidated
($116,480,000)
2,887,500
Net income
Net income
0
($16,640,000)
12,840,000
3,240,000
($51,240,000)
(16,640,000)
2,887,500
4,500,000
($56,387,500)
($16,592,500)
($63,380,000)
Cash
$3,687,500
$2,520,000
$6,207,500
Accounts receivable
10,000,000
8,736,000
18,736,000
Inventory
30,000,000
30,240,000
60,240,000
Investment in Suffolk
83,200,000
Ret. earnings,
12/31/13
3,240,000
83,240,000
3,200,000
105,000,000
60,480,000
3,200,000
168,840,000
160,000
Accounts payable
(25,500,000)
(2,436,000)
(27,936,000)
Long-term debt
(50,000,000)
(8,400,000)
(58,400,000)
Common stock
(100,000,000)
(70,400,000)
(56,387,500)
(16,592,500)
Ret. earnings,
12/31/13
70,400,000
(63,380,000)
(4,147,500)
$0
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
(100,000,000)
160,000
$92,727,500
$92,727,500
(4,307,500)
$0
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
$ 116,480,000
(60,560,000)
(23,320,000)
(15,960,000)
$ 16,640,000
Parker, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheet
December 31, 2013
Assets
Cash
Accounts receivable
Inventory
Property, plant & equipment (net)
Total
6,207,500
18,736,000
60,240,000
168,840,000
$254,023,500
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
January 1, 2012
2012 Average
December 31, 2012
January 30, 2013
2013 Average
December 31, 2013
$1.60
$1.60
$1.60
$1.60
$1.60
$1.60
a. Translation of Suffolks December 31, 2013 trial balance from British pounds to
U.S. dollars.
Suffolk PLC
Trial Balance
December 31, 2013
Cash
Accounts receivable
Inventory
Property, plant, & equipment (net)
Accounts payable
Long-term debt
Common stock
Retained earnings, 1/1/13
Sales
Cost of goods sold
Depreciation
Other expenses
Dividends paid, 1/30/13
Cumulative translation
adjustment
Pounds
1,500,000
5,200,000
18,000,000
36,000,000
(1,450,000)
(5,000,000)
(44,000,000)
(8,000,000)
(28,000,000)
16,000,000
2,000,000
6,000,000
1,750,000
Exchange
Rate
$1.60
$1.60
$1.60
$1.60
$1.60
$1.60
$1.60
Schedule A
$1.60
$1.60
$1.60
$1.60
$1.60
0
Note: Amounts in parentheses are credit balances.
Schedule A
Retained earnings, 1/1/12
Net income, 2012
Retained earnings, 12/31/12
Pounds
(6,000,000)
(2,000,000)
(8,000,000)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
Dollars
$ 2,400,000
8,320,000
28,800,000
57,600,000
(2,320,000)
(8,000,000)
(70,400,000)
(12,800,000)
(44,800,000)
25,600,000
3,200,000
9,600,000
2,800,000
$
Exchange
Rate
$1.60
$1.60
0
0
Dollars
$ (9,600,000)
(3,200,000)
$(12,800,000)
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Pounds
50,000,000
2,000,000
Exchange Exchange
Rate
Rate
$1.60
$1.60
$1.60
$1.60
Dollars
$0
0
$0
52,000,000
4,000,000
(1,750,000)
$1.60
$1.60
$1.60
$1.60
$1.60
$1.60
0
0
0
0
54,250,000
$0
Pounds
52,000,000
50,000,000
2,000,000
Pounds
2,000,000
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
Exchange
Rate
$1.60
$1.60
Exchange
Rate
$1.60
$1.60
Dollars
$83,200,000
80,000,000
$ 3,200,000
Dollars
$3,200,000
3,200,000
$0
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Sales
Suffolk
Consolidated
($70,000,000)
($44,800,000)
34,000,000
25,600,000
59,600,000
Depreciation
20,000,000
3,200,000
23,200,000
Other expenses
6,000,000
9,600,000
15,600,000
Dividend income
(2,800,000)
2,800,000
Net income
($12,800,000)
($6,400,000)
($48,000,000)
($12,800,000)
(12,800,000)
(6,400,000)
4,500,000
2,800,000
Net income
Dividends
Ret. earnings,
12/31/13
($114,800,000)
0
($16,400,000)
12,800,000
3,200,000
($51,200,000)
(16,400,000)
2,800,000
4,500,000
($56,300,000)
($16,400,000)
($63,100,000)
Cash
$3,600,000
$2,400,000
$6,000,000
Accounts receivable
10,000,000
8,320,000
18,320,000
Inventory
30,000,000
28,800,000
58,800,000
Investment in Suffolk
83,200,000
3,200,000
83,200,000
3,200,000
105,000,000
57,600,000
3,200,000
165,800,000
Accounts payable
(25,500,000)
(2,320,000)
(27,820,000)
Long-term debt
(50,000,000)
(8,000,000)
(58,000,000)
Common stock
(100,000,000)
(70,400,000)
(56,300,000)
(16,400,000)
Ret. earnings,
12/31/13
Cum. Trans. adj.
70,400,000
(63,100,000)
0
$0
$0
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
(100,000,000)
$92,400,000
$92,400,000
$0
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
$114,800,000
(59,600,000)
(23,200,000)
(15,600,000)
$ 16,400,000
Parker, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheet
December 31, 2013
Assets
Cash
Accounts receivable
Inventory
Property, plant & equipment (net)
Total
6,000,000
18,320,000
58,800,000
165,800,000
$248,920,000
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
January 1, 2012
2012 Average
December 31, 2012
January 30, 2013
2013 Average
December 31, 2013
$1.60
$1.58
$1.56
$1.55
$1.54
$1.52
a. Translation of Suffolks December 31, 2013 trial balance from British pounds to
U.S. dollars.
Suffolk PLC
Trial Balance
December 31, 2013
Cash
Accounts receivable
Inventory
Property, plant, & equipment (net)
Accounts payable
Long-term debt
Common stock
Retained earnings, 1/1/13
Sales
Cost of goods sold
Depreciation
Other expenses
Dividends paid (1/30/13)
Cumulative translation
adjustmentnegative (debit balance)
Pounds
1,500,000
5,200,000
18,000,000
36,000,000
(1,450,000)
(5,000,000)
(44,000,000)
(8,000,000)
(28,000,000)
16,000,000
2,000,000
6,000,000
1,750,000
Exchange
Rate
$1.52
$1.52
$1.52
$1.52
$1.52
$1.52
$1.60
Schedule A
$1.54
$1.54
$1.54
$1.54
$1.55
0
Note: Amounts in parentheses are credit balances.
Schedule A
Retained earnings, 1/1/12
Net income, 2012
Retained earnings, 12/31/12
Pounds
(6,000,000)
(2,000,000)
(8,000,000)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
Dollars
$ 2,280,000
7,904,000
27,360,000
54,720,000
(2,204,000)
(7,600,000)
(70,400,000)
(12,760,000)
(43,120,000)
24,640,000
3,080,000
9,240,000
2,712,500
$
Exchange
Rate
$1.60
$1.58
4,147,500
0
Dollars
$ (9,600,000)
(3,160,000)
$(12,760,000)
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Pounds
52,000,000
50,000,000
2,000,000
Pounds
2,000,000
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
Exchange
Rate
$1.60
$1.60
Exchange
Rate
$1.52
$1.60
Dollars
$83,200,000
80,000,000
$ 3,200,000
Dollars
$3,040,000
3,200,000
$(160,000)
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Suffolk
($70,000,000)
($43,120,000)
34,000,000
24,640,000
58,640,000
Depreciation
20,000,000
3,080,000
23,080,000
Other expenses
6,000,000
9,240,000
15,240,000
Dividend income
(2,712,500)
Sales
($12,712,500)
($6,160,000)
($48,000,000)
($12,760,000)
(12,712,500)
(6,160,000)
4,500,000
2,712,500
Net income
Dividends
Ret. earnings,
12/31/13
($113,120,000)
2,712,500
Net income
Consolidated
0
($16,160,000)
12,760,000
3,160,000
($51,160,000)
(16,160,000)
2,712,500
4,500,000
($56,212,500)
($16,207,500)
($62,820,000)
Cash
$3,512,500
$2,280,000
$5,792,500
Accounts receivable
10,000,000
7,904,000
17,904,000
Inventory
30,000,000
27,360,000
57,360,000
Investment in Suffolk
83,200,000
3,160,000
83,160,000
3,200,000
105,000,000
54,720,000
3,200,000
162,760,000
160,000
Accounts payable
(25,500,000)
(2,204,000)
(27,704,000)
Long-term debt
(50,000,000)
(7,600,000)
(57,600,000)
Common stock
(100,000,000)
(70,400,000)
(56,212,500)
(16,207,500)
Ret. earnings,
12/31/13
Cum. Trans. adj.
$0
70,400,000
(62,820,000)
4,147,500
160,000
$0
$92,392,500
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
(100,000,000)
4,307,500
$92,392,500
$0
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
$ 113,120,000
(58,640,000)
(23,080,000)
(15,240,000)
$ 16,160,000
Parker, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheet
December 31, 2013
Assets
Cash
Accounts receivable
Inventory
Property, plant & equipment (net)
Total
5,792,500
17,904,000
57,360,000
162,760,000
$243,816,500
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
$1.60
$16,400,000
100%
--
$1.52
$16,160,000
98.5%
- 1.5%
$2,887,500
103%
+ 3%
$2,800,000
100%
--
$2,712,500
97%
- 3%
Total Liabilities
Total Stockholders equity
Debt-to-equity ratio
Percentage difference
$86,336,000
$167,687,500
51.5%
98%
- 2%
$85,820,000
$163,100,000
52.6%
100%
--
$85,304,000
$158,512,500
53.8%
102%
+ 2%
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 11/e
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.